软黏土海床条件下的管道侧向失稳预测模型

针对软黏土海床条件,基于被动土压力理论建立了海底管道侧向失稳预测模型。利用准静态平衡分析,该模型将极限侧向土阻力分解为被动土压力和滑动土阻力两个分量。验证分析表明,模型预测结果与文献[3]实验结果吻合较好。参量研究发现,在稳态海流作用下,随着软黏土不排水抗剪强度增大,维持管道在位稳定所需的最小埋深呈幂指数减小趋势;同时,极限侧向土阻力中的滑动土阻力分量呈非线性增大,相应的被动土压力分量则逐渐降低。     

黄河水下三角洲海底管道沉降量确定方法研究

提出一种海底管道沉降计算方法——递推法，应用到胜利油田埕岛海域海底管道沉降计算中，并将计算结果与目前常用的日本规范法和极限法进行比较。研究发现在粉土与粉质粘土为主的强度较高的海床上，递推法与日本规范法计算结果比较接近，极限法的最小；在淤泥质土组成的强度较低的海床上，日本规范法的计算值最大，递推法的居中，极限法的最小。逆推法可计算裸置和埋设两种形式的管道沉降量，而另外两者只能计算裸置管道的沉降。文中进一步讨论了引起管道沉降的影响因素，土体强度和压缩性对管道沉降影响较大。且管道埋深越大，沉降也越大。最后分析了黄河水下三角洲埕岛海域4个区的管道沉降量，Ⅰ区争Ⅱ区管道沉降较小，可以忽略，Ⅳ区沉降较大，在淤泥质软土上的管道，可能会完全陷入土中。     

自升式钻井平台海上迁航阻力计算研究

针对自升式钻井平台在海上迁航时的迁航阻力计算提出了一种计算方法,此种方法在吸收和归纳国内外迁航规范、标准的基础上,对某国内典型形式的自升式钻井平台迁航阻力的计算方法进行了研究。考虑迁航过程中静水力拖航阻力、风阻力载荷和波浪阻力的作用,同时根据平台的具体布置形式考虑了平台风阻力的遮蔽效应。在计算得到平台迁航阻力总阻力的基础上,对拖船选择和拖曳设备的配备给出了具体要求。最后,对具体平台的迁航阻力进行了算例研究,并同该平台操船手册中给出的迁航阻力进行了比较,迁航阻力计算结果符合良好。     

管道结构垂向—侧向耦合管土作用机理性试验研究

钢制悬链线式立管的触地段与海床会发生频繁的相互作用,对管道的安全性影响很大。首先探索干土环境下管土作用的机理有助于更好地理解真实海况下管道—湿土作用规律。试验测试是研究管土作用最可信最直接的手段。进行了垂向及侧向管土作用机理性试验,根据土体抗剪强度验证了试验中相互作用机理与管道尺寸的无关性。研究了不同运动速度对土体反力的影响,发现运动速度对垂向及侧向管土作用均存在一定的放大效应,而垂向低速工况下放大效应不明显;接着分别研究了垂向与侧向管土作用的规律,分析了土体反力变化的成因,最后针对管土垂向—侧向的耦合效应进行研究,发现不同的垂向深度会极大地影响侧向管土作用。为后续的管道—含水土体相互作用试验奠定基础,也可为陆上管土作用相关研究提供参考与建议。     

混合土层吸力筒沉贯阻力算法研究及应用

为补充DNVGL-RP-C212规范关于混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力计算参数的不确定描述,基于长乐外海风电场多个吸力筒基础的沉贯负压监测成果,对黏土—砂混合土层内吸力筒沉贯阻力算法进行研究。提出了基于黏粒含量确定侧阻力修正系数kf的算法,引入桩基工程中基于静力触探试验（CPT）的fs计算桩侧剪切强度的经验算法,并对其进行修正,用于计算吸力筒的沉贯侧阻力。对两种算法的准确性进行了验证,对其可靠性进行比较,提出了以前者计算结果为准,后者计算结果作为校核依据的建议。     

