浅析黑龙江省防震减灾地方立法与中央立法的调适

本文从地方立法与中央立法关系的角度,结合《黑龙江省防震减灾条例》修订过程中的一些实际问题,对黑龙江省防震减灾地方立法的定位与发展进行了分析探讨,为黑龙江省防震减灾法制建设完善提供了参考。     

中国防震减灾法律体系与立法实践综述

我国防震减灾法律体系由国家法律、国务院行政法规、国务院部门规章、地方性法规和地方政府规章等组成。在国家层面,正在施行的国家法律有1部、国务院行政法规有5部、国务院部门规章有8部。在省级层面,正在施行的省级地方性法规有38部、省级政府规章有50部。这些法律、法规、规章对于规范防震减灾活动发挥了重要作用,保障并推动了防震减灾事业健康发展。本文从国家和省级2个层面总结梳理了中国防震减灾法律体系建设和立法实践情况,并对今后工作提出了建议。     

对我国防震减灾法律体系的分析思考

我国是世界上地震灾害最为严重的国家之一。50余年的防震减灾工作实践表明,健全防震减灾法律体系对于提升我国地震灾害防御能力具有十分重要的作用。采用文献查阅、对比分析等方法,在全面梳理我国防震减灾法律体系现状的基础上,总结分析了存在的4个方面问题,并借鉴日本和美国的先进经验,提出了出台《自然灾害防治法》、修订《突发事件应对法》,适时修订防震减灾有关法律法规,进一步明确防震减灾职权主体的法定职责任务,完善地方防震减灾法律体系等对策建议。     

法制建设与防震减灾事业发展的互为作用

从法理学的角度,探讨了防震减灾法制建设与防震减灾事业发展的内在关系和相互作用。防震减灾事业的社会化进程,促进了防震减灾法的形成,影响着法体内容和表现方式、立法体制和调整范围;同样,防震减灾法的实施,推动了事业的综合全面发展,确认了责利关系与发展方向,促进了地震科学技术的进步。正是这种内在的互动与互为关系,形成了共同进步的原动力。     

中美防震减灾法规体系比较与启示

防震减灾法规有助于防震减灾工作和防震减灾活动规范化和制度化,提高防震减灾工作和防震减灾活动的效率。本研究在调研美国地震法规体系发展的基础上,从颁布修订、审核主体、主要条款数量和主要内容等方面比较与我国的异同,分析美国在地震法规体系建设方面的可资借鉴之处,提出对我国地震法规体系发展的启示。     

基于故障树法的防震减灾系统脆弱性评估

将故障树法用于区域防震减灾系统脆弱性评估。在深入研究防震减灾能力影响因素的基础上,建立了防震减灾体系标准故障树,并根据其结构计算出基本事件的权重。通过比较标准故障树和评估对象基本事件,得出评估对象防震减灾体系的缺失基本事件,继而计算出防震减灾系统脆弱性指数。最后,以河北省某县为例,给出了基于故障树法的防震减灾系统脆弱性评估案例分析。     

落实三大工作体系提高防御地震灾害能力

防震减灾工作与太原钢铁(集团)公司的生产建设和经济发展密不可分。叙述了冶金企业防震减灾工作的特点及太钢防震减灾的工作体系和各项防震减灾管理制度,介绍了近年来太原钢铁(集团)公司开展的各项防震减灾工作的一些作法。     

依法行政做好防震减灾工作--纪念《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》实施5周年

从立法、法制宣传、建立健全规章制度和科学规范的管理程序、公正严格执法、执法监督和法制工作队伍建设等6个方面，论述了做好防震减灾依法行政工作的重要性，指出。只有依法行政，才能保障防震减灾工作的顺利发展。     

汶川地震给地方防震减灾工作的几点启示

通过全方位考察汶川8.0级地震重灾区, 从进一步加强地方防震减灾工作的角度科学总结抗震救灾的经验教训, 并结合广西经济建设和社会发展实际及区情、 民情和防震减灾事业发展现状, 从如何实现防震减灾与经济建设协调发展的层面, 提出了九点启示。     

城市防震减灾能力的定义及评估方法

城市防震减灾能力本身是一个涉及因素众多的复杂体系,对它的评估也是涉及到地震科学、社会科学和经济科学的交叉学科问题。本文首先提出了城市防震减灾能力的概念,把人员伤亡、经济损失和震后恢复时间3方面作为衡量城市防震减灾能力的准则;围绕这三个准则,从影响城市防震减灾能力的众多复杂因素中归纳出6大因素,并用一些简单、可测量的指标来代表这6大因素,建立起城市防震减灾能力指标体系;然后再分别建立这些指标体系中的各种因素或其子因素与评价三准则中的人员伤亡、经济损失和恢复时间的联系;最后,用灰色关联分析方法将3个评价准则综合成一个防震减灾能力指数。从而为城市防震减灾能力评估提供了一个较系统、完整的理论体系框架。城市防震减灾能力评价体系的建立能够对城市的防震减灾能力进行定量的评价,从而指导城市进行防震减灾努力的决策。     

