Effects of soil degradation on infiltration rates in grazed semiarid rangelands of northeastern Patagonia, Argentina

In grazed semiarid ecosystems, considerable spatial variability in soil infiltration exists as a result of vegetation and soil patchiness. Despite widespread recognition that important interactions and feedbacks occur between vegetation, runoff and erosion, currently there is only limited quantitative information on the control mechanisms that lead to differences in infiltration from different vegetation types. In this paper, we determine (i) the relationship between vegetation and soil surface characteristics and (ii) the soil infiltration rate by using rainfall simulations on runoff plots (0.60 × 1.67 m) in three plant communities of northeastern Patagonia: grass (GS), degraded grass with scattered shrubs (DGS), and degraded shrub steppes (DSS). Our results clearly indicate that vegetation and soil infiltration are closely coupled. Total infiltration was significantly higher in the GS (69.6 mm) compared with the DGS and DSS (42.9 and 28.5 mm, respectively). In the GS, soil infiltration rate declined more slowly than the others communities, reaching a terminal infiltration rate significantly greater (57.7 mm) than those of DGS and DSS (25.7 and 12.9 mm, respectively). The high rate of water losses via overland-flow may limit the possibilities for grass seedling emergence and establishment and favor the persistent dominance of shrubs.     

黄河流域坡高地系统最小生态需水研究

以保护和恢复流域坡高地生态系统为目的，对坡高地最小生态需水问题进行研究，提出了坡高地生态需水和生态缺水的计算方法。以黄河流域为实例，在GIS和遥感技术支持下对坡高地最小生态需水量和缺水量进行了计算，并从时空两个尺度揭示了黄河流域坡高地生态系统最小生态需水的变化规律，研究成果可为流域生态环境建设和水资源合理配置提供依据。     

黄土高原西部兰州市郊人工林地水分亏缺与调控研究

通过定位监测与对比分析,对兰州市南北两山不同水分管理人工林地植物水分亏缺度及植物水分亏缺补偿度的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明：灌溉林地的植物水分亏缺度最小,亏缺度大部分时间都在20％以下,有自然坡面集雨的林地植物水分亏缺状况好于不灌溉的林地,侧柏林地喷灌、自然坡面集雨和不灌三种处理方式下的植物水分亏缺度虽然稍有差异,但都处于水分极度亏缺的状况。补充灌溉除满足林地正常生长所需要的水分外,对土壤水分也有一定的补偿,补偿度在70％左右。其他不灌溉地块补偿度都为负值,说明这些地块整个雨季没有对水分进行补偿,还将土壤以前贮藏的部分土壤水分利用。植物水分亏缺度在空间上的变化与植物根系的分布相一致。既在水平方向上,随着离树干距离的加大,植物水分亏缺度依次降低。在垂直方向上,表层植物水分的亏缺度最低,随着深度的增加,亏缺度逐渐增大,100~120 cm深达到最大,以后又缓慢降低。植物水分补偿度是降雨与植物水分亏缺程度的反映,植物水分亏缺度越高,补偿度越大。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木生长季土壤水分变异特征

以兰州干旱地区生态植被恢复技术研究与示范基地灌木品种研究小区为试验点,研究了黄土高原西部丘陵区坡面不同灌木下0～200 cm土层土壤水分特征,采用Brown-Forsythe检验方法和变异系数比较不同灌木覆盖下土壤水分含量的差异。结果表明:土壤水分的变化受到坡位、坡向、灌木种类的影响较大。相同土层的土壤水分变异系数基本为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。坡上部的土壤水分变化较大,坡中部和坡下部相对较稳定。多数灌木的土壤水分变异系数随着土壤深度的增加而减小,变异系数较大值相对集中在20～80 cm土层。从土壤水分的亏缺量、植物水分亏缺度来看,在植被恢复的过程中,选择荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)等耗水量相对较低的植被更加合理。     

