湛江湖光岩玛珥湖全新世粒度变化特征及古气候意义

对湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物全新世粒度参数、550℃烧失量和Ti元素含量的变化特征研究后认为:粒度频率特征曲线指示湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物的外源输入部分主要来自其小流域;沉积物粒径的变化主要受降雨量,而不是湖泊水位波动的控制;较粗的粒径指示降雨量增加,较细的粒径指示降雨量降低.湛江地区全新世早期季风强盛,6085 a B.P.以后,季风显著减弱.湖光岩沉积物记录的全新世中期季风迅速减弱的发生时间与全球很多地质载体记录的全新世中期季风迅速减弱时间都非常接近,体现了湛江地区全新世季风演化的全球性.湛江地区6085 a B.P.以后的季风迅速减弱、气候转干很可能与厄尔尼诺活动增强有关.2000 a B.P.以后,粒度参数、550℃烧失量和Ti元素含量的变幅明显增加与人类活动的影响有关,是人类活动和气候因素共同作用的结果.     

湖光岩玛珥湖春季浮游植物对溶解态氮的吸收

利用15N稳定同位素示踪技术,采用现场挂瓶培养的方法测定了湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物群落对铵态氮、硝态氮和尿素态氮的吸收速率,研究了湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物群落氮吸收及其吸收动力学特征.结果表明:湖光岩玛珥湖共检测到浮游植物7门54种(包括变种和变型),主要为蓝藻门、硅藻门和绿藻门种类,分别占浮游植物总量的44.68%、26.70%和19.21%,其中水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为绝对优势种,优势度分别为0.39与0.28.湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物群落对铵态氮的绝对吸收速率最高,分别是对硝态氮、尿素态氮绝对吸收速率的5.8和4.2倍,占3种溶解态氮总吸收量的73.3%.铵态氮、硝态氮和尿素态氮的相对优先指数分别为2.907、0.190和1.192,说明浮游植物群落优先吸收铵态氮,其次为尿素态氮,最后为硝态氮.铵态氮、硝态氮和尿素态氮的周转时间分别为3.72、57.03和9.07 h.湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物对溶解态氮的吸收可用Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程描述,最大比吸收速率表现为铵态氮尿素态氮硝态氮,亲和力表现为硝态氮铵态氮尿素态氮.湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物群落对铵态氮具有较高的吸收潜力,并且对硝态氮具有一定的亲和力,具备利用硝态氮的能力.     

吉兰泰盐湖沉积物孢粉记录的季风边缘区全新世气候演化

全新世气候具有不稳定性,且存在着区域差异,在季风边缘区尤为显著.因此,本研究选取季风边缘区吉兰泰盐湖沉积物的孢粉记录并结合AMS14C测年结果,对该地区全新世的古植被演化及古气候变化历史进行了重建.结果表明,在全新世阶段,该地区植被类型未发生变化,以干旱的荒漠植被为主.早全新世(10.5 8.5 cal ka BP),以蒿属孢粉为主,伴随出现少量藜科、禾本科及麻黄属孢粉,蒿藜比(A/C比值)相对稳定(4.11左右),指示全新世早期气候逐步转湿的过程,在8.5 cal ka BP,蒿属孢粉数量下降且被藜科孢粉取代,指示一次明显气候干旱事件;中全新世(8.5 3.5 cal ka BP),蒿属孢粉含量增加及藜科孢粉含量降低,A/C比值在7.1 cal ka BP左右达到峰值,指示该地区中全新世气候最为湿润;晚全新世(3.5 cal ka BP至今),藜科孢粉含量增加且超过早全新世,A/C比值低至3.66,区域呈现明显的干旱化趋势.此外,结合吉兰泰盐湖沉积物矿物组成结果,发现中全新世湖泊沉积物中,钙芒硝大量出现,一定程度上指示降水量增多所带来的淡水注入,与孢粉指标指示该阶段湿润的结果一致.通过区域对比,发现吉兰泰地区在全新世时期的气候演化模式与东亚季风区具有较好的一致性,表明该地区受到东亚夏季风的影响较大,尤其是在中全新世,东亚夏季风增强,带来较多的降水,气候湿润.     

