珠江三角洲湖库水体嗅味物质分布及其去除

采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对珠江三角洲9个城市共48个湖库水体中的土臭素（GSM）、2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）和2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚（TCA）等5种嗅味物质进行检测,并探讨污水处理厂和自来水厂处理工艺中嗅味物质的浓度变化规律,同时研究强化混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果.结果表明：珠江三角洲湖库水体中嗅味问题最严重的是广州、佛山、肇庆、东莞、惠州和深圳6个城市,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为70.93~116.61 ng/L;中山、珠海与江门3个城市的嗅味问题不明显,各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为22.78~58.82 ng/L;珠江三角洲的湖库中浓度最高的嗅味物质是MIB、TCA和GSM,这3种嗅味物质占了嗅味物质总浓度的80.18%~100.00%;污水处理厂和自来水厂中的处理工艺对嗅味物质均有一定的去除效果,嗅味物质的去除主要发生在混凝沉淀阶段;污水处理厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为53.55%、57.40%和72.90%;自来水厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为64.14%、69.63%和36.86%;强化混凝沉淀实验中,当嗅味物质初始浓度为200 ng/L时,Al₂O₃投加量为13.75 mg/L可使得混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳且保证铝盐不超标,嗅味物质浓度增大时Al₂O₃投加量也需增大;反应体系的pH值处于5~8时,混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳;混凝搅拌速率越快,嗅味物质的去除率越高且越快达到稳定.     

改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体综合效果研究:Ⅰ.水质改善的应急与长期效果与机制

2010年10月-2011年9月在太湖梅梁湾围隔内研究了改性当地土壤絮凝除藻及其对水质改善的应急和长期效果,并结合室内实验研究了该技术防控底泥再悬浮和减少底泥二次污染的长效机制.现场围隔实验结果表明,改性当地土壤除藻30 min后,TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP、PO34--P和Chl.a的去除率分别为66%、57%、60%、93%、92%和98%;长期监测结果表明,与对照区域相比,围隔内的TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和PO34--P在处理后11个月内的平均值分别降低了39.83%、52.30%、48.53%、18.75%和60.00%.室内再悬浮实验结果表明,改性土壤和沙子抗再悬浮能力较未改性土壤分别提高了3和5倍.室内柱培养结果表明改性土壤絮凝除藻和沙土覆盖相结合可有效提高表层沉积物-水界面的氧化还原电位和溶解氧,使沉积物向水体的TP和TN通量从源逆转成汇,PO34--P和NH4+-N通量大幅度降低.改性土壤技术在利用絮凝除藻快速改善水质后,可通过改性沙/土分层底泥调控分别达到对藻絮体再悬浮的物理控制和营养盐再释放的化学控制,通过将亚表层底泥中的藻细胞分解并被沉水植物根系吸收,可实现对底泥中水华蓝藻复苏和水体富营养化的长效生态控制.     

水草腐烂引发的黑臭水体应急处置技术研究

水草腐烂加速水体耗氧和水体还原性物质的溶出进程,在夏、秋季高温条件下极易引发局部水体黑臭.以太湖沉水植物优势种马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)及浮叶植物优势种莕菜(Nymphoides peltatum)为受试材料,利用太湖原位底泥培养模拟水草腐烂形成的黑臭水体,考察不同的环境材料处置方式(壳聚糖(CTS)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、CTS+PAC和PAC+PAM)对黑臭水体浊度、溶解氧浓度、挥发性硫化物等黑臭水体特征污染物的絮凝沉降规律及去除机理.结果表明:(1)絮凝处理24 h后,CTS+PAC组合对黑臭水体的浊度去除效果最佳,浊度去除率达70.3%,上覆水溶解氧浓度明显提高,增加率为261.5%;(2)加石英砂悬浊液加速絮体沉淀,形成絮体之后加石英砂使水体浊度稳步下降,4 h之后,浊度去除率达74.9%,显著高于与絮凝剂一起加入的处理组(29.8%);(3)植物腐烂释放的含硫特征嗅味物质主要为硫化氢(H_2S)、甲硫醚和二甲基三硫醚.不同植物体腐烂释放的含硫挥发性有机物浓度差异显著,马来眼子菜释放的4种含硫有机物总和分别为莕菜和苦草释放的319.8%和252.2%;(4)CTS+PAC处理后苦草及马来眼子菜腐烂水体中挥发性有机硫化物浓度较对照组分别降低了18.6%和44.5%.PAC+PAM组合絮凝处理组对莕菜腐烂水体中H2S有较好的去除效果,去除率达到52.4%.CTS+PAC絮凝剂组合处理的H2S浓度均低于对照组,苦草、马来眼子菜和莕菜腐烂后黑臭水体中H2S浓度分别降低了27.4%、41.0%和28.6%.CTS+PAC组合对H2S和二甲基硫醚类物质等致臭物释放的抑制效果优于PAC+PAM组合絮凝处理.     

