大洋环流的诊断计算

采用二维的全球高分辨率(1/4°×1/4°)的自由表面诊断模型结合动力计算估算全球大洋环流,模拟结果与其他模拟结果非常相似。流函数的分布表明,全球大洋中的主要流系均得到体现,包括大洋环流的西向强化的现象(黑潮、湾流等)。黑潮主轴的流量约54Sv(1Sv=106m3/s),非常接近实测值;各层水平流场分布情况显示,各大洋的一些基本流系都能得到很好的再现。如黑潮和南极绕极流可深达底层。湾流不能到达深层,大约在1000～2000m之间海流即已转向。     

基于HYCOM的风生大洋环流模拟及季节变化分析

基于垂向混合坐标系统的海洋模式HYCOM建立了全球大洋气候态环流场.在此基础上与前人研究工作进行对比,分析和讨论了全球风生大洋环流场的季节变化情况.从模拟结果看该模式具有较好的模拟能力,可以合理地模拟南极绕极流、赤道流系、黑潮和湾流等世界各主要大洋流系.从断面温度场、流函数分布和断面流量场等分析显示:南极绕极流堪称世界最强流,湾流整体强于黑潮,3者都具有夏季增强、冬季减弱的特点.HYCOM模式在国外的研究方兴未艾,而在国内的应用尚处在起步阶段.本文通过对该模式的介绍和结果分析,向读者推荐使用该模式.     

全球大洋环流诊断模式研究--流场及流函数

基于GFDL的MOM模式建立一个全球大洋环流的诊断模式(R0bust diagnostic model)来研究全球大洋环流.水平空间分辨率1°×1°.垂向分为21层.分别进行月平均和年平均模拟,积分的时间长度为11a.模式水流来自DBDB5(National Geodetic Center,Boulder,Colorado).所用的温度、盐度数据根据Levitus(1994)的资料,表面风应力根据Hellerman and Rosenstem(1983)的全球风场数据插值而来.从模拟结果看,全球大洋中的主要环流结构均得到体现.北太平洋副热带流圈得到合理的模拟,其最大的输运超过50 Sv.北赤道流在12.N附近分为南北两支.北支形成黑潮,而南支为棉兰老海流,在其东边,棉兰老冷涡得到很好的再现.在吕宋海峡有海水进入南海,在南海形成一个气旋式流圈,进而通过南海南部水道流入印度尼西亚海.模拟结果表明南极绕极流和黑潮可以深达底层.湾流则不能深达底层,其下方在1 000～2 000 m深度存在南向的深层流,显示了大西洋深层水的流动.     

黑潮——一支世界著名的大洋強流

翻开世界大洋的海流图,在北太平洋赤道与付热带区域之间,有一个巨大的顺时针转动的环流系统映入我们的眼帘。这就是由北赤道流-黑潮-黑潮延续体-北太平洋流-加利福尼亚流共同组成的付热带环流。黑潮位于大洋的西部边界,它以流幅窄、流速强、厚度大著称,成为这个大环流系统中最重要的环节。黑潮是与大西洋中的湾流齐名的世界大洋两大强流。     

关于台湾-对马-律轻流系的结构及其与黑潮的关系

作为世界两大洋流，黑潮和湾流有许多共同之处，但也有不少差异，其中之一是这两支强流的西侧陆架特征基本上是相反的。在湾流的离岸点——哈特拉斯角以北，陆架比较宽而离岸点以南则很窄。相反，黑潮离岸点——犬吠角以北则陆架很窄，而其南方，从台湾到九州这一段的西侧则有着很宽广的东海陆架。故对于位于副热带大洋西边界流西侧宽陆架上的这一流系的研究，在世界海洋的陆架环流研究中具有独特的意义。基于实际观测到的海流和水文资料，管秉贤［１４］指出，在我国东南近海存在着自海南岛以东海区向东北流经台湾海峡，穿过东海陆架并流向…     