黄土高原半干旱区天然锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤水分的影响

本文选择黄土高原半干旱区定西地区的一种地带性植被,天然甘蒙锦鸡儿灌丛,将其0～99m深的土壤水分含量与人工柠条锦鸡儿灌丛、人工杏树林、天然草地、放牧荒坡和农地的土壤水分含量进行了比较。结果发现,天然锦鸡儿灌丛在1m以下土壤各层的水分含量均高于人工柠条灌丛和人工杏树林,而与放牧荒坡和农地的土壤湿度接近,略低于农地。天然锦鸡儿灌丛4m以上土层的土壤湿度还明显高于天然草地;天然锦鸡儿灌丛形成的难效—无效水层深度在2m土层以上,而人工柠条灌丛形成的难效无效水层则深达56m,人工杏树林42m,天然草地、放牧荒坡分别为36m和33m,农地1m。     

河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带封育对土壤和植被的影响

在河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育天然植被是植被群落恢复、防止绿洲沙漠化的有效措施。以流动沙丘作为对照(0年),对封育5年和15年的半固沙和固定沙丘植被群落以及土壤进行调查取样和分析。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,天然固沙植被群落生物多样性增加,灌木层和草本层植物密度、盖度和生物量都显著增加,灌木层盖度从10%增加到40%,草本层以一年生草本植物为主,物种从5种增加到8种,生物量从1 g·m^-2增加到13 g·m^-2。随着天然植被盖度增加,土壤表层沙土细粒化明显,沙土中黏粉粒含量显著增加,土壤质地由粗质沙粒向细质沙粒转变;随着沙土中黏粉粒成分的增加,沙土有机质、全氮、全磷含量也增加,灌丛下土壤养分含量高于灌丛间,“沃岛效应”明显。同时,在灌丛下表层土壤出现明显的盐分集聚现象,其中SO₄^2-、K⁺、Na⁺含量分别增加了6、3、17倍。在降水100 mm左右的荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育可以显著恢复固沙植被群落和提高沙土质地和养分。     

云南元谋干热河谷造林区植被生长与土壤渗透性的关系

通过云南元谋干热河谷造林区林分生物量及生产力指标与双环入渗试验的土壤入渗性能指标的相关分析，发现乔木生长与土壤渗透性具有显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)，地表枯枝落叶量与土壤渗透性的相关关系也较密切(P＜0.05)，而灌草生长与土壤渗透性无显著相关。研究指出，改善土壤入渗性能的措施，如沿等高线开深沟种植、禁止放牧践踏、保护地表枯枝落叶等均对林木生长有积极的影响。     

宁夏中部干旱带盐池县植被生态需水规律研究

以宁夏中部干旱带盐池县为研究对象,对区域植被生态需水的内涵及类型划分进行了分析,并结合彭曼-蒙特斯模型逐月估算了区域林草植被潜在蒸散量,采用Jensen公式结合实测的区域土壤特征曲线确定了土壤水分修正系数,为植被生态需水量的确定奠定了基础。通过对不同类型林草植被生态需水占比分析,可知当前盐池县草地的生态需水量远高于林地,是盐池县生态需水的主体。通过对植被生态需水与降雨平衡的时间变化规律分析可知,除7、8、9月份以外,盐池县各类林草植被生态需水均处于严重亏缺状态,其中缺水量最为严重的是4月份;从植被类型上分析,可知林地中无论是生态需水亏缺量还是盈余水量均以灌木林地为最,而草地中以天然草地为最。进一步对盐池县各生态分区需水特征进行分析,可知一级生态分区中,风沙区的生态需水比例远大于黄土丘陵区;二级生态分区生态需水比例由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、高沙窝镇、惠安堡镇、冯记沟乡、青山乡、麻黄山乡。一级生态分区中风沙区的生态需水系数及生态需水模数均大于黄土丘陵区;二级各生态分区中生态需水系数及模数由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、惠安堡镇、高沙窝镇、青山乡、冯记沟乡,最小为麻黄山乡。盐池县降雨消耗性生态需水量最小值占蒸发总量的比例为30.51%,适宜值占蒸发总量的比例为72.91%,比例都比较高,其余的的蒸发量属于无效蒸发水量,仍然占有一定的比重,这依然为区域植被建设留有一定的空间,但要通过合理的水资源调控手段进行调配。     

中国古尔班通古特沙漠东部中心地区植物分布与植物—土壤关系(英文)

The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.     

Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert,China

The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.     

The influence of plant removal on succession in Wyoming big sagebrush

Restoration treatments are based on the largely untested notion that desired recovery of plant communities following disturbance wouldn’t occur in the absence of active intervention. We identified rate of short-term (10 year) floristic changes following removal of plant functional groups in Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities in 1999-2005 and 2008. Treatments imposed on 6 × 6 m plots were: 1) removal of all plant functional groups, 2) perennial grass removal, 3) shrub removal and 4) control. Our data suggest recovery of the shrub component on shrub removal plots could take decades. Similarly, perennial grass cover and density on perennial grass removal plots was less than half that of unaltered plots 10 years after treatment. When all functional groups were removed, cover of annual forbs, annual grasses, and shrubs returned to unaltered levels within ten years or less. Perennial forbs were unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatment. The fact that natural recovery of some components occurred within a relatively short post-disturbance time interval (i.e. <10 years) suggests that intervention may not be necessary for some functional groups. Restoring shrubs in areas dominated by perennial grasses may require targeted reductions of competing perennial grasses. Conversely, shrub dominance may limit perennial grass re-establishment.     

艾比湖地区土壤异质性及其对植物群落生态分布的影响

艾比湖水域萎缩、湖区旱化和人类活动频繁严重影响了当地生态环境和社会经济发展。本文通过对艾比湖地区不同类型土壤的理化性状分析和植物群落样方调查统计及其分布的规律研究，讨论了土壤质地、盐分、pH、养分、水分等自然综合体空间异质性对植物群落生态分布的影响，为该区生态环境恢复和重建提供了参考。     

不同地形条件对沙漠植物生长和沙地土壤水分的影响

对沙坡头地区人工植被固定沙地内不同地形条件下土壤水分和植物生长的变化进行了研究。结果表明,沙地土壤水分的变化以及植物生长的变化依照不同的地形条件表现出一定的规律性。沙地土壤水分含量由高至低的变化趋势根据地形条件依次表现为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;灌木植物密度和盖度与土壤水分变化密切相关,由大到小的变化趋势同样为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;而草本植物密度和盖度可能还受结皮等其它环境因素的影响,由大到小的变化趋势为:背风坡>坡顶>迎风坡>丘间低地。     

荒漠绿洲湿地水分来源及植物水分利用策略

水分是干旱区不同景观界面间的水分循环过程与水力联系的主体,维持着干旱区湿地生态系统的结构与功能。为量化水分来源及其对植物水分的贡献率,以河岸灌木湿地和草地盐沼湿地为研究对象,通过测定降水、径流、地下水、土壤水和植物水中δD、δ¹⁸O组成,利用多源线性混合模型分析水分来源对荒漠植物水分利用的贡献率。结果表明：（1） 黑河流域荒漠绿洲湿地年均降水量104.6 mm,约占蒸散量（604.47 mm）的17.03%,具有明显的季节性分布特征。地下水位与土壤含水量的波动取决于河流距离,离河道较近的河岸灌木湿地地下水深度及土壤含水量随季节波动较小,而离河道较远的草地盐沼湿地则变化很大。（2） 当地大气降水线δD=6.33δ¹⁸O+4.04 （R²=0.931）,斜率和截距均略小于全球大气降水线则符合黑河流域湿地整体降水少而蒸散量大的特点。黑河径流δD和δ¹⁸O均值分别为-43.80‰±12.09‰和-8.65‰±23.33‰,地下水为-50.98‰±13.18‰和-9.74‰±25.49‰,土壤水为 -42.07‰±6.89‰和-7.22‰±2.49‰,植物水为-51.84‰±14.46‰和-8.50‰±24.13‰。（3） 地表蒸发是荒漠绿洲湿地土壤氢、氧同位素富集的主要原因。地下水和河水分别是草地盐沼湿地与河岸灌木湿地的主要水分来源,贡献率分别约为61%和50%,表明湿地植物相比于干旱区脉冲式降水更依赖较为稳定的水源。（4） 植物根系深度和毛细根分布是决定荒漠绿洲湿地植物水分利用策略的重要因素。     

