苏南推覆构造及其对煤田的控制作用

苏南地区系指长江下游以南部分,包括宁镇山脉、茅山山脉、宜溧山地和苏锡平原。本文讨论的推覆构造是依据历年来煤田地质勘探各种手段所获得的资料及一些部门所施工的深井和物探的数字处理成果综合而成。通过综合研究,认为苏南地区广泛存在着推覆构造。推覆构造席体的展布方向,从南往北由北东逐渐转向北东东,直至东西向,它是沿着一个广泛的逆掩断裂面由外地推来的推覆席体。推覆构造在整个中生代都有活动,所有古生代及部分中生代地层都卷入了这一场构造活动。席体长距离的倾斜褶皱或叠瓦状组合,使地层的水平长度几乎缩短了五分之二。      

燕山造山带东段辽西地区的薄皮逆冲推覆构造

通过在辽西地区进行的野外地质调查并结合地震剖面资料的构造解释,对辽西地区边冲推覆构造进行了研究。研究认为,辽西地区逆冲推覆构造主要由凌源一建平一北票、牛营子一郭家店和汤神庙等三条逆掩断层及属于它们上盘的许多大型飞来峰所组成。①凌建一建平一北票过掩断层平面展布上,该断裂延伸较长,并呈之字状弯曲。为脆性断层,靠近基底岩系显示韧性特点,属中浅层次构造变形,属于卷入基底的逆冲断层。北西盘太古宙岩系均向南东道掩在下盘的珠罗纪地层之上,估计其最小推覆距离可达10kin。②郭家店一牛营子逆掩断层及其推覆体该道冲断…     

赣中相山铀矿田逆冲推覆构造系统及动力学机制

通过综合研究相山铀矿田北部矿床勘探资料,加深了对赣中相山铀矿田逆冲推覆构造认识。相山铀矿田逆冲推覆构造总体呈EW向展布,推覆运动方向是从南往北。构造主滑脱面发生于震旦系基底变质岩层（Z）与上侏罗世打鼓顶组下段（J3d1）岩层之间,将震旦系基底变质岩逆掩于上侏罗统打鼓顶组下段砂岩、砂砾岩之上。推覆构造系统由前缘断层、反冲断层、主滑脱带（主干构造）、推覆体和构造窗组成。推覆移动距离达3～4.5 km。推覆构造主要形成时代为晚侏罗纪,即燕山晚期。     

南京湖山地区方解石晶内变形的发现及其构造意义

在印支晚期－燕山早期近南北向挤压褶皱与自南页北的构造推覆体制下，南京湖山地区出现了三个与逆掩推覆有关的构造变形事件。最初的构造变形表现为重结晶方解石颗粒的晶内变形，依据方解石双晶化密度计算了作用于汤－仑推覆体上的古构造差异应力为２５．６４ＭＰａ。     

安徽繁昌地区喜山期推覆构造

繁昌地区推覆构造由前缘主底板逆掩断层、中部小淮山楔状褶皱冲断体及后缘小淮窑断裂组成,构成了该地区北东向构造格架。构成逆冲系统的多条逆掩断层所夹持的构造岩片由南东向北西呈后展式(上叠式)依次扩展。该逆冲推覆构造系统是喜山期构造反转的产物,并非印支—燕山期前陆带对冲构造系统的组成部分。     

乐马厂银矿逆冲推覆构造特征及控矿作用

乐马厂大型独立银矿床的总体构造格架为逆冲推覆的构造体系，文章在分析区域地质构造背景和矿区地质构造特征的基础上，着重研究了该矿床叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造的地质构造特征及其控矿作用，论述了矿区逆冲推覆构造为燕山晚期形成的褶皱式逆冲推覆构造类型，其推覆运动形式为自NE向SW的右旋剪切运动，扩展方式为后展式，逆冲推覆构造为本区银矿床的形成创造了一个独特的极为有利的成矿构造环境，并控制了银矿体的形成，定位和空间分布规律，强调了以逆冲推覆断裂系统控矿为主，推覆体系统和掩复体系统次之的控矿规律。     

扬子板块与华南板块对接带萍乡区段构造特征

扬子板块与华南板块对接带由江西中部通过,其中萍乡地区自燕山运动末期以来,在北部以逆冲推覆作用为主,形成了大规模的逆冲推覆构造,南部在重力滑脱作用下,形成变质-岩浆热穹隆和一系列滑褶构造带及滑块构造,中部则形成相互叠覆的南、北构造对接带。在这些推、滑覆体之下多处掩覆了含煤岩系,这为寻找隐伏煤田开辟了一个新天地,同时,南、北构造对接带也是钴多金属矿有利的成矿区段。      