有机改性粘土对铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除

如何有效的去除富营养化水体中频繁出现的藻华,已成为湖泊环境治理中的一个迫切问题.通过用表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性的原位沉积物为介质,利用搅拌器和沉积物再悬浮发生装置来研究烷基铵盐改性物质絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻细胞的作用和效果.结果表明,烷基铵盐和粘土的添加量分别为0.3g/L和0.2g/L,搅拌停止30min后,其去除效率达83.9%:在絮凝沉降500min后,水体中藻细胞去除率可达98.9%,较能有效的絮凝沉降藻细胞;同时水体的浊度也有相应的提高.电镜扫描表明这种活性剂形成的网捕包膜作用对藻细胞的沉降起到了重要作用.但烷基铵盐的杀菌作用可能会造成藻细胞内含物向水体释放的风险.     

藻源性湖泛水体显黑颗粒的元素形态分析与鉴定

湖泛现象是我国超富营养化浅水湖泊面临的最严峻环境问题之一,水体发黑、发臭是湖泛水体最显著和基本的物理特征.针对太湖湖泛显黑颗粒缺乏从元素形态直接给出证据的问题,针对室内模拟藻体和沉积物存在下形成的湖泛水体,采用多种图谱分析技术,对厌氧截留分离的显黑颗粒物质及其化学组成和元素形态进行了分析鉴定.扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析与荧光光谱分析表明:湖泛水体显黑颗粒物质以藻类残体和悬浮沉积物颗粒物为主,其组成元素以C、O、Si为主;与未发生湖泛的对照样相比,湖泛水体显黑颗粒物样品中具有更高的Fe、S含量.X射线光电子能谱Fe、S微区分析进一步表明:湖泛显黑颗粒物样品中Fe主要以Fe(Ⅱ)的形式存在、S则以还原态S2-的形式赋存,两者具有共同化合成Fe S的充要条件.因此,缺氧厌氧条件下,湖泛水体的显黑物质组成是Fe S,它可由水体中Fe2+和ΣS2-通过化学共沉淀形成,并主要通过吸附于悬浮颗粒物之上而使得整个水柱呈现黑色,指示湖泛的暴发过程和维持状态.     

底泥覆盖对浅水湖泊藻源性湖泛的控制模拟

湖泛的发生与湖泊底部氧化还原条件和致黑致臭物充足供给直接相关.利用黄土和细沙对太湖湖泛易发区(月亮湾)底泥进行覆盖,模拟在湖泛可形成条件下,底泥-水体系及其界面主要物化性质与感官变化过程.结果表明:0.5 cm黄土和1.0 cm细沙的覆盖,从水色和嗅味半定量角度达到了对湖泛黑臭的控制,与对照组相比,覆盖组底泥间隙水中主要致黑物Fe2+浓度仅为对照组的1/3,主要致臭物甲硫醇和二甲基三硫醚等浓度则不到50%.进一步分析底部水体和底泥性质发现:经覆盖处理底部水体的溶解氧浓度提高近1倍,氧化还原电位基本处于250 m V以上水平,覆盖层1 cm左右表层氧化还原电位和p H均远高于对照底泥.以黄土为主的底泥覆盖,主要因阻隔了下层底泥中物质迁移供给和对厌氧微生物参与的控制,以及黄土本身性质对湖底物化环境的影响等,在藻体大量聚集和死亡的水柱环境中,较好地阻止了致黑致臭物的形成,从而较有效控制湖泛的发生.     

