福建沿海的断陷盆地,平原,海湾与地震

研究了福建沿海自晚更新世以来控制主要断陷盆地、平原和海湾的断裂活动性状,认为这些构造在所讨论的时段内具有强烈的张性活动,而发生于区内的地震与这些构造的近期张性活动有关。     

梅岭,梅关,古道与梅花

梅岭,又名大庾岭,为南岭山系五岭之首。梅关是粤赣交界的险关要塞,素有“岭南第一关”之誉,秦汉以前已存在。梅岭以梅花著称。古道与关同时出现,到唐初张九龄扩展岭路成坦途。     

容量维D0、信息维D1、算法复杂性C(n)与b值的相关性研究x,auto,auto,415px);} hf=httprztl.com >business week launch

１问题与思路“八五”地震短临预报攻关号召大家在“新”和“实”字上下功夫,尤其是８０年代末、９０年代初,适逢地震界兴起非线性热,于是,引进、开发了许多地震学地震预报新指标和新方法,促进了地震预报研究的发展．可是,地震预报的实际水平并未因此发生质的飞跃．...     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究(二) ——强震孕育时应力、应变场的演化与地震活动、地震前兆的关系x,auto,auto,415px);}style> hf=httprztl.com >business

分别研究构造块体内有多个震源体和单个震源体孕育时，应力集中过程、时空分布规律及其与地震活动、地震前兆的关系．结果表明:① 当区域应力场增强到相当水平时，破裂开始在某个或某些块体内发生，区域应力场将随着时间而变化，强震的成组性是这个动态应力场演变的结果．在此过程中，多个高应力集中区的存在与发展，有可能导致震前异常与地震关系的多样性；② 孕震块体的应力变化过程一般显示出非线性，在经历了长期弹性变形后，从进入非弹性变形阶段到主破裂前，可能经历不止一次的非弹性变形与断层软化过程；与此相应，孕震块体中的应力、应变场要表现出复杂的时空演化图象；受应力、应变控制的地震前兆场必然表现出多方面的复杂性.      

西太平洋气旋频数、强度与地球日长、章动的相关性探索

地球自转参数变化引发大气、洋流变化,因此本文试图探索西太平洋气旋频数、强度与地球自转参数的相关性,结果表明:日长月平均值与下一月气旋频数呈正比,章动月标准差与下一月气旋强度相关性较好;频数与强度极端年份的日长、章动逐日变化有显著差异,频数最大值年与最小值年对应的日长位相呈明显的反相,相位若接近同步,则大值年对应的日长明显大于小值年;频数极端年份4-6月章动的位相差异明显,7-9月章动幅度差异明显;强度极端年对应的前30天逐日日长呈非常显著的反相关系,x方向章动具有明显差异,大值年的x方向章动值均偏小.     

读者、作者与编者

近来本刊编辑部收到一些读者、作者来信,对我刊进展情况提出了许多宝贵的意见与建议,对我刊给予了高度评价,并对近期编委会与编辑部的工作给予了充分肯定.对此,我们向关心受护本刊的广大读者与作者表示衷心地感谢!为了提高学报的编辑出版质量,搞活学报版面,近年来本刊编辑部主要进行着以下几方面的改进:     

读者、作者与编者

本刊近期对部分作者、读者与编委发出了征求意见与建议的通知.编辑部陆续收到了回信.由于篇幅所限,现仅将部分内容摘录于后(其余部分,今后将继续摘登):     

提高能力、强化管理、统筹规划、协调发展为构建和谐社会提供有力的服务与保障

主要阐述了提高能力、强化管理、统筹规划、协调发展抓好防震减灾工作与构建和谐社会的密切关系,介绍了厦门市委市政府对防震减灾工作的高度重视以及在防震减灾工作中的成功作法,为建设海峡西岸经济区、构建和谐社会,努力创建一个防震安全、有备无患的经济特区提供有力的服务与保障。     

