斜压大气中飑线的非线性过程与K-dV方程

本文从理论上证明斜压非静力平衡大气中飑线的形成与演变和正压大气中一样可以归结为一类由K-dV方程所描述的大气孤波.讨论了在具有垂直切变的基本气流中这类孤波的结构特征,并与观测事实作了对比.当沿着低空急流出现有限宽度的初始扰动时,这种孤波可以被激发出来.当扰动的强度与宽度达到一定值时,还将形成一种孤波队列.这正是大气中所观测到的飑线或雷雨列队现象.     

热带大气季节内振荡的进一步分析

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料对热带大气季节内振荡作了进一步分析研究,表明热带大气季节内振荡既有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波型扰动,也有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波型扰动;影响热带大气季节内振荡移动的主要因素有扰动波型和积云对流活动的异常;伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件的发生,热带大气季节内振荡的动能急剧减小,而准定常扰动动能急剧增大,既反映了热带大气季节内振荡对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的激发作用,也说明了在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间热带大气季节内振荡偏弱的原因。     

《数值预报新讲》

该书为日本岸保勘三郎著,1972年9月第四版。全书共十一章:数值预报的进展,大气中的扰动,正压大气,客观分析,大气的三度空间结构,低压的发展,斜压大气,考虑了水汽的预报,用多层模式作72小时预报,以及大气扰动的尺度。     

作为初值问题的天气形势数值预报与由地面天气历史演变作预报的等值性

天气数值预报研究中对预报问题的提法与日常天气预报工作中由天气历史演变来作预报的那种提法是很不相同的.本文对大尺度运动讨论了这两种提法在一定的简单附加条件下是等值的.由此也说明地面温压场的演变反映了也蕴含了斜压大气三维温压场的构造,并且决定了斜压大气三维温压场的发展.     

适用于非静力大气模式的完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法

大气数值模式离散垂直动量方程时,一般而言气压梯度力和重力不易维持严格的静力平衡关系。为精确平衡数值离散的垂直气压梯度力和重力,基于高精度多矩约束有限体积方法引入完全平衡数值公式,即以满足静力平衡关系的热力学参考态对重力源项进行数值离散构造,发展了适用于非静力大气的完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法。一维标准数值试验表明,完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法能在较粗糙的计算网格点上保持静力平衡参考态的数值计算误差在计算机的单精度（10-6）和双精度（10-14）水平,在具有小量级扰动的初始条件下,完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法能较好地模拟扰动的传播,二维非静力热泡试验进一步验证了完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法对非静力大气运动的模拟能力。数值试验结果验证了所发展方法的完全平衡属性和适用性,这为非静力大气模式发展提供了良好参考价值。     

自由大气非定常扰动对大气边界层的内参数的影响

本文用大气边界层运动方程的数值积分方法,研究了当自由大气(边界层顶)风作非定常的周期扰动时,对非中性层结的大气边界层的内参数u*/G(u*为摩擦速度,G为自由大气风速)和角α(地面风与自由大气风向的夹角)的影响。并将其结果与中性层结大气边界层的相应结果作了对比。最后对斜压大气情形也作了相应讨论。说明了大尺度模式中边界层的参数化的结果应考虑层结、斜压性与非定常过程的共同作用。     

双三次数值模式与理想Lamb波、龙卷扰动对比模拟分析

通过"双三次曲面拟合—时间步长积分—双三次曲面拟合……",实现成为一种双三次曲面拟合新算法数值模式。它对模式大气作非线性(空间二阶可导)描述,是用数值分析(三次样条/双三次曲面)与计算方法近似求解大气运动非线性偏微分方程组。用Z坐标系高分辨率双三次数值模式,采用原始大气运动方程组和采用欧拉时间积分方案,设置理想扰动,对大气声波Lamb波做数值模拟;采用大气不可压假定,除去声波,对大气重力波龙卷扰动做数值模拟。对比模拟发现:理想Lamb波以声速在水平方向传播,扰动能量频散快,仅能在原地持续数秒钟;理想龙卷扰动则在原地可持续约1 min,且波动内圈(外圈)自下至上始终处于风场辐合(辐散)状态,具冷心结构和气压驻波特征,可因水汽进入扰动与借助凝结潜热释放而得到发展。     

预报模式识别的扰动方法

本文从数值天气预报模式并不完全准确描述实际大气过程的观点出发,提出利用观测的近期演变资料确定模式中的未知部份(模式识别),以改善预报结果.叙述了一种模式识别的扰动方法,用正压涡度方程模式作了模拟实验,证明方法是有效的.     

热带大气运动的长波和超长波(二)

本文对热带湿大气运动的长波、纬向超长波(纬向扰动尺度L_1～10~4公里,经向扰动尺度L_2～10~6公里)和经向超长波(L_1～10~3公里,L_2～10~4公里)进行了尺度分析,得到了适合这些运动的近似方程。对于纬向超长波,与干大气一样为正压无辐散运动;但对于长波和经向超长波,它们的运动特征与干大气有着巨大的差别,在这类运动中,位势部分、辐散辐合和垂直气流相当重要,而且重力内波波速大大变慢,因而可以认定混合的Rossby-重力波是热带长波和经向超长波的一个重要特性。我们所得的结果与Charney对干大气的分析不一致,也与Murakami对湿大气的分析不一致。从而证实了谢义炳教授最近提出的空气温度对大气运动有重要影响的观点。同时,在假定基本气流U=0的情况下,对线性化扰动方程进行了频率分析,证实了上述尺度分析的结果是正确的。     

大气中大尺度振动的不稳定

这篇文章同时考虑了基本气流的垂直分布和水平分布来讨论大尺度扰动的不稳定度。讨论了不稳定扰动发生的必要规准,并进一步讨论了扰动的发展或阻尼对大气环流的作用。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...