湖泛水体沉积物-水界面Fe2+/ΣS2-迁移特征及其意义

湖泊水底Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度的快速增加是湖泛暴发最早发生于沉积物-水界面的主要前提,缺氧环境下水底扩散层附近Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的迁移是其在沉积物-水界面处稳定积累的重要原因.以蓝藻聚积水体沉积物-水界面为研究对象,应用湖泊过程模拟装置及间隙水被动采样等技术,重点研究了间隙水和底层上覆水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的垂向分布特征,并定量估算了二者的扩散通量及迁移方向.结果表明:湖泛样品水体沉积物-水界面处于典型的还原性环境,表层沉积物间隙水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度显著高于对照样品,二者在表层沉积物中积累趋势明显.湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处Fe~(2+)释放通量较高,表现出较强烈的自沉积物向上覆水方向的释放能力;而湖泛样品ΣS~(2-)在沉积物-水界面处释放通量为负,迁移方向为自上覆水向沉积物扩散.Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)在湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处不同的迁移特征证明:缺氧/厌氧条件下,湖泊水体表层沉积物间隙水中高浓度Fe~(2+)向上覆水的扩散为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了重要的物质基础;底层上覆水及界面水中SO~(2-)4在表层沉积物中被还原,为终端还原产物ΣS~(2-)为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了另一重要物质来源.     

浅水湖泊湖泛(黑水团)中的微生物生态学研究进展

"湖泛"是指湖泊水体中(包括沉积物)富含大量藻源性(或草源性)的生物质,在微生物的分解作用下,大量消耗氧气,出现厌氧分解,微生物在还原条件下,促进许多"黑臭"物质的形成,进而影响水质和湖泊生态系统结构与功能乃至造成环境灾难.与湖泛发生时的环境特征(如低溶解氧,低p H,高有机质,高总磷、总氮)相对应的是其简化的食物网结构和特殊的微生物类群.本文将主要针对湖泛中的微生物群落及其在物质循环中的作用展开综述.研究显示湖泛水体中主要微生物类群,如真菌、细菌厚壁菌门的梭菌以及产甲烷古菌等,在有机质的快速分解和厌氧矿化过程中发挥着重要作用;沉积物中主要的微生物功能群,如硫酸盐还原细菌、铁还原细菌、甲烷厌氧氧化菌和反硝化细菌等,是湖泛致黑物质形成的关键.缺氧及厌氧条件下碳、硫和铁等元素生物地球化学过程的相互关联以及多种微生物之间形成的互营共生可能是湖泛过程中功能微生物的重要特征.湖泛中微生物功能的进一步研究,亟需借鉴海洋低氧区及深海沉积物的经验,引用先进研究手段,提出可靠的生物地球化学证据.浅水湖泊湖泛(黑水团)中的微生物生态学探索将有助于从机理上揭示湖泛黑臭的成因.     

生态型水源水体生态净化及其影响因素

水库水体污染控制及富营养化防治是保障城市原水供应安全的重要环节.本研究针对金泽水源水库太浦河来水氮、磷浓度较高的特点,自行设计建设了5个面积均为240 m~2的生态净化模拟试验池(A、B、C、D和对照)开展模拟试验,研究了不同水库形态、水生植物种植面积比例及种植方式对水体氮、磷污染物去除的影响.结果表明,通过模拟试验池的生态净化,原水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别为50.36%、53.73%和22.25%,C池TN和NH_4~+-N去除率最高分别达到了24.97%和54.61%,D池TP去除率最高,达到62.16%,水体溶解氧(DO)平均浓度提高了1.11 mg/L,平均透明度提高了27.6 cm,均显著高于对照池.水库形态结构、水生植物面积比例及种植方式对水体氮、磷污染物净化效果影响明显,增大水库浅水区面积能有效提高对水体氮、磷污染物的去除能力,增加水生植物种植面积能有效提高水体氮污染物去除和DO、透明度的提升能力,采用浮床种植方式能有效提高水体磷污染物去除和透明度提升能力.本研究结果能为金泽水源水库及其他类似水库的设计和建设提供科学依据.     

超声波和改性粘土集成技术在去除蓝藻水华上的应用

近年来,改性粘土除藻技术广泛应用于"水华"的治理当中,其原理是藻类与改性粘土絮凝后自然沉降.通过对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的絮凝比较,发现具气囊的铜绿微囊藻比其他两种藻发生再悬浮的幅度更大,次数更多.针对我国的水华藻类是以微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)等为主的情况,研究超声波和改性粘土集成技术对藻类的去除效果.结果表明,超声波和改性粘土集成技术能将藻类去除率明显提高,该法的絮体稳定性比单一絮凝法明显增强,且对群体形态的藻的去除率提升效果更好.另外,在40kHz、160W超声辐照下,铜绿微囊藻的气囊去除率在95%以上,但细胞壁保持完好,细胞活性不变,藻毒素不会因细胞破裂而释放,因此超声波和改性粘土集成方法,是治理我国蓝藻水华的有效方法.     