群测群防网络在防震减灾工作中的作用

0 前言 群测群防,简单地说就是依靠群众的力量,共同防御地震灾害。群测群防队伍在过去几十年的地震短临预报中发挥着专业队伍难以替代的作用。     

政府职能在减轻地震灾害中的作用

0前言 地震安全,事关人民群众生命财产安全和经济社会可持续发展。随着社会的发展和国家实力的增强,国家已把地震安全作为社会公共安全的重要组成部分,惨烈的2008年汶川大地震,更把地震安全推到了众人关注的地位。采取各种有效措施,最大限度地减轻地震灾害损失,已成为各级人民政府义不容辞的职责。     

Research on the Application of Time Structure Variation Analysis to the Jiashi-Bachu Earthquake Swarm Sequence

In 1997 - 2003, 27 earthquakes with M≥ 5.0 occurred in the Jiashi-Bachu area of Xinjiang. It was a rare strong earthquake swarm activity. The earthquake swarm has three time segments of activity with different magnitudes in the years 1997, 1998 and 2003. In different time segments, the seismic activity showed strengthenin-qguiet changes in various degrees before earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0. In order to delimitate effectively the precursory meaning of the clustering （strengthening） quiet change in sequence and to seek the time criterion for impending prediction, the nonlinear characteristics of seismic activity have been used to analyze the time structure characteristics of the earthquake swarm sequence, and further to forecast the development tendency of earthquake sequences in the future. Using the sequence catalogue recorded by the Kashi Station, and taking the earthquakes with Ms≥ 5.0 in the sequence as the starting point and the next earthquake with Ms = 5.0 as the end, statistical analysis has been performed on the time structure relations of the earthquake sequence in different stages. The main results are as follows： （1） Before the major earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 in the swarm sequence, the time variation coefficient （δ-value） has abnormal demonstrations to different degrees. （2） Within 10 days after δ= 1, occurrence of earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 in the swarm is very possible. （3） The time variation coefficient has three types of change. （4） The change process before earthquakes with M5.0 is similar to that before earthquakes with M6.0, with little difference in the threshold value. In the earthquake swarm sequence, it is difficult to delimitate accurately the attribute of the current sequences （foreshock or aftershock sequence） and to judge the magnitude of the follow-up earthquake by δ-value. We can only make the judgment that earthquakes with M5.0 are likely to occur in the sequence. （5） The critical clustering characteristics of the sequence are hierarchical. Onl     

福建仙游地震序列的震源机制解

1,209 earthquakes occurred in Xianyou, Fujian from August 4, 2010 to October 4, 2013. The largest earthquake was ML5.0 on September 4, 2013. In order to study the Xianyou earthquake sequence and understand the causative structure and stress field of Xianyou, the focal mechanism solutions of six earthquakes （ ML 〉 3. 5 ） in the Xianyou earthquake sequence are calculated using the broadband digital data of the Fujian Seismic Network with the seismic moment tensor inverse method. The results show that the focal faults of the six earthquakes are similar, which are all strike-slip faults striking to the northwest with high dip angles. The direction of the principal compressive stress axes is near SN, which is different from the stress field of Fujian region. The Xianyou earthquake sequence may have been induced by the stress adjustment after the impoundment of Jinzhong reservoir.     

2014年2月12日于田MS7.3地震前形变异常

The Yutian earthquake with Ms7. 3 happened on February 12, 2014. The precursor monitoring ability is weak in that area. We found tendency anomalies and middle- and short-term anomalies from metal pendulum tilt measurements in Hotan seismic station before the earthquake. And we also compared the anomalies with that of the Ms7. 3 Yutian earthquake on March 21, 2008. The tendency anomalies measured by the metal pendulum tiltmeter appeared since 2012 as tilting eastward. While the middle- and short-term anomalies were characterized by acceleration, pause and rapid change of tilt rate in two directions. The tendency anomalies of metal pendulum tilt records are the same before the two earthquakes. They both happened in the east direction. However, there are differences in duration, characteristic and earthquake intervals for the middle- and short-term anomalies.     