深海管道非线性屈曲理论计算方法

针对深海管道在侧向静水压条件下发生局部屈曲压溃的情况,研究了关于管道前屈曲阶段变形响应和压溃压力的计算方法。假定管道前屈曲阶段发生沿轴向均匀一致的椭圆度变形,建立基于圆环的力学模型,考虑几何大变形和材料的弹塑性本构关系,利用虚功原理建立平衡方程。通过选用合适的位移离散函数对方程组数值离散,并利用牛顿法进行数值求解,得到含椭圆度缺陷的管道截面的变形响应和压溃压力。通过试验、有限元分析和规范对理论计算结果进行了对比验证,证明该方法精度可靠,与事实吻合。最后,计算了初始椭圆度缺陷对不同径厚比管道的压溃压力的影响。     

CEL法与ALE法在海底管土作用数值仿真中的应用

针对海底管道与海床相互作用有限元仿真中普通拉格朗日单元因大变形而畸变的问题,需要选用更合适的仿真方法。本文首先分别采用针对网格大变形问题发展出来的任意拉格朗日欧拉(ALE)法以及欧拉-拉格朗日耦合(CEL)法建立有限元模型,借助模型试验数据验证数值仿真方法的合理性,并通过网格无关性分析,确定了ALE法与CEL法适合的单元尺寸。然后分别利用拉格朗日法、ALE法以及CEL法计算了海底管道垂向与侧向土体反力,通过对比分析得出各种方法在研究海底管土作用时的优、缺点。最后进行了管土作用试验,发现CEL法能够较好地反映管土作用中的速度放大效应。     

计算波浪飘移阻尼的一种切片理论方法

本文利用Ｇｅｒｒｉｔｓｍａ波浪阻力增加公式，导出一种基于切片理论的波浪漂移阻尼的计算方法。与现有理论和试验结果比较证实具有工程一致性。可以指出，这是一种简单使用，便于推广的应用的理论方法。     

大尺度人工岛沉箱浅水波浪中充气拖航阻力特性探讨

本文对大尺度圆形人工岛沉箱在浅水波浪中低速充气拖航状态下的阻力特性进行了理论分析和计算,指出其阻力以形状阻力为主,而波浪中阻力增值相对较小,但变化规律复杂。对照其模型阻力试验结果,提出了该形状物体的阻力近似计算公式并给出了相应的系数。     

粉土中吸力桶沉贯阻力与土塞失稳机理研究

针对粉土中吸力桶在吸力沉贯中的两个关键性问题——沉贯阻力和内部土体稳定性,在自行研制的试验平台上进行了一系列吸力桶沉贯模型试验。试验结果表明,粉土中吸力沉贯时,Andersen所提供的基于CPT锥尖强度的阻力计算公式能较好预测阻力发展趋势,但计算结果偏小;而修正的承载力公式预测结果在沉贯前期与实测值较吻合,沉贯后期预测偏大。吸力沉贯前期,贯入阻力随深度稳步增长,直到贯入深度达到某个临界值后,阻力增长缓慢甚至保持不变。桶内粉土在吸力作用下的失稳机理与黏土或砂土不同,在渗透力作用下表现为从土层表面开始的自上而下管涌或渗流侵蚀。沉贯后期,端部土体在较高水头差下发生失稳并向桶内流动,造成了桶内土体密度降低,端阻力与内壁摩阻力降低,总贯入阻力主要由外壁摩阻力提供。并结合有限元模拟对上述实验现象的内在机理进行了解释。     

往复荷载作用下软粘土中浅埋管道的稳定性的振动台模型试验研究

软粘土在波浪荷载作用下,可能发生强度软化,使埋设在软粘土层中的海底管道的受力状态或支撑条件发生变化,从而出现上浮或下沉的趋势,对管道的稳定性发生影响。本文通过在振动台上进行的模型试验来模拟当土性因动荷作用而发生变化时管道的稳定情况,对这个问题进行了探索,得出了一些规律性的认识,可供海底管道的设计者参考。     