井水位前驱波与气压、 风、 降雨及强震关系的分析

对山西朔州井与静乐井水位前驱波与气压、 风、 降雨及强震关系进行定量、 半定量统计分析的结果表明, 前驱波引起的井水位变幅与气压引起的井水位的水位变幅不一致, 前驱波的周期与气压、 风、 降雨周期不匹配, 出现的时间不同步, 形态差异也很大, 与短时间集中降雨也无明显的对应关系。 前驱波与强震之间存在较好的对应关系, 对应率在50%左右。 井水位前驱波现象不是气压、 风、 降雨等干扰因素的短期突变所造成的, 可能反映了大震前震源内部信息。     

土壤,农业与全球气候变化

本文讨论土壤,农业与全球气候变化的相互关系及相互影响,包括土壤圈,农业生产活动对全球变化的影响,以及全球气候变化对农业产生的直接和间接影响,并对引起ＣＯ２浓度上升、气温增高和水文条件改变等对世界农业和中国农业的正、负面效应进行预测,评估。     

鲜水河断裂形变场、重力场、磁场动态演化特征与地震

据鲜水河断裂跨断层形变测量、流动重力测量和流动磁力测量资料,求取各点的形变速度、重力变化速率及每年各点的总磁场强度,绘出每期 形变、重力、磁力的二维图像。引入分形理论的数盒子方法,计算每幅图的容量维。研究结果表明：鲜水河断裂形变场的二维图像在地震前后的演变与岩石破坏实验过程输出的图像相似,均经历了“复杂－简单－复杂”的演化过程。相应的分维值也同样呈“高值－低值－高值”变化,且地震发生在分维值达最低后恢复过程中。重力场的二维图像在地震前后的变化特征为“简单－复杂”,分维值呈低值向高值变化。磁场的图像变化则呈“复杂－简单”,分维值变化呈降维特征。     

Origin and thermal evolution of icy satellites

The paper reviews the problem of formation and evolution of the so-called regular satellites of the giant planets, and it consists of two parts: the first describes the possible origin of the satellites, the second studies their evolution, attempting to stress the relations of the present status of the satellites with their evolutionary history.The formation of regular satellite systems around giant planets is probably related to the formation of the central planet. Some characteristics of regular satellite systems are quite similar, and suggest a common origin in a disk present around the central body. This disk can originate through different mechanisms which we will describe, paying attention to the so-called accretion disk model, in which the satellite-forming material is captured. The disk phase links the formation of the primary body with the formation of satellites. The subsequent stages of the disk's evolution can lead first to the formation of intermediate size bodies, and through the collisional evolution of these bodies, to the birth of satellite embryos able to gravitationally capture smaller bodies.Given the scenario in which icy satellites may be formed by homogeneous accretion of planetesimals made of a mixtures of ice and silicates, if no melting occurs during accretion, the satellites have a homogeneous ice-rock composition. For the smaller satellites this homogeneous structure should not be substantially modified; only sporadic local events, such as large impacts, can modify the surface structure of the smaller satellites. For the larger satellites, if some degree of melting appears during accretion, a differentiation of the silicate part occurs, the amount of differentiation and hence the core size depending on the fraction of gravitational potential energy retained during the accumulation process. Melting and differentiation soon after the accretion, for the larger satellites, could also depend on the convective evolution in presence of phase transitions and generate an intermediate rock layer, considerably denser than the underlying, still homogeneous core, and unstable to overturning on a geologic time scale. Moreover the liquid water mantle could be a transient feature because the mantle would freeze over several hundred million years. For these large bodies the stable configuration is expected to be one consisting of a silicate core and a mantle of mixed rock and ice.     

Asteroids: Distributions,morphologies, origins and evolution

A review is presented of dynamical and physical properties of asteroids. Discovery methods are discussed and some distributions of the orbital elements and the absolute magnitudes are presented as are properties of planet-crossing asteroids, Hildas and Trojans. Various observational methods such as polarimetry, radar and occultations are briefly introduced and lightcurve data are more extensively described. Asteroid taxonomy in the Barucci classifiction is thoroughly discussed as are asteroid spins and shapes and the origin and the evolution of these bodies. Space missions to asteroids and space observations of asteroids are also introduced.     