燕山造山带东段—辽西地区薄皮逆冲推覆构造

辽西地区为华北北缘中生缘生代燕山造山带东延部分，地表地质调查和新的地震剖面资料的构造解释表明辽西地区逆冲推覆构造系大为型薄皮构造组成的楔形体，主要由凌源－北票逆掩断层、牛营子－郭家店逆掩断层、汤神庙逆掩断层和建昌－朝阳逆掩断层，以及在这些逆掩断层上盘发育的大型推覆组成。逆冲构造的扩展方式为背驮式，逆冲指向南东，定型时代为早白垩世中期，即白垩世义县组火山碎屑岩（110Ma）和早白晋世九佛堂组之间，中侏罗世－早白垩世中期形成的辽西地区逆冲推覆构造系既与西伯利亚板块与华北板块之间蒙古－鄂霍茨克大洋最终闭合碰撞有关，同时也与古太平洋板块向西俯冲在东亚大陆之有关。     

湘西花桥-大江口地区推覆构造特征

湘西北地体与湘中地体碰撞拼贴带北西侧的前陆冲折带上发育一系列叠瓦状排列的逆冲推覆构造 ,向北西方向推覆 ,具双重逆冲推覆特征。叙述了该地区推覆构造的基本特征及其对中生代陆相红盆的形成、演化过程的控制和改造。     

宁镇山脉汤—仑推覆体前锋带构造型式及形成机制初探

推覆体前锋带是推覆体的重要组成,其变形特点既反映了推覆体发展过程中的推覆动力的作用和应力消失,又反映了受外缘抗阻的相互作用,这方面的研究受到国内外构造学家的关注。推覆体前锋带的变形构造在组成上既有推覆系的组成,又有逆推覆方向上前锋－外缘带的被动变形构造组成,形成了推覆体受阻状态下的复合变形构造。发育在宁镇山脉的汤—仑推覆体前锋带上的变形构造存在五种型式：岩层的大幅度旋转与密集的叠瓦系;反冲构造;具捩断层性质的横向及斜向断层;平卧褶曲的翘起和具优选剪切方位的膝折构造。     

南大巴山冲断构造及其剪切挤压动力学机制

南大巴山是一个形成于T3－K1，滑脱深度小于8－10km 的扬于板块北缘薄皮冲断锲它主要由发育在显生宙地层中台阶状逆断层及断层相关褶皱构成的逆冲岩席、双重推覆体和冲起构造等组成。变形扩展以前列式为主。经平衡地质剖面制作，因冲断南大巴山地壳缩短率平均达49.3％。并以每年约1.28mm 的速率总体缩短约64km，它的成因受控于秦岭碰撞造山过程中扬于板块北缘A型俯冲所提供挤压应力，在向南扩展时，由于古大陆边缘形态不一所诱发的右旋剪切挤压动力学机制。     

燕山板内造山带早期构造变形演化--以辽西凌源太阳沟地区为例

燕山地区位于华北板块的东北部 ,自晚古生代华北板块与蒙古板块的拼合后 ,燕山地区进入板内构造演化阶段。以往燕山造山带的研究主要集中于中侏罗世开始的燕山运动 ,而对已经发现的印支期构造的详细研究比较缺乏。通过对辽西凌源太阳沟地区进行详细的构造解剖分析和大比例尺地质填图 ,揭示出在晚三叠世到早侏罗世期间 ,该区经历了三次重要的构造变形。即晚三叠世到早侏罗世早期 ,发育由东往西逆冲的后展式逆冲推覆 ,早侏罗世晚期由西往东逆冲的前展式逆冲推覆和早侏罗世晚期崩塌滑覆构造。三期构造变形显示了燕山造山带早期构造的非极性演化特征 ,也显示了燕山地区的快速抬升和剥露过程。短时期内三期逆冲构造推覆方向的反转 ,显示了板内变形的特征 ,结合已经确定的变形时代及构造指向 ,作者认为它们很可能是对晚三叠世秦岭—大别碰撞带和侏罗—白垩纪蒙古—鄂霍茨克碰撞带的远程构造响应的结果     

Syn-thrust deformation across a transverse zone: the Grem–Vedra fault system (central Southern Alps, N Italy)