Interaction between submarine landslides and suspended pipelines with a streamlined contour

Recently, the security and stability of submarine pipelines have attracted much attention in ocean engineering. In this paper, pipelines with a streamlined contour (wedge, airfoil, double-ellipse, and arc-angle hexagon) are designed in hopes of defending against the impact of submarine landslides, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is used to investigate the interaction between submarine landslides and streamlined pipelines. The results show that the peak interactional force is more representative of the hazard level of pipelines imposed by submarine landslides. It is also found that the streamlined pipelines possess a significant advantage in reducing the drag force and lift force of landslide–pipeline interaction with a maximum lessening percentage of 66.32 and 40.17%, compared with a conventional circular pipeline. In addition, the influence of applying streamlined pipelines to engineering is briefly discussed, and the empirical equation for estimating the drag force and lift force of streamlined pipelines induced by landslides is recommended based on the numerical test results.     

Study on Model Tests and Hydrodynamic Force Models for Free Spanning Submarine Pipelines Subjected to Earthquakes

A test rig is built to model the dynamic response of submarine pipelines with an underwater shaking table in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China. Model tests are carried out to consider the effects of exciting wave directions and types. Based on the experimental results, two hydrodynamic force models derived from Morison equation and Wake model are presented respectively. By use of hydrodynamic force models suitable for free spanning submarine pipelines under earthquakes, discretized equations of motion are obtained and finite element models are established to analyze dynamic response of free spanning submarine pipeline subjected to multi-support seismic excitations. The comparison of numerical results with experimental results shows that the improved Morison and Wake hydrodynamic force models could satisfactorily predict dynamic response on the free spanning submarine pipelines subjected to earthquakes.     

单重保温海底管线层间抗剪能力的室内全比尺试验研究

单重保温管较传统的双重管中管结构具有很多优势。铺设单重管最容易出现的问题是由于张紧器张力作用而导致单重管各层之间产生剪切力,如果抗剪能力不足产生相对滑移,就会出现拉脱现象,造成工程事故。以某依托工程采用的单重保温管为例,介绍了各层之间抗剪能力的室内全比尺试验方法,给出的试验结果可供设计参考。     

Analysis of testing methods of pipelines for limit state design

It is well known that the design of submarine pipelines relies on accurate test results for the local buckling collapse of pipes subjected to bending loading. The present paper analyses apparently anomalous values of axial tensile and compressive strains from recent test results in comparison to the values that would be expected on the basis of simple bending theory. This could have important consequences for the efficacy of the design factors derived using these results. The cause of the differences between the strain values obtained in the tests and those expected on the basis of simple bending theory are explained using finite element modelling. The differences result from the type of collars and supports commonly used in bending tests, the effects of which persist for a greater length along the test pipe than has hitherto been assumed. In general, it is pointed out that the application of the simplified engineering theory of bending can be erroneous when ovalisation is imposed or, on the contrary, the boundary conditions of the section are restrained from ovalising deformations. The influence of the D/t ratio is also analysed.The results contribute to the understanding of a crucial limit state for the design of onshore and offshore pipelines.     

Influence of vacuum preloading on vertical bearing capacities of piles installed on coastal soft soil

Abstract

Land reclamation has increased significantly in the eastern coastal areas of China. The increased exploitation of offshore resources has made cast-in-situ piles more preferable in these regions. However, precise prediction of axial forces and shaft resistances of piles is particularly difficult because geological conditions are complex after the foundation is treated by vacuum preloading. In this study, two groups of cast-in-situ piles, each of which consisted of two piles installed in soft soil in Oufei Project, Wenzhou, China, were compared by conducting tests using the slow static loading method to evaluate the influence of applying vacuum preloading to deal with soft soil foundation on the vertical bearing capacities of the piles. Two piles were located in an untreated area, while the other two were located in a vacuum preloading treating area. All the piles had the same length and diameter. In addition, the axial forces and shaft resistances of piles were calculated based on the measured strains. The field tests revealed that the ultimate bearing capacities and shaft resistances of test piles were significantly improved compared to those of the piles in untreated area. The experimental results presented in this study are expected to be highly beneficial for practical engineering.     