Microstructural analysis of faulting in quartzite,Assynt, NW Scotland: Implications for fault zone evolution

Macroscopic fracture arrays, microstructures and interpreted deformation mechanisms are used to assess the development of a minor reverse fault (backthrust) in quartzite from the Moine Thrust Zone, Assynt, NW Scotland. Fracturing dominates the faulting via the progression: intragranular extension microcracks; transgranular, cataclasite absent extension fractures; through-going, cataclasite filled shear microfaults, within which fracturing and particulate flow operate. However, both diffusive mass transfer (DMT) and intracrystalline plasticity (low temperature plasticity, LTP) processes also contribute to the fault zone deformation and lead to distinct associations of deformation mechanisms (e.g., DMT-fracture and LTP-fracture or low-temperature ductile fracture, LTDF). Over a large range of scales the fault zone consists of blocks of relatively intact rock separated by narrow zones of intense deformation where fracture processes dominate. The populations of fragments/blocks of different sizes in the fault zone have a power-law relationship which is related to the dimension of the fault zone. These observations are used to develop a general model for fault zone evolution based on the distribution of deformation features as a function of either time or space. A systematic variation in the deformation rate: time histories is recognised, associated with different positions within the fault zone. Thus, the fault zone preserves elements of the birth, life and death sequences associated with the displacement history and strain accommodation.Dedicated to the memory of Will Ramsbotham (1967–93).     

中国地震科学实验场地震时空演变规律研究

通过分析某一区域地震事件的时空演化过程可以了解该区域地震的演化特征,为评估该地区地震的危险性提供依据。基于中国地震科学实验场2000年至2019年3.0级以上的地震事件数据,利用加权平均中心、标准差椭圆和全局空间自相关等空间统计学方法探索该地区地震事件的时空演变规律。结果表明:（1）汶川地震之后该地区地震的发生频次总体呈现出下降趋势,地震的活动性逐渐减弱。（2）地震加权平均中心呈现出"折返"型的移动规律,在东北-西南方向上来回震荡。（3）地震事件的空间分布呈现"东北-西南"格局走向,与映秀-北川断裂带的方向基本一致。（4）该地区地震事件的空间分布模式以聚集模式为主,且正处于上升阶段,但上升速度较为缓慢。     

The non-linear evolution of magnetic flux ropes: 3. effects of dissipation

We study the evolution (expansion or oscillation) of cylindrically symmetric magnetic flux ropes when the energy dissipation is due to a drag force proportional to the product of the plasma density and the radial speed of expansion. The problem is reduced to a single, second-order, ordinary differential equation for a damped, non-linear oscillator. Motivated by recent work on the interplanetary medium and the solar corona, we consider polytropes whose index, , may be less than unity. Numerical analysis shows that, in contrast to the small-amplitude case, large-amplitude oscillations are quasi-periodic with frequencies substantially higher than those of undamped oscillators. The asymptotic behaviour described by the momentum equation is determined by a balance between the drag force and the gradient of the gas pressure, leading to a velocity of expansion of the flux rope which may be expressed as (1/2)r/t, where r is the radial coordinate and t is the time. In the absence of a drag force, we found in earlier work that the evolution depends both on the polytropic index and on a dimensionless parameter, K. Parameter K was found to have a critical value above which oscillations are impossible, and below which they can exist only for energies less than a certain energy threshold. In the presence of a drag force, the concept of a critical K remains valid, and when K is above critical, the oscillatory mode disappears altogether. Furthermore, critical K remains dependent only on and is, in particular, independent of the normalized drag coefficient, v*. Below critical K, however, the energy required for the flux rope to escape to infinity depends not only on K (as in the conservative force case) but also on v*. This work indicates how under certain conditions a small change in the viscous drag coefficient or the initial energy may alter the evolution drastically. It is thus important to determine v* and K from observations.     

Archaea,the tree of life,and cellular evolution in eukaryotes

The early history of life harbours many unresolved evolutionary questions, none more important than the genomic origin and cellular evolution of eukaryotes. An issue central to eukaryote origin concerns the position of eukaryotes in the tree of life and the relationship of the host lineage that acquired the mitochondrion some two billion years ago to lineages of modern-day archaea. Recent analyses indicate that the host lineage branches within the Archaea, prompting the search for novel archaeal lineages that can improve our understanding of the cellular evolution of eukaryotes. Here we give a brief review of the studies on Archaea, the tree of life and the cellular evolution of eukaryotes, which is followed by an overview of recent progress fueled by new genomic technologies and recent status of archaeal research in China. Future directions for the study of early evolution are considered.     