副热带逆流二十年研究概况

副热带环流系统(或副热带流涡,Subtropical Gyre)是世界大洋总环流最显著的特征之一。长期以来,人们认为它是一个由单一的顺时针转动(北半球情况)的环流系统(即“单涡”)所组成,其西边界海流(如黑潮或湾流)强而窄,东边界海流(如加利福尼亚海流或Canary流)弱而宽,内区则为微弱的西向流且少变化。70年代发现大洋内区存在着强有力的中尺度涡这一现象剧烈地动摇了人们对大洋环流结构的传统认识。这确实是     

基于CMIP5模式与Argo观测数据的海洋有效重力势能分析

有效重力势能作为重力势能中活跃的部分，能够参与海洋能量循环。本文计算和评估了CMIP5中9个模式的全球大洋2 000 m以上积分的有效重力势能和200～500 m深度范围内的中尺度有效重力势能，并与由BOA_Argo观测数据计算的结果进行比较。分析表明，就全球大洋2 000 m以上积分的有效重力势能而言，多数模式的计算结果均大于由Argo观测数据计算的结果。通过比较有效重力势能的空间分布特征，发现在强动力活跃区（特别是黑潮、湾流、南极绕极流区），模式与观测相差较大，其差别主要来源于观测与模式中扰动密度的差异。此外，在黑潮和南大洋区域，涡动能和有效重力势能具有较高的时间相关性，而在北大西洋湾流区域，两者的相关性较低；功率谱分析显示中尺度有效重力势能与涡动能都存在显著的半年和年变化周期。     

南海冬季环流数值模拟

用已成功地模拟了大尺度环流和黑潮的三维、斜压以及具自由海水表面的数值模式,模拟了冬季南海流场、温度场和海面高度场。所用网格为0．25°×0．25°,垂直方向分为6层;除巴土海峡和台湾海峡外,其它边界假设为封闭;巴士海峡和台湾海峡的边界值用已模拟的大尺度环流值。模拟结果基本上反映了南海冬季环流的特征。从模拟结果可知,黑潮从巴士海峡南部进入南海后,其大部分又从对21°以北返回大洋。巴士海峡西侧的气旋型环流似乎具有相对的独立性;当然,涡旋东侧在巴士海峡的N向流可能与黑潮水混合,而且从这支流中分离出－小支流继续向北,汇入到“南海暖流”中。黑潮水虽然大部分返回太平洋,但是巴士海峡西侧的气旋型环流是由巴士海峡处的黑潮诱发的,南海海底地形对南海环流的形态（特别是对“南海暖流”的形成）有很大的影响。     

吕宋海峡水交换季节变化的数值研究

提要利用POM(Princeton Ocean Model)对吕宋海峡附近的环流情况进行数值模拟,结果表明,吕宋海峡净流量季节变化明显,除5月和6月为东向净流外,全年自7月至翌年4月皆为西向净流。7月至11月净流量由1.6Sv(1Sv=1×106m3/s)持续增加至14Sv,12月至翌年4月净流量从13.8Sv持续减小至3.1Sv。年平均值为5.7Sv。500m以上,秋、冬季有明显的黑潮分支进入南海,而在春、夏季黑潮南海分支消失或者较弱。在500m以下,黑潮位置由于北赤道流分岔位置的变化而发生南北移动,从而影响黑潮深层入侵南海。作者以保持与表层流速方向相一致的最大深度为界将流场分为上下两层,上层西向(入)流区域占据吕宋海峡南部、中部,秋、冬季范围最大,夏季向中部收缩,其深度空间分布呈东浅西深结构,在吕宋海峡入口处,入流深度呈南北浅中间深的结构。上层东向(出)流主要分布在海峡北部,夏季向南部扩展,范围最大。120.75°E断面除9月和10月外,下层净输运量与上层反方向。9月和10月上、下层净输运量皆为西向。上层年平均净流量为?7.6Sv(这里"?"表示净流量向西,下同),下层为1.8Sv。上层出入流深度随季节上下浮动范围可达数百米,海峡中部入、出流最深可达1800m。     