改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体综合效果研究:Ⅱ.底栖动物群落结构和多样性的响应

从2010年10月开始在太湖梅梁湾围隔内实验区实施了改性当地土壤技术,在研究其对水体富营养化和蓝藻水华长效控制作用的同时,重点研究了底栖动物群落对此技术的响应.研究发现:经过11个月的处理,相比对照区,实验区内软体动物的平均密度和生物量分别增长了124%和33.8%,底栖动物Margalef和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别增长了41.1%和18.5%.环境因子和底栖动物群落的典范对应分析发现叶绿素a、温度、溶解氧和总磷对底栖动物群落有显著影响.本研究表明通过改性当地土壤技术降低水体营养盐含量和叶绿素a含量、增加底泥表层溶解氧含量,可以在一定程度上改善底栖动物生境,提高其物种多样性.     

Effects of Caragana Korshinskii Kom. Cover on runoff,sediment yield and nitrogen loss

Soil erosion is serious in the Loess Plateau of China. Deposition of the eroded sediment in lakes or rivers may lead to eutrophication, because the sediment carries a lot of nutrients. Field experiments were conducted to study soil erosion and loss of nitrogen (N) from a 15o hillslope with 30% (low) or 80% (high) coverage of the shrub Caragana korshinskii Kom. A bare soil plot was used for the comparison. The results showed that Caragana korshinskii cover significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion. In comparison to the bare soil plot, the vegetation covered plots had about 20% less runoff and 65% less sediment. In general, the concentration of N in both runoff water and the eroded sediment decreased with time and approached a steady value. However, the species of nitrate nitrogen (NO3) was exceptional which increased with time slightly. The soil erosion caused an N loss of about 250 mg/m2 for the bare soil plot, the low coverage of Caragana korshinskii reduced the N loss by 20% and the high coverage of Caragana korshinskii reduced the N loss by 40%. Moreover, the amount of total N in eroded sediment was 2 to 3 times higher than the value in runoff water. In the total N loss, the organic N was about 75-80%. Nevertheless, inorganic N in runoff water was 5 to 10 times higher than the value in eroded sediment. The species of NO3 was obviously higher than the species of ammonium nitrogen (NH4). NO3 was the main species of inorganic N loss and was about two thirds of total. The organic N was the main species of N in the eroded sediment.     

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder water vapor and ozone profiles over the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent region during boreal summer

We present validation studies of MLS V2.2 and V3.3 water vapor(WV) and ozone profiles over the Tibetan Plateau(Naqu and Lhasa) and its adjacent region(Tengchong) respectively by using the balloon-borne Cryogenic Frost point Hygrometer and Electrochemical Concentration Cell ozonesonde. Coincident in situ measurements were selected to compare the MLS V2.2 and V3.3 WV and ozone profiles for understanding the applicability of the two version MLS products over the region. MLS V2.2 and V3.3 WV profiles respectively show their differences within ?2.2±15.7%(n=74) and 0.3±14.9%(n=75) in the stratosphere at and above 82.5 h Pa. Accordingly, at 100 h Pa, the altitude approaching the tropopuase height, differences are within 9.8± 46.0%(n=18) and 23.0±45.8%(n=17), and they are within 21.5±90.6%(n=104) and 6.0±83.4%(n=99) in upper troposphere. The differences of MLS ozone are within ?11.7±16.3%(n=135, V2.2) and 15.6±24.2%(n=305, V3.3) at and above 82.5 h Pa. At 100 h Pa, they are within ?3.5±54.4%(n=27) and ?8.7±41.6%(n=38), and within 18.0±79.1%(n=47) and 34.2±76.6%(n=160) in the upper troposphere. The relative difference of MLS WV and ozone profile has significant oscillation and scatter at upper troposphere and lower stratosphere partly due to the stronger gradients of WV and ozone concentrations here as well the linear interpolation of sonde data for the intercomparison. At and below 70 h Pa, the relative differences of MLS ozone are significantly larger over Lhasa during the Tibetan Plateau "ozone valley" season, which is also the Asian Summer Monsoon period. The MLS ozone differences over the three sites are similar in their vertical distributions during that period. A simple linear correlation analysis between MLS and sonde profiles indicates that the sensitivity of MLS profile products is related to concentrations at each pressure level. The MLS V3.3 product sensitivity is slightly improved for WV at and above 82.5 h Pa, whereas it is not obvious for ozone. The possible factors contributing to the differences of the MLS profile products of WV and ozone are discussed.     