湖光岩玛珥湖水体中营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素

湖光岩玛珥湖是世界上最大的玛珥湖,它几乎是封闭的,受外界的干扰小.目前有关玛珥湖的研究主要集中在古气候及生态环境研究方面,而有关玛珥湖营养盐在一年中的生物地球化学循环的研究较少,因此研究湖光岩玛珥湖营养盐的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义.于2015年10月-2016年9月对湖光岩玛珥湖全水柱的营养盐及其他相关参数进行逐月调查,分析营养盐的结构特征、垂直分布特征和时间变化情况,并讨论营养盐时空变化的影响因素.结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖水中的无机氮（DIN）以铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）为主（>60%）,其次是硝态氧（NO₃^--N）,亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）所占比利最低.湖光岩玛珥湖水中的硅酸盐（SiO₃^2--Si）浓度较高,水体浮游植物生长受磷限制.冬季风期间,水体垂直混合较均匀,导致营养盐的垂直分布比较均匀;夏季风期间,水体层化,营养盐浓度在浅层水体较低,在深层水体较高.湖光岩玛珥湖表层水中的NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和SiO₃^2--Si具有明显的时间变化规律：NO₃^--N浓度从10月-次年3月升高,从3-9月降低;NH₄⁺-N浓度从10月-次年5月降低;SiO₃^2--Si浓度从11月-次年5月降低,从5-9月持续升高.营养盐浓度的时间变化受有机质的矿化分解、水体的季节性混合、浮游植物的吸收、降雨的输入等多种因素的综合影响.     

MIS-3晚期以来乌伦古湖古湖相沉积记录的初步研究

通过对现代乌伦古湖附近出露的古湖相沉积剖面的AMS~(14)C测年,粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮以及碳酸盐等环境代用指标的分析及其与全新世钻孔沉积记录的对比研究,结果发现:乌伦古湖在MIS-3晚期的33600-22500 cal a BP以及冰后期至早中全新世的16500-6500 cal a BP期间,维持着湖相沉积环境,湖面约比现在湖面高40 m.33600-22500 cal a BP的MIS-3晚期,气候相对温暖,乌伦古湖呈现高湖面特征,湖泊沉积物来源以流水搬运为主;22500-16500 cal a BP的末次冰期冰盛期,气候寒冷干燥,湖泊沉积物来源以风力搬运为主;16500-6500 cal a BP的冰后期以及早、中全新世期间,气候回暖,湖泊沉积物主要来源于河流径流作用.6500-5500 cal a BP,受高温干旱事件的影响,湖面收缩、水位剧降,除沉积中心外的其它钻孔位置出现沉积中断.5500 cal a BP后气候转冷变湿,湖泊重新恢复到现在的状态.乌伦古湖MIS-3晚期以来的古湖相沉积环境变化及其反映的古气候万年尺度上的干湿变化与周边区域气候环境变化记录有很好的一致性,响应了区域环境变化和全球气候突变事件.季风和西风的强度消长变化及其引起的环流条件改变以及温度变化引起的蒸发效应可能是区域气候环境变化的主要原因.这一古湖相沉积记录的研究可为MIS-3晚期以来北疆地区的古湖泊演化以及长时间尺度上西风和季风环流相互关系及其影响区的气候环境演化提供地质证据.     

晚冰期以来青海湖沉积物多指标高分辨率的古气候演化

通过青海湖沉积物孢粉、碳酸盐、有机C, N和有机δ¹³C等多项指标的综合分析, 建立了青海湖晚冰期以来的高分辨率古气候演化序列. 结果表明, 18.2 cal. ka BP左右为末次冰期盛冰阶进入晚冰期的界限, 自15.4 cal. ka BP起气候开始向暖湿化发展, 7.4 cal. ka BP时达到了暖湿组合的鼎盛期, 4.5 cal. ka BP以后气候又逐步转入冷干. 晚冰期向全新世转换期间气候的冷暖干湿波动十分频繁, 其特征与北大西洋深海沉积、格陵兰冰芯、欧洲地区湖泊沉积以及中国黄土、古里雅冰芯等记录的古气候具有一定的可对比性. 青海湖地区晚冰期以来的古气候演化特征揭示了万年尺度上东亚季风的源驱动力同太阳辐射有关.     

青藏高原中部全新世气候变化的湖泊沉积地球化学记录

通过青藏高原中部兹格塘错湖泊沉积物总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总硫(TS)、氢指数(HI)、氧指数(OI)和有机质的碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)等多项指标的综合分析, 在判断沉积物中有机质来源的基础上, 根据各指标的变化特征阐明了各自的气候指示意义, 建立了兹格塘错全新世以来的古气候演化序列. 10100 cal a BP兹格塘错地区进入全新世, 全新世早中期为暖湿气候特征, 在8600~8400和7400~7000 cal a BP发生两次强烈冷事件; 中晚全新世以来气候变冷变干. 这一气候演化过程与其邻近的错鄂的研究结果相近, 代表了青藏高原中部全新世的气候演化特点. 青藏高原中部全新世气候变化主要受太阳辐射控制.     