Study on dynamics of tectonic evolution in the Fushun Basin, Northeast China

The updated study shows that the taphrogenesis of basement of the Fushun Basin is not a kind of instantaneous process. It intensified gradually and went to extreme in the sedimentary stage of the Guchengzi formation, and then, it weakened rapidly and stopped soon afterwards; the depression did not take place after the taphrogenesis. On the contrary, it almost happened simultaneously with the taphrogenesis. The depression went at a high speed from the beginning of the sedimentary period of the Xilutian formation, and then weakened gradually in the sedimentary period of the Gengjiajie formation. The evolution course of the synsedimentary structure of the Fushun Basin can be summarized as the following six stages: slow taphrogenesis and high speed depression to accelerated taphrogenesis and high speed depression to high speed taphrogenesis and high speed depression to retarded taphrogenesis and high speed depression to gradual halt of taphrogenesis and reduced depression to slow depression and gradual halt of depression. The tectonic evolution resulted in the formation of the "lower taphrogenesis and upper depression" structure. The formation of the binary structure might be due to the suspension of taphrogenesis and the change of the regional structure stress field, but the depression kept going. The result of calculation combining the analysis of the synsedimentary structural frame, the back-stripping method of the subsidence history of the basin basement and the simulation of thermo-settlement history indicates that the great sedimentary space required by the "upper depression part" consists of two parts, namely, 40% from compaction of sediments and 60% from slow depression of the basin basement during a long period of time. Gradual halt of the depression in the Fushun Basin may be attributed to the reversal of the lithosphere hot-recession and gravity isostasy adjustment which may be the result of new hot-events in the depths and accompanied invasion of extremely thick diabase sill, thus revealing a new forming mechanism of "fault subsidence at the base and depression on the top" structure.     

Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites and achondrites,II

The¹⁴⁷Sm¹⁴³Nd and¹⁴⁶Sm¹⁴²Nd isotope systematics have been investigated in five chondrites and the achondrites Moama and Angra dos Reis (ADOR). The new chondrite data and those we have reported before are all consistent with our previously reported reference values for CHUR (“chondritic uniform reservoir”) of (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_CHUR⁰ = 0.511847 and (¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd)_CHUR⁰ = 0.1967. Most of the bulk chondrites analyzed have ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd within 0.5 ε-units and 0.15% of the CHUR values, respectively. This strongly suggests that the CHUR evolution is now known to within these error limits throughout the history of the solar system. The St. Severin chondrite yields an SmNd internal isochron age of T = 4.55 ± 0.33AE and an initial ε_Nd = 0.11 ? 0.26. Much larger variations in Sm/Nd ratios were measured in mineral separates of the Moama and ADOR achondrites. Thus, very precise ages of 4.46 ± 0.03AE and4.564 ± 0.037AE were obtained for these meteorites, respectively. The initial ε_Nd values obtained for Moama and ADOR are 0.03 ? 0.25and0.14 ? 0.20, respectively. The values obtained on these meteorites are fully consistent with the CHUR evolution curve. Initial ε_Nd data on terrestrial igneous and meta-igneous rocks demonstrates that positive initial ε_Nd values occur throughout the past 4 AE. This confirms our earlier report that a light rare earth element-depleted layer has existed throughout most of the Earth history and is the source of present-day mid-ocean ridge basalts. The inferred shape of the ε_Nd vs. age curve for the depleted mantle suggests profound changes in tectonic regimes with time; in particular, it suggests a much higher rate of recycling of continental materials into the mantle during the Archean as compared to later time periods.¹⁴⁶Sm¹⁴²Nd systematics of ADOR and Moama are supportive of the hypothesis that¹⁴⁶Sm was present in the early solar system and suggests a ¹⁴⁶Sm/¹⁴⁴Sm ratio of about 0.01 for the solar system ～ 4.56 AE ago. This inferred high¹⁴⁶Sm abundance cannot be explained as a late injection from a supernova and must be due to galactic nucleo-synthesis.     