Effects of physical soil crusts on infiltration and splash erosion in three typical Chinese soils

Physical soil crusts likely have significant effects on infiltration and soil erosion, however, little is known on whether the effects of the crusts change during a rainfall event. Further, there is a lack of discussions on the differences among the crusting effects of different soil types. The objectives of this study are as follows： （i） to study the effects of soil crusts on infiltration, runoff, and splash erosion using three typical soils in China, （ii） to distinguish the different effects on hydrology and erosion of the three soils and discuss the primary reasons for these differences, and （iii） to understand the variations in real soil shear strength of the three soils during rainfall events and mathematically model the effects of the crusts on soil erosion. This study showed that the soil crusts delayed the onset of infiltration by 5 to 15 min and reduced the total amount of infiltration by 42.9 to 53.4% during rainfall events. For a purple soil and a loess soil, the initial crust increased the runoff by 2.8% and 3.4%, respectively, and reduced the splash erosion by 3.1% and 8.9%, respectively. For a black soil, the soil crust increased the runoff by 42.9% and unexpectedly increased the splash erosion by 95.2%. In general, the effects of crusts on the purple and loess soils were similar and negligible, but the effects were significant for the black soil. The soil shear strength decreased dynamically and gradually during the rainfall events, and the values of crusted soils were higher than those of incrusted soils, especially during the early stage of the rainfall. Mathematical models were developed to describe the effects of soil crusts on the splash erosion for the three soils as follows： purple soil, Fc= 0.002t- 0.384 ; black soil, Fc. =-0.022t ＋ 3.060 ; and loess soil, Fc = 0.233 In t- 1.239 . Combined with the equation Rc= Fc （Ruc - 1）, the splash erosion of the crusted soil can be predicted over time.     

镧改性膨润土对浅水湖泊水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态的影响

分析湖泊沉积物磷形态的变化是揭示控制沉积物磷释放机理的关键.本研究分析了暨南大学南湖加镧改性膨润土前后水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态变化,以探讨镧改性膨润土对削减水体磷浓度的效果.结果显示,镧改性膨润土添加后,上覆水磷浓度波动较大,总体呈下降趋势;至60 d时,水体总磷、颗粒态磷、总溶解磷和溶解性反应磷分别比添加前下降了45.1%、44.1%、48.2%和85.3%;沉积物中的弱结合态磷和氧化还原敏感性磷含量减少,更稳定的磷灰石结合态磷和残渣磷含量增加,而金属氧化物磷和有机磷含量变化较小.本研究表明镧改性膨润土能改变沉积物磷形态,使活性磷转化为稳定的磷形态,从而提高沉积物对磷的滞留能力、降低湖水磷含量,改善水质.     

Demonstration of a Microbiologically Enhanced Vertical Ground Water Circulation Well Technology at a Superfund Site

A full-scale ground water circulation well (GCW) system was installed and operated to demonstrate in situ remediation of soil and ground water impacted with a mixture of chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic compounds at a Superfund site in upstate New York. System performance and applicability under site-specific conditions were evaluated based on the system's ability to meet the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) cleanup goals for target compounds in ground water and soil. Contaminants from the unsaturated zone were mobilized (volatilized) by one-way vacuum extraction, and treated via enhanced biodegradation (bioventing). In the saturated zone, contaminants were mobilized by soil flushing (solubilized) and treated by a combination of air stripping and biodegradation. An in situ aqueous phase bioreactor, and an ex situ gas phase bioreactor, were integrated into the system to enhance treatment via bioremediation. After 15 months of operation, the mass of target contaminants in soil and ground water combined had been reduced by 75%. Removal by biological mechanisms ranged from 35% to 56% of the total observed mass reduction. The in situ and the ex situ bioreactors mineralized 79% and 76%, respectively, of their target biodegradable contaminant loads. Results indicate that some mass reduction in target contaminants may have been from aerobic and aerobic processes within the circulation cell. Nonchlorinated compounds were relatively easy to mobilize (volatilize, solubilize, and/or transport) and treat when compared to chlorinated compounds. The data collected during the 15-month study indicate that remediation could be accomplished at the Sweden-3 Chapman site using the technology tested.     