新疆巴里坤湖全新世气候环境变化与高低纬间气候变化的关联

选择位于新疆东北部的封闭湖泊-巴里坤湖作为研究对象,采用常规14C测年建立了该湖一剖面约9400 cal a BP以来的时间序列,对该剖面沉积自生碳酸盐碳（δ13Ccar）、氧同位素（δ18Ocar）、有机碳（TOC）等多代用指标进行了连续小波变换、奇异谱分析.结果表明,全新世以来巴里坤湖地区的气候变化模式具有明显的阶段性变化：9400～8000 cal a BP期间气温偏低且较干旱;8000～6000 cal a BP期间气候环境温凉湿润;6000～2700 cal a BP期间,气候环境在总体上较为暖干,在向全新世晚期演变过程中呈现出降温、增湿的趋势;2700～800 cal a BP期间气温降低,湿润状况有所改善;800 cal a BP以来气候环境偏干.巴里坤湖全新世气候变化过程与周边区域古气候记录具有较好地一致性.研究发现,全新世以来研究区的气候环境不仅可能受到了北大西洋地区气候变化的影响,同样可能与来自热带低纬过程的海-气相互作用有关,特别是自全新世中期以来,逐渐增强的El Nio/La Nia-South Oscillation（ENSO）活动对研究区的气候环境变化可能具有一定的影响.研究还发现,在全新世期间,新疆东北部地区的气候演变可能并非简单地遵循某种单一的气候变化模式,不同气候系统（如西风、季风）在该地区的强弱对比状况可能对此地区气候环境变化模式有重要影响.     

末次冰消期亚洲季风突变事件的精确定年: 以贵州衙门洞石笋为例

通过贵州衙门洞Y1石笋33个U/Th年龄和1020个氧同位素数据的分析, 重建了西南地区末次冰消期至全新世早期(16.2~7.3 ka BP)平均分辨率达9 a的亚洲夏季风演化特征. 该时段发生的气候突变事件, 在Y1石笋记录中得到明显揭示, 类似格陵兰冰芯记录的GI-1e~GI-1a事件(GIS)可以定义末次冰消期亚洲季风突变事件的中国基准(CIS)为A.1e~A.1a, Y1石笋d ¹⁸O值记录这些事件的开始时限分别为: (14750±50), (14100±60), (13870±80), (13370±80) 和(12990±80) a BP; A.1a结束进入YD事件为(12850±50) a BP, YD结束进入全新世为(11500±40) a BP, 其中BA转换(A.1e开始)和YD转换前后d ¹⁸O值有3‰的变幅. Y1记录区域对比表明亚洲季风在早全新世期间总体增强的趋势在各地区并没有显著的相位差异, 因而不支持东亚和印度季风在轨道尺度上的反相位关系. Y1记录支持近10年来石笋研究的结果, 即亚洲季风气候变化的驱动机制除了主导的太阳辐射、大西洋径向环流(MOC)及热带辐合带 (ITCZ) 运移外, 短尺度上的季风变化和太阳活动密切相关.     