The lateral continuity of the E?CW trending thrust sheets developed within the Lower to Middle Triassic cover of the central Southern Alps (Orobic belt) is disturbed by the occurrence of several N?CS trending transverse zones, such as the poorly known Grem?CVedra Transverse Zone (GVTZ). The GVTZ developed during the emplacement of the up to six S-verging thrust sheets consisting of Lower to Middle Triassic units, occurring immediately south of the Orobic Anticlines. The transverse zone, active during thrust emplacement related to the early Alpine compressions which pre-date the Adamello intrusion, includes three major vertical shear zones, the Grem, Pezzel and Zuccone faults. The major structure of the transverse zone is the dextral Grem fault, forming a deep lateral ramp between thrust sheets 3 and 5. A similar evolution also occurred along the Zuccone and Pezzel faults, which show a left-lateral displacement of syn-thrust folds. The Grem fault was later reactivated as an oblique tear fault during the emplacement of the Orobic Anticlines, due to back-thrusting along out-of-sequence thrust surfaces (Clusone fault). Transpressional deformations along the fault zone are recorded by the rotation of major syn-thrust folds, which also suggest a horizontal offset close to 0.5?km. Records of the first stage of evolution of the Grem fault are better preserved along its northern segment, and structural relationships suggest that it propagated southward and downward in the growing thrust stack. The study of the meso and megascopic structures developed along the GVTZ constrains the evolution of the transverse zone, illustrating the complex deformational phenomena occurring in a transpressional regime. The GVTZ probably reflects the existence of pre-existing tectonic lineaments with a similar orientation. Evidence of pre-existing structures are not preserved in the exposed units, nevertheless the N?CS extensional fault systems that characterize the Norian to Jurassic rifting history of the Lombardian basin are valid candidates.     

雪峰造山带北段地质构造特征——以慈利—安化走廊剖面为例

以慈利—安化走廊带为例, 对雪峰造山带北段西部地质构造特征进行了调查研究。研究表明, 雪峰造山带在廊带上可分为北部武陵断弯褶皱带和南部雪峰基底拆离带。武陵断弯褶皱带内主要发育北东东—东西向褶皱和同走向逆断裂, 另有少量北东向和北北西向右行平移断裂、北东东—东西向正断裂; 雪峰基底拆离带发育东西—北东向褶皱和同走向逆断裂、正断裂以及少量北东向平移断裂。武陵断弯褶皱带变形主要受控于板溪群底界面向北的滑脱及其导生的逆冲; 雪峰基底拆离带变形主要受控于切穿冷家溪群褶皱基底的断裂拆离与逆冲, 拆离与逆冲的方向总体由南向北, 但南缘总体逆冲方向指向南, 从而组成背冲构造样式。上述褶皱和断裂形成于武陵运动、加里东运动、印支运动、早燕山运动等挤压事件, 白垩纪伸展事件, 古近纪中晚期区域北东—北北东向挤压以及古近纪末—新近纪初北西向挤压等构造事件, 其中以加里东运动和印支运动形成的褶皱和同走向逆断裂最为重要。雪峰造山带北段与中段—南段一样具背冲构造样式, 但受加里东期近南北向挤压的区域大地构造背景影响, 北段逆冲、增厚和抬升作用的强度与幅度更大。      

中、上扬子北部盆-山系统演化与动力学机制

中国南方中生代经历了中国大陆最终主体拼合的陆缘及其之后的陆内构造演化。晚古生代末期,在秦岭—大别山微板块与扬子板块之间存在向西张口的洋盆,即勉略古洋盆。中三叠世末期开始,扬子板块相对于华北板块发生自南东向北西的斜向俯冲碰撞作用,扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世发育陆缘前陆褶皱逆冲带与前陆盆地系统。晚侏罗世至早白垩世,中国东部的大地构造背景发生了重要的构造转变,中、上扬子地区处于三面围限会聚的大地构造背景。在这种大地构造格局下,中、上扬子地区晚侏罗世至早白垩世发育陆内联合、复合构造与具前渊沉降的克拉通内盆地系统。自中侏罗世末期开始,扬子北缘前陆带与雪峰山—幕阜山褶皱逆冲带经历了自东向西的会聚变形过程及盆地的自东向西的迁移过程和收缩过程。扬子北缘相对华北板块的斜向俯冲导致在中扬子北缘的深俯冲及超高压变质岩的形成。俯冲之后以郯庐断裂—襄广断裂围限的大别山超高压变质地块在晚侏罗世向南强逆冲,致使扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世前陆盆地被掩覆和改造。     