两个西边界流延伸体区域中尺度涡统计特征分析

黑潮和湾流是世界大洋中最典型的两支西边界流，黑潮延伸体（Kuroshio Extention，KE）和湾流延伸体（Gulf Stream Extention，GSE）区域中尺度涡活动十分活跃。本文综合利用卫星高度计资料和Argo浮标资料，对KE和GSE区域中尺度涡的表层特征及其对温盐影响进行了统计研究和对比分析。结果表明:黑潮和湾流主轴附近为涡旋频率的高值区，主轴南北两侧分别以气旋涡和反气旋涡数量占多，主轴附近的涡旋强度明显大于其他区域；两个区域的涡旋以西向移动为主，气旋涡和反气旋涡都具有向南（赤道）偏离的趋势；两个区域的涡旋数量都以夏、秋季较多，涡旋强度都在春、夏季较大，且GSE区域涡旋强度明显大于KE区域；气旋涡（反气旋涡）引起内部明显的温度负（正）异常，KE区域气旋涡（反气旋涡）内部呈"负-正"（"正-负"）上下层相反的盐度异常分布，GSE区域气旋涡（反气旋涡）在各层呈现较为一致的盐度负（正）异常；两个区域中尺度涡对温盐场的平均影响深度可达1 000×104 Pa以上。     

Numerical simulation of the upper ocean currents in South China Sea

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Validating and assessing the sensitivity of the climate model with an ocean general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences

A new version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS), climate model (CM) has been developed using an ocean general circulation model instead of the statistical-dynamical ocean model applied in the previous version. The spatial resolution of the new ocean model is 3° in latitude and 5° in longitude, with 25 unevenly spaced vertical levels. In the previous version of the oceanic model, as in the atmospheric model, the horizontal resolution was 4.5° in latitude and 6° in longitude, with four vertical levels (the upper quasi-homogeneous layer, seasonal thermocline, abyssal ocean, and bottom friction layer). There is no correction for the heat and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean in the new version of the IAP RAS CM. Numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM have been performed under current initial and boundary conditions, as well as with an increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The main simulated atmospheric and oceanic fields agree quite well with observational data. The new version’s equilibrium temperature sensitivity to atmospheric CO₂ doubling was found to be 2.9 K. This value lies in the mid-range of estimates (2–4.5 K) obtained from simulations with state-of-the-art models of different complexities.     

Ocean temperature responses to Typhoon Mstsa in the East China Sea

The MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model, with 21 layers in the vertical and （1/8） °horizontal resolution, was employed to investigate the oceanic responses to Typhoon Mstsa which traversed the East China Sea （ECS） during the period of 4 - 6 August, 2005. Numerical experiment results are analyzed and compared with observation. The responses of the sea surface temperature （SST）, in a focused area of （27° -29°N, 121° - 124°E）, include heating and cooling stages. The heating is mainly due to warm Kuroshio water transportation and downwelling due to the water accumulation. In the cooling stage, the amplitude of the simulated cold wake （ -3℃ ）, located on the right side of this typhoon track, is compared quite well with that of the satellite observed SST data. The wave-induced mixing（Bv） plays a key role for the SST cooling. Bv still plays a leading role, which accounts for 36%, for the ocean temperature drop in the upper ocean of 0 - 40 m, while the upwelling is responsible for 84% of the cooling for the lower layer of 40 - 70 m. The mixed layer depth （MLD） increased quickly from 28 to 50 m in the typhoon period. However, the simulated MLD without the wave-induced vertical mixing, evolution from 13 to 32 m, was seriously underestimated. The surface wave is too important to be ignored for the ocean responses to a typhoon.     