末次盛冰期以来中国南方C_3/C_4植被时空演化及影响机制

当前中国南方C_3/C_4植被演化的研究开展得较少,且C_3/C_4植被演化的主要影响机制也不明确.这有碍于全面了解不同气候环境下C_3和C_4植物竞争机制及其与气候要素的关系,也不利于评估未来气候变化对区域C_3/C_4植被的影响.事实上,区域尺度C_3/C_4植被变化对全球碳循环和农业生产有着重要的影响.由此可见,重建中国南方地区C_3/C_4植被的演化历史并理清气候变化对其影响机制显得尤为重要.文章选取了长江以南地区的湛江湖光岩玛珥湖、泸沽湖、星云湖、鄱阳湖、龙感湖、白马湖、东钱湖和梵净山九龙池等8个湖泊以及定南、南屯、袍烈和铭爱村等4个泥炭沉积记录系统地开展了高碳数正构烷烃稳定碳同位素(δ~(13)C)分析,重建了末次盛冰期以来南方地区C_3/C_4植被的时空演化,并结合已有的古气候记录试图探讨影响研究区C_4植物丰度变化的气候要素.湛江湖光岩玛珥湖、星云湖和泸沽湖3个钻孔岩芯和定南泥炭样品的高碳数(C_(27)～C_(33))正构烷烃δ~(13)C均值的集成结果表明:从末次盛冰期至全新世早期C_4植物比例呈逐渐增加趋势,从21%升高到34%,而到全新世中期C_4植物比例显著降低,最低达到10%.在空间上,末次盛冰期和全新世早期C_4植物丰度总体上呈现由南向北逐渐降低的趋势,而在全新世大暖期则出现相反的空间变化趋势,这体现了C_4植物空间分布由温度调控转变为降雨调控的结果.该研究表明在中国南方温度是C_4植物分布的主控因素,而在温度条件合适时降雨的增多会降低C_4对C_3植物的竞争优势.因此,温度与降雨季节性分配的组合关系是决定C_3/C_4植被比例变化的重要气候要素.在未来温度升高降雨增多的前提下, C_4植物竞争优势的降低可能会对中国农业生产有所影响.     

不同时间尺度青海湖沉积物总有机碳对气候变化的敏感性

湖泊沉积物总有机碳（TOC）含量通常作为表征流域和湖泊生产力的指标,在亚洲季风区也常常被当作夏季风的代用指标,被广泛应用于气候与环境变化研究.本文梳理了过去千年、全新世以及冰期-间冰期时间尺度上青海湖沉积物TOC的变化特征,并探讨了其指示气候变化的敏感性与有效性.结果表明,过去千年青海湖沉积物TOC含量与区域暖季温度和降水表现出较为一致的周期性波动.通过对比全新世区域夏季温度、基于孢粉的降水定量重建结果,以及湖泊水位、风沙活动反映的湿度状况等,发现不能简单地将青海湖沉积物TOC含量或沉积通量作为夏季风强度或者季风降水强度的代用指标.青海湖沉积物TOC含量在冰期和间冰期表现出巨大的差异,指示了冰期-间冰期时间尺度上较大的温度与降水变幅.因此,不同地域条件及不同时间尺度下,湖泊沉积物TOC对气候变化的敏感性不同,将湖泊沉积物TOC含量作为亚洲夏季风的代用指标需要特别谨慎,特别是在高寒气候区.     

A high-resolution climatic change since the Late Glacial Age inferred from multi-proxy of sediments in Qinghai Lake

The study of climatic changes since the Late Glacial Age has become one of the hotspots of the PAGES in recent years.Deep-sea cores from the high-latitude area show that the climate was very unstable during the transitional period from the Late Glacial Age to the Holocene[1,2],which has also been testified by the geological records from ocean sediments,ice cores and terrestrial sections in different latitudes of the earth[3—8].What’s more,climatic instability also ex-isted in the Holoce…     

Climate changes in East China since the Late-glacial inferred from high-resolution mountain peat humification records

High-resolution peat humification records were obtained from Dajiuhu of the Shennongjia Mountains and Qianmutian of the Tianmu Mountains to study climate changes in East China. The analyses of pollen, organic matters, TOC, and Rb/Sr indicate a high degree of peat humification and thus strong decomposition of organic matter when climate was dry. Conversely, when climate was humid, the degree of humification is low because peat was preserved in a waterlogged condition. Peat humification from Dajiuhu occurred not only during the Younger Dryas (about 11.4–12.6 cal ka BP), the Bølling-Allerød Warm Period (12.6–15.2 cal ka BP), and the Oldest Dryas (about 15.2–16.0 cal ka BP), but also during the early Holocene (about 11.4–9.4 cal ka BP), the 8.2 cal ka BP cold event, and the Holocene Optimum (about 7.0–4.2 cal ka BP). Both peat humification records since nearly 5 ka BP are consistent, showing that mountain peatland has synchronous responses to the East Asia monsoon-induced precipitation. The LOI data confirm the above observation. The monsoon precipitation since nearly 5 ka BP recorded in these two peat profiles can be divided into three phases. During 4.9–3.5 ka BP, precipitation amount was high but fluctuated greatly. During 3.5–0.9 ka BP, precipitation amount was low. During 0.9–0 ka BP, degree of humification reduced gradually, indicating the increase of monsoon precipitation. Contrast to other high-resolution records from East China monsoon region shows that the monsoon precipitation records of the two peat profiles since nearly 16 ka BP are controlled by a common forcing mechanism of summer solar radicalization in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Environmental characteristics of Mid-Holocene recorded by lacustrine sediments from Lake Daihai, north environment sensitive zone, China