Fenton体系处理黑臭河道沉积物的效果初探

沉积物中有机质的削减是黑臭水体治理的关键.Fenton(Fe^2++H2O2)试剂在有机污染废水和土壤原位修复中的应用广泛且效果良好;Fenton试剂也能很好地去除黑臭水体中的色度和浊度,但其氧化沉积物有机质的研究未见报道.为探究Fenton试剂对黑臭水体沉积物的氧化效果,本研究通过室内模拟实验用Fenton氧化法对黑臭河道沉积物进行处理,考察氧化过程沉积物特征和性质的变化;分析覆水后沉积物中污染物的释放特征,并和H2O2体系(无Fe^2+)进行比较.结果表明:Fenton体系显著提高了沉积物与上覆水的氧化还原电位,对黑臭河道沉积物中的有机质具有很强的氧化效率.在温度为28℃、H2O2为20%Q(Q为体系中沉积物有机质完全矿化的理论H2O2用量)和Fe^2+∶H2O2(摩尔比)为0.5∶1时,反应1 d,酸挥发性硫化物去除率为70.13%,沉积物总有机碳减少了22.14%,总有机氮减少了87.60%,生成了较多的铵态氮和硝态氮;由于铁对磷的钝化,沉积物中溶解性反应磷含量大幅减少.H2O2体系的氧化速度较Fenton体系慢,覆水后对体系中的Eh提高不明显.值得注意的是,Fenton体系会降低上覆水的pH,释放较多的铵态氮.需要联合其他技术(如微生物法),强化水体中有机质和氨氮的降解,以取得理想的修复作用.     

Impact of Rainwater Harvesting on Hydrological Processes in a Fragile Watershed of South Asia

Agricultural water management (AWM) interventions play an important role in ensuring sustainable food production and mitigating climate risks. This study was carried out in a watershed located in a low rainfall (400–600 mm) region of western India. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was calibrated using surface runoff, soil loss, and reservoir storage levels, between the year 2000 and 2006. The investigation indicated that the various AWM interventions increased groundwater recharge from 30 mm/year to 80 mm/year and reduced surface runoff from 250 mm/year to 100 mm/year. The intervention structures were refilled two to three times during the monsoon season depending on rainfall intensity and duration. The interventions have the advantage of building a resilient system by enhancing groundwater availability even in dry years, stimulating crop intensification and protecting the landscape from severe erosion. The results indicate that soil erosion has been reduced by more than 75% compared to the nonintervention situation. Moreover, the AWM interventions led to the cultivation of 100–150 ha of fallow land with high-value crops (horticulture, vegetables, and fodder). Household income increased by several folds compared to the nonintervention situation. The study showed about 50% reduction in downstream water availability, which could be a major concern. However, there are a number of ecosystem trade-offs such as improved base flow to the stream and reduction in soil loss that should be considered. The study is of great importance to stakeholders to decide on the optimal design for AWM interventions to achieve sustainable development goals.     

Uncertainty analysis of flood inundation modelling using GLUE with surrogate models in stochastic sampling

A generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method incorporating moving least squares (MLS) with entropy for stochastic sampling (denoted as GLUE‐MLS‐E) was proposed for uncertainty analysis of flood inundation modelling. The MLS with entropy (MLS‐E) was established according to the pairs of parameters/likelihoods generated from a limited number of direct model executions. It was then applied to approximate the model evaluation to facilitate the target sample acceptance of GLUE during the Monte‐Carlo‐based stochastic simulation process. The results from a case study showed that the proposed GLUE‐MLS‐E method had a comparable performance as GLUE in terms of posterior parameter estimation and predicted confidence intervals; however, it could significantly reduce the computational cost. A comparison to other surrogate models, including MLS, quadratic response surface and artificial neural networks (ANN), revealed that the MLS‐E outperformed others in light of both the predicted confidence interval and the most likely value of water depths. ANN was shown to be a viable alternative, which performed slightly poorer than MLS‐E. The proposed surrogate method in stochastic sampling is of practical significance in computationally expensive problems like flood risk analysis, real‐time forecasting, and simulation‐based engineering design, and has a general applicability in many other numerical simulation fields that requires extensive efforts in uncertainty assessment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.