鄂尔多斯盐沼湿地土壤盐分特征对植物群落的影响

为研究内陆盐沼植物群落的分布对土壤盐分的响应特征,选取鄂尔多斯盐湖盐沼区作为研究区,筛选了肉质耐盐植物群落、苔草植物群落和禾草植物群落3类典型植物群落,开展了土壤含水量、pH、电导率以及Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-和HCO3-测定,分析了区内典型植物群落对土壤水盐因子的响应规律.探讨...     

冀西北坝上地区不同植被类型的生态需水量

为了了解冀西北坝上地区不同植被的生态需水量,为该地区的植被建设提供科学依据,采用实际观测数据及Irmak-Allen公式对张北坝上地区乔木林、灌丛和草地的生态需水量、生态缺水量进行了研究。研究结果表明,冀西北坝上地区3种植被生长季的实际蒸散量由高到低为乔木林、灌丛和草地,分别为401.81 mm、358.78 mm和346.02 mm。生长季乔木林、灌丛和草地的最小生态需水量分别为243.96mm、218.35mm和211.36mm,适宜生态需水量分别为472.99mm、423.34mm和409.77 mm,适宜生态缺水量分别为198.56 mm、148.91 mm和135.34 mm。植被生态缺水量具有明显的季节性,5、6月份缺水量最大,7-10月份较低,甚至还有盈余,5、6月份进行人为补水将有助于缓解植被的干旱胁迫。冀西北坝上地区的降雨量能够满足乔木林最小生态需水量的要求,但与适宜生态需水量差距较大,不足以使乔木林维持良好的生长状态,这是导致坝上地区杨树防护林退化的主要原因。     

Effects of overgrazing and rainfall variability on the dynamics of semiarid banded vegetation patterns: A simulation study with cellular automata

The effects of factors acting at small scale (grass/grass and grass/shrub biological interactions) and landscape scale (overgrazing and rainfall changes) on the development and permanence of banded vegetation patterns (VB) are assessed with a spatially explicit cellular automaton model. In particular, the influence of two environmental factors that are changing in many VB arid lands (rainfall and grazing pressures) is studied. Three rainfall regimes (representing 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 times the long-term rainfall average), five grazing intensities, two types (reversible and irreversible) of grazing disturbance, two grazing periodicities (chronic and pulse), two levels of grass colonization ability, positive and negative interactions between shrubs and grasses, and the efficiency of endozoochorous seed dispersal are simulated.The results show that the permanence of undisturbed VB depends on the interaction of two factors, rainfall regime and grass colonization ability. Type and intensity of grazing also modify VB cover and permanence; furthermore, long-term overgrazing may convert mixed grass/shrub plant communities to pure scrublands dominated by endozoochorous-dispersed shrubs due to competitive interactions between shrubs and grasses.Besides providing an adequate representation of the system’s dynamics, the model is a useful tool that may be used to explore the consequences of climate change on management scenarios.     

宁化县紫色土侵蚀区治理年限对不同治理模式植物多样性的影响

以宁化县紫色土侵蚀区4种主要治理模式的植物群落调查资料为基础,采用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数对其进行分析。研究结果表明：1）与对照区相比,各治理样地植物群落物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均有不同程度提高,植物群落结构趋于复杂稳定。2）随着演替的进展,群落多样性指数在乔灌草混交及封禁治理模式增大,但在油茶园改造模式中变化不明显。3）经济林模式治理年限短,受人为干扰强烈,植物多