Structural style and deformation mechanism of the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt, central China

The Daba Mountains define the southern margin of the East Qinling orogenic belt, and form the boundary of the Sichuan basin in the north and northeast. The Daba Mountains can be divided into two structural belts by the NW-striking Chengkou fault, namely the northern Dabashan thrust-nappe belt and the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt. The southern Dabashan fold-and-thrust belt is a southwestward extruding thin-skinned thrust wedge, showing obvious belted change in deformation style and deformation intensity along the dip direction, and can be divided further into three sub-belts, i.e. the imbricate thrust sub-belt characterized by imbricate stepped-thrust sheets, the thrust-fold sub-belt characterized by the combination of the equally-developed thrusts and related folds, and the detachment-fold sub-belt characterized by box folds and closed overturned-isoclinal folds on the outcrops. Several kinds of structures have been recognized or inferred, including imbricate thrust system, passive-roof duplex (triangle zone), fault-related folds, back-thrust system and pop-up structure. The NE-SW compressive stress from the Qinling orogenic belt and detachment layers in the covering strata are the two most important determinants of deformation style. After the collision between the North China block and Yangtze block at the end of the Middle Triassic, the northward intracontinental subduction along the southern edge of the Qinling orogenic belt was initiated, which led to the corresponding southward thrusting in the upper crust. The thrusting propagated towards the foreland through the Jurassic and extended to the southernmost part of the southern Daba Mountains around the end of the Early Cretaceous, with thrusting deformation to be preferentially developed along major detachment layers and progressing upwards from the Lower Sinian through the Lower Cambrian and Silurian to Middle-Lower Triassic. Translated from Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 2006, 30(3): 294–304 [译自: 大地构造与成矿学]     

BRIEF GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ZAPADNYYE (WESTERN) MOUNTAINS

The crystalline basement is best exposed in the northern half of the Zapadnyye mountains. It consists of two large units, the Dzhileu and Aryesh suites, which differ in their lithology and development. These suites were metamorphosed in the Carboniferous, at which time the Peyushen formation was deposited. The Peyushen was metamorphosed during the Hercynian, simultaneously with formation of granite massifs. From the Hercynian to the end of the Cretaceous, three major areas of deposition were developed: 1) Bikhor, in which Triassic quartzites lie transgressively on the Dzhileu crystallines and Middle Triassic through Cenomanian limestones, dolomites, and flysch overlie the quartzite; 2) Kodru, characterized by a strong development of the Verrukano type underlain by Aryesh crystallines and overlain by the Bikhor-type Triassic sequence and Rhaetian clastics; 3) Meresh mountains, in which massive Malm limestones and Cretaceous through Cenomanian flysch overlie Paleozoic metamorphics. Magmatic activity occurred during the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. The intrusions are primarily basic. In the Cretaceous, the Kodru formations were thrust northward over the Bikhor area forming the basic structure of the mountain. It is proposed that a bilateral orogeny caused the thrust structures of the Zapadnyye mountains. One orogeny arose in the Zapadnyye, the other in the southern Carpathians. The thrust sheets are therefore reverse displacements resulting from a convergent movement of separate autochthonous blocks.     

下扬子区三叠纪古地理演化

下扬子区在三叠纪期间接受了早-中三叠世海相碳酸盐沉积、中-晚三叠世海陆交互相和陆相湖沼沉积.沉积相带的空间分布和古地理格局的变迁明显地受到区域构造的控制.区内盆地发育与演化是在华南板块与扬子板块、扬子板块与华北板块相互作用的背景下进行的.早-中三叠世末期的印支运动是下扬子区构造-古地理格局改变的决定性因素,使下扬子海盆闭合,沉积类型由海相沉积变为陆相沉积.下扬子区三叠纪古地理的演化特征也为板块碰撞提供了沉积证据.     

南大巴山前陆冲断带构造样式及变形机制分析

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下扬子地区晚白垩世浦口期沉积古地理及地质背景

浦口期沉积范围遍及下扬子区。岩性组合南北分带:南部残留层薄且颗粒粗,北部残留层厚且颗粒细。沉积相类型包括：冲积扇相、扇三角洲相、滨湖相、浅湖相、深湖相。改造该区沉积盆地外貌的是南象运动和燕山运动的Ⅰ幕、Ⅳ幕和Ⅴ幕。古地理演化以库拉-太平洋板块向NNW向消减作用为地质背景。