据地壳速度结构推测1668年山东郯城8?级大地震震中

The deep structure features around Tancheng M8 /2 earthquake occurred in 1668 have been analyzed. Based on the crustal velocity structure obtained from travel-time tomographic inversion, especially the low velocity zones in middle crust and Moho depths, the deep velocity structure distribution in the area of 34° ~ 36°N, 118° ~ 119°E is scanned along the latitude, longitude and oblique directions, and the corresponding crustal velocity profiles are obtained. By comparison, we take the area with velocity features coincident to the deep structure of the 1668 Tancheng M8/2 earthquake as the deduced epicenter, which is at 34. 8° ~35. 2°N, 118. 2° ~ 118. 7°E, and the reasonable location is 35. isN, 118. 6°E, and the focal depth is 20km.     

地震大小的度量

The paper begins with a brief review of the research history of earthquake size measurement. On this basis, the author pointed out the following points： ① In recent decades, ML, mb （mH ）, Ms magnitude scales are widely used as measures of earthquake size. However, these magnitude scales have a deficiency of ＂overgeneralization＂ and ＂magnitude saturation＂. Moreover, since they do not fully take into account the regional difference of seismic attenuation, especially the difference of site effects on the amplification of ground motion, these magnitude scales are but inaccurate measures of earthquake size. ② Seismic moment M0 not only has clear physical meaning, but also overcomes the deficiencies existing in ML, mb （mB ） and Ms magnitude scales, so it is the most suitable physical quantity for measuring earthquake size scientifically. In order to continue to use the term ＂magnitude＂, Kanamori defined the moment magnitude scale Act. Although its prerequisite assumptions remain to be studied, it is still a reasonable scale used as a measure of the relative size of an earthquake. ③ For measuring the earthquake size more scientifically, we must make full use of a large amount of waveform data from modern regional digital seismograph networks, strengthen the research on seismic wave attenuation characteristics, site effect, calculation of source parameters and the related scaling relations. In improving the measurement methods for ML, mb （mB ） and Ms magnitude, we should focus on the improvement of Mw scale and carry forward the work as gradually taking Mw magnitude scale as the uniform physical quantity to measure the relative size of earthquakes, so as to lay a more solid foundation for research in earthquake science and earthquake prediction.     

应对汶川特大地震波及乐山事件的做法及思考

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震是有史以来对乐山市波及范围最广、人员伤亡最多、经济损失最大、社会影响最强烈的地震。本文回顾了近几年乐山市在地震应急准备方面所做的工作和汶川特大地震波及乐山后的应急工作,认为坚持不懈地抓好地震应急准备是做好大地震之后应急工作的重要前提,及时有效地开展应急工作是防震减灾部门的重要职责,震后恢复重建中防震减灾部门可以发挥重要作用。     

新疆喀什-乌恰交汇区地震活动潮汐触发的统计检验

A statistical analysis on earthquake activity in the Kashi-Wuqia intersection area triggered by earth tide is done by Schuster＇s test and the Permutation test on daily and monthly scales. The north-south, east-west component of the tidal force and tidal body stress are chosen as the tidal curve in the daily scale. The results show that most of the earthquakes occurred near the maximum 0° of the three kinds of tidal curves, the predominant tidal phases of the earthquake are - 5. 86°, 6. 60° and - 15. 52°, and the frequency of the earthquakes increases with the increase of the tide; with three kinds of tidal curves （the north-south, east-west component of the tidal force and tidal body stress ）, the Ps of Schuster＇s test for all the earthquakes is 10. 52 %, 2. 40 % and 2. 06 %, and the pp of the Permutation test is 10. 90%, 2. 40% and 2. 06%, and the results ofps andpp based on the east-west component of the tidal force and tidal body stress are below the threshold of 0. 05 that tidal triggering of earthquakes. In the monthly scale, both the Ps and pp are very low （ close to 0 ）, far below the threshold of 0. 05 of tidal triggering of earthquakes, and the predominant tidal phase for earthquake triggering is - 18. 95°, close to the maximum 0° （ new moon and full moon） of the earth tide in monthly scale. Regarding the statistical test result of tidal triggering of earthquakes, a preliminary explanation is given as to why the trigger effect in the east-west direction is greater than that in north-south direction.     

汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带孕震构造运动特征分析?

On the basis of elastic rebound theory, using the horizontal velocity field of the Chinese mainland calculated from GPS data during three observation periods from 1999 to 2007, the velocity components that are parallel and plumb to the fault zone are calculated respectively for different periods, and then relative ground movements of two sides of the fault zone are analyzed with power function fitting and graphics. The results show that the relative ground movement shows right-lateral shear deformation before the Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake, and at the same time the movement was hindered by the Longmenshan fault zone. Thus, this result has positive significance for distinguishing the elastic strain energy accumulation and deformation anomaly in an earthquake preparation process, and for conducting further research on earthquake prediction.