Heat transfer and planetary evolution

The object of this account is to show how much one can interprete and predict about the present state of material forming planet size objects, despite the fact we do not and could never have the kind of exact or prior knowledge of initial conditions and in situ material behaviour that would make a formal mathematical analysis of the dynamical problems of planetary evolution an efficient or meaningful exercise The interest and usefulness of results obtained within these limitations stem from the highly non linear nature of planetary scale heat transfer problems when posed in any physically plausible form. The non linearity arising from a strongly temperature dependent rheology assumed for in situ planetary material is particularly valuable in deriving results insensitive to such uncertainties. Qualitatively, the thermal evolution of a planet is quite unlike that given by heat conduction calculation below a very superficial layer, and much unnecessary argument and confusion results from a persistent failure to recognise that fact. At depths that are no greater on average than a few tens of kilometres in the case of Earth, the temperature distribution is determined by a convective flow regime inaccessble to the laboratory experimenter and to the numerical methods regularly employed to study convective movement. A central and guiding quantitative result is the creation in homogeneous planet size objects having surface temperatures less than about half the absolute melting temperature of their material, of internal states with horizontally a veraged viscosity values 10²¹ poise. This happens in times short compared with the present Solar System age. The significance of this result for an understanding of such processes and features as isostasy, continental drift, a minimum in seismic S wave velocity in Earth's upper mantle, a uniformity of mantle viscosity values, the survival of liquid planetary cores and the differentiation of terrestrial planet material is examined. After a discussion and definition of lithospheric material, it is concluded that endogenous tectonic activity only continues on Earth's surface on account of water enhancing the deformability of its rocks.Metal/silicate differentiation of terrestrial planet material is predicted to have been a global scale catastrophic process in the many objects it formed predating the existing planets, but intersilicate and volatile/silicate separations are necessarily protracted, quasi continous processes arising from local shear instabilties in the convective flow of such a viscous material. In particular, these local magma producing instabilities require the involvement of lithospheric planetary material in convective movements and it is shown how this unsteadiness accounts for the distribution and salient features of planetary seismicity and vulcanicity at the present time.The picture that emerges for the state of Earth's silicate shell material after more than four billion years of average viscosity regulation and shear instability is one of chemical and isotopic heterogeneity on a wide range of length scales. The larger length scales of this range are introduced by the pattern of heterogeneity remixing rather than its generation. For example, at the largest scale, the predicted heterogeneity is radial and a feature indirectly arising from properties conferred on the shell material by major mineral phase transitions at depths 700km. These increase the adiabatic temperature gradient and have the effect of a barrier adequate in strength to prevent wholesale mixing of the material above and below for at least a large fraction of the Earth's history in which radiogenic heat has been the dominant cause of large scale internal movements. That such a barrier actually marks a chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of the mantle is because only the convective movements above it are prone to the shear heating instabilities on which differentiation absolutely depends. Many millions of such instabilities in this shallower shell material would by now have created a three dimensional heterogeneity extending downward in length scale to 1km. However, only 10% of this shell material has yet experienced these highly localised shear heating instabilities and one would predict a continuing emission of primitive volatile phases and a widespread metasomatism even if the same convective movements had not recycled material from the hydrosphere. Such recycling is a further aspect of convective self regulation.The mesoscale and lateral heterogeneity of near surface material more familiarly referred to as continental crust and its underlying mantle is another cumulative feature of the remixing process-in this case the result of separated ultrabasic and less refractory fractions of the upper shell material from many shear heating events being able to form superficial blocks, whose net buoyancy and coherency make them immune to entrainment and remixing by the radiogenically driven flow. This partial but permanent concentration of lower melting point silicate and volatile phases near the external surface has in turn caused a gradual increase of the horizontally averaged temperatures associated with the self regulating convective state at upper mantle depths. This thermal evolution has strengthened the barrier to convective mixing of the whole silicate shell presented by its major phase transitions but it could explain a persistent small scale incorporation of more primitive, i.e. less differentiated shell material from the phase transition region into the upper shell convective circulation.Clear your mind of cant (Johnson)