One of the goals for paleaoenvironmental research is to predict the tendency of future climate and environmental changes based on the understanding of the past. The key approach is to find similar pictures which happened in the past. By understanding the background and mechanism of the paleaoenvironmen- tal changes, reliable parameters and verifications can be provided for the numerical model to predict the tendency of future climate and environmental changes. The Mid-Holocene as the nearest …     

Luminescence chronology for late Quaternary lake levels of enclosed Huangqihai lake in East Asian monsoon marginal area in northern China

Lake level fluctuations of closed lakes in monsoonal regions are direct indicators of regional moisture variability related to the intensity of monsoon activities. In the current study, quartz OSL dating was applied to construct the chronology of two sedimentary sequences from the east and west shores of Huangqihai Lake in the East Asian monsoon area, and the history of lake level fluctuations during the late Quaternary was established. In the current study, we present field investigation findings of highstands of >87 m above the modern lake in enclosed Huangqihai Lake in northern China, and also use luminescence dating to establish the timing for the highstands. We conclude that: (1) Lake highstands occurred during both MIS 5 (>87 m above the modern lake) and early Holocene (∼9–8 ka, >54 m above the modern lake), (2) No highstands were observed for MIS 3 and MIS 2 during which loess has accumulated indicative of much drier climate; (3) The evolution of lakes in East Asian monsoon marginal area (e.g. Huangqihai Lake) is linked with the monsoon variation.     

Holocene vegetational and climatic variation in westerly-dominated areas of Central Asia inferred from the Sayram Lake in northern Xinjiang,China

Changes in the vegetation and climate of the westerly-dominated areas in Central Asia during the Holocene were interpreted using pollen-assemblages and charcoal data from a 300-cm-long sediment core of the Sayram Lake,northern Xinjiang.Accele-rator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) radiocarbon dating methods were applied to bulk organic matter of the samples.Artemisia spp./Chenopodiaceae ratios and results from principal component analysis were used to infer that the lake basin was dominated by desert vegetation before ca.9.6 cal.ka BP,which suggests a warm and dry climate in the early Holocene.Desert steppe/steppe expanded during 9.6-5.5 cal.ka BP,indicating a remarkable increase both in the precipitation and temperature during the mid-Holocene.Desert vegetation dominated between 6.5 and 5.5 cal.ka BP,marking an extreme warmer and drier interval.The steppe/meadow steppe recovered,and temperatures decreased from 5.5 cal.ka BP in the late Holocene,as indicated by the increased abundance of Artemisia and the development of meadows.Holocene temperatures and moisture variations in the Sayram Lake areas were similar to those of adjacent areas.This consistency implies that solar radiation was the main driving factor for regional temperature changes,and that the effect of temperature variations was significant on regional changes in humidity.The evolution of climate and environment in the Sayram Lake areas,which were characterized as dry in the early Holocene and relatively humid in the middle-late Holocene,are clearly different from those in monsoonal areas.Dry conditions in the early Holocene in the Sayram Lake areas were closely related to decreased water vapor advection.These conditions were a result of reduced westerly wind speeds and less evaporation upstream,which in turn were caused by seasonal changes in solar radiation superimposed by strong evaporation following warming and drying local climate.     

African monsoon variability during the previous interglacial maximum

Little is known about centennial- to millennial-scale climate variability during interglacial times, other than the Holocene. We here present high-resolution evidence from anoxic (unbioturbated) sediments in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that demonstrates a sustained ∼800-yr climate disturbance in the monsoonal latitudes during the Eemian interglacial maximum (∼125 ka BP). Results imply that before and after this event, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) penetrated sufficiently beyond the central Saharan watershed (∼21°N) during the summer monsoon to fuel flooding into the Mediterranean along the wider North African margin, through fossil river/wadi systems that to date have been considered only within a Holocene context. Relaxation in the ITCZ penetration during the intra-Eemian event curtailed this flux, but flow from the Nile - with its vast catchment area - was not affected. Previous work suggests a concomitant Eurasian cooling event, with intensified impact of the higher-latitude climate on the Mediterranean basin. The combined signals are very similar to those described for the Holocene cooling event around 8 ka BP. The apparent type of concurrent changes in the monsoon and higher-latitude climate may reflect a fundamental mechanism for variability in the transfer of energy (latent heat) between the tropics and higher latitudes.