黑潮流区次中尺度热量输运特征 ——以2013年1月模拟结果为例

作为中尺度过程与小尺度过程中的过渡,次中尺度过程[空间尺度为O(1～10)km,时间尺度为O(1)天]是海洋动力过程中重要的一环。海洋次中尺度过程具有明显的非地转特征,从而促进垂向热量和物质的输运,因此在海洋上层热量与物质垂直交换中肩负着极为重要的作用。黑潮作为全球最强的西边界流之一,是海洋能量的重要聚集区。针对黑潮流区大尺度环流和中尺度涡旋等动力过程的研究,受到海洋和气象学者的广泛关注,但对黑潮流区次中尺度过程的相关研究相对较少。本文基于高分辨率ROMS数值模式(空间分辨率为1公里),针对黑潮流区(25.5°～29.4°N, 124.4°～131°E)次中尺度过程的空间分布特征及其诱导的热量输运特征进行了研究。模拟结果表明,黑潮流区存在着十分活跃的次中尺度过程,尤其是在黑潮流区及岛屿周边等地形变化剧烈的海区。相对涡度和垂直流速的分布特征表明,次中尺度相对涡度和垂向流速上表现出了明显的不对称性,正相对涡度强于负相对涡度,向下垂向流速强于向上垂向流速,而这主要是由惯性不稳定所导致。通过计算次中尺度引起的热量输运,结果表明次中尺度的水平热量通量为东北方向,从较低纬度朝较高纬度输运,这意味着次中尺度可以促进不同纬度的热量交换;而垂向热量通量则表现出向上输运的特征,即由深层往表层输运,这意味着次中尺度过程可以导致热量在垂直方向上的再分配,从而使得海洋趋于再分层。     

Effects of the surface wave-induced mixing on circulation in an isopycnal-coordinate oceanic circulation model

The influence of the nonbreaking surface wave-induced mixing under the mixed layer on the oceanic circulation was investigated using an isopycnal-coordinate oceanic circulation model. The effect of the wave-induced mixing within the mixed layer was eliminated via a bulk mixed layer model. The results show that the wave-induced mixing can penetrate through the mixed layer and into the oceanic interior. The wave-induced mixing under the mixed layer has an important effect on the distribution of temperature of the upper ocean at middle and high latitudes in summer, especially the structure of the seasonal thermocline. Moreover, the wave-induced mixing can affect the oceanic circulation, such as western boundary currents and the North Equatorial Currents through changes of sea surface height associated with the variation of the thermal structure of the upper ocean.     

Assimilation of sea surface temperature in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas using the ensemble Kalman filter

Satellite-borne sea surface temperature (SST) data were assimilated with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) in a Northwest Pacific Ocean circulation model to examine the effect of data assimilation. The model domain included the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, such as the Yellow Sea and East/Japan Sea. The performance of the data assimilation was evaluated by comparing the simulated ocean state with that observed. Spatially averaged root-mean-squared errors in the SST and sea surface height (SSH) decreased by 0.44 °C and 4 cm, respectively, by the assimilation. The results of the numerical experiments substantiated the effectiveness of the SST assimilation via the EnKF for all marginal seas, as well as the Kuroshio region. The benefit of the data assimilation depended on the characteristics of each marginal sea. The variation of the SST in the East/Japan Sea and the Kuroshio extension (KE) region were improved 34% and those in the Yellow Sea 12.5%. The variation of the SSH was improved approximately 36% in the KE region. This large improvement was achieved in the deep-water regions because assimilation of SST data corrected the separation point of the western boundary currents, such as the Kuroshio and the East Korea Warm Current, and the associated horizontal surface currents. The SST assimilation via the EnKF also improved the subsurface temperature profiles. The effectiveness of SST assimilation was seasonally dependent, with the improvement being relatively larger in winter than in summer, which was related to the seasonal variation of the vertical mixing and stratification in the ocean surface layer.     

涡分辨率模式模拟的南海中尺度涡旋

Mesoscale eddies(MEs) in the South China Sea(SCS) simulated by a quasi-global eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model are evaluated against satellite data during 1993–2007. The modeled ocean data show more activity than shown by the satellite data and reproduces more eddies in the SCS. A total of 345(428) cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 330(371) anti-cyclonic eddies(AEs) generated for satellite(model) data are identified during the study period, showing increase of ~24% and ~12% for the model data, respectively. Compared with eddies in satellite, the simulated eddies tend to have smaller radii, larger amplitudes, a slightly longer lifetime, faster movement and rotation speed, a slightly larger nonlinear properties(U/c) in the model. However, the spatial distribution of generated eddies appears to be inhomogeneous, with more CEs in the northern part of SCS and fewer AEs in the southern part. This is attributed to the exaggerated Kuroshio intrusion in the model because the small islands in the Luzon Strait are still not well resolved although the horizontal resolution reaches(1/10)°. The seasonal variability in the number and the amplitude of eddies generated is also investigated.