海底管道掏空与波浪力变化关系试验

鉴于海底油气管道在海洋能源开发中的特殊意义,前人开展了大量管道安全试验研究,特别注重不同底床、不同波浪条件、不同埋置深度等方面的组合试验,本次试验针对危害管道安全的掏空和悬跨开展了波浪水槽试验,探讨黄河三角洲为主的粉土海床上掏空与管道受力关系,弥补这方面研究的不足,结果表明,海底管道受力变化与掏空过程密切相关。连续试验过程表明,海底管道与海床土、波浪水体之间存在密切关系。海底管道在波浪作用下冲刷掏空经历了3个演变阶段:泥沙起动阶段、水流隧道发育阶段、快速掏空阶段和冲刷平衡阶段。水流隧道伴随的管涌对冲刷掏空起重要作用。伴随冲刷掏空,管道波浪力出现规律性转化,从正向作用逐渐过渡到负向作用,也可以分出4个演化阶段:冲刷初始阶段,管道波浪力以正向为主,管道表现为正向力作用下的振动;隧道发育阶段,管道受到的作用力主要是波峰上举力和波谷下拉力,表现为上下振动;管道悬空阶段,波峰负向作用力和波谷正向力交替出现,管道在波浪作用下表现为前后振动;冲刷平衡阶段,管道主要在负向作用力下振动。     

Field Investigations of Two Super-long Steel Pipe Piles in Offshore Areas

A research on super-long piles has been primarily based on cast-in-place bored piles. In this article, field tests associated with selected measuring technologies were conducted on two super-long steel pipe piles in offshore areas to investigate the behaviors and performance of super-long steel pipe piles. The strain along the pile shaft was monitored by adopting the Brillouin optical time domain reflection and fiber Bragg grating techniques. Static load tests were also conducted on two test piles to determine the bearing capacities. In addition, the axial forces, relative displacements between piles and soils and pile shaft resistances were calculated based on the measured strain. According to the results of the static load tests, the ultimate bearing capacities of the two test piles are greater than 15,000 and 15,500 kN. Both of these values meet the design requirements. In addition, the two test piles can be treated as pure friction piles, and the load transfer mechanism and relationships between the pile shafts and relative displacements are also discussed. Finally, recommendations for practical engineering and significant conclusions are presented.     

Characteristics of the Function of Ice Force on Vertical Cylindrical Piles

A lot of tests on ice forces on vertical cylindrical piles are conducted in the ice basin of ice laboratory in Tianjin University to identify the characteristics of ice forces on fixed platforms in the Bohai Gulf. A function of ice forces is simplified on basis of test data, and the charateristics of the ice forces including the amplitude of the force and the breaking frequency of the ice sheet is detailed by use of the Fast-Fourier-Transform method. The results show that the ice breaking frequency presents a linear relationship with the ratio of ice moving velocity to ice thickness at low velocities. At high velocities, the frequency remains constant with the increase of the ratio of ice moving velocity to ice thickness. These conclusions are compared those published in literature.     

黄河口裸置管线对海床土影响范围研究

裸置管线在波浪和潮流等作用下，对海床土强度和整体固结水平产生一定的影响，而产生影响的范围还是一个悬而未决的问题。2005年8月和2006年9月，分别对黄河口地区106钻井平台附近的一条裸置管线以及该地区海床土强度进行了现场微贯测量，结果发现，在该地区水动力作用下，水平方向，管线使得其两侧2m以内海床土强度降低，均匀性变差，尤其是降低了0～40cm深度海床土的强度，并使得其非均匀化程度加剧，使海床土出现成层现象。该研究成果为波浪-管线-土相互作用研究提供了典型实例，并对工程实践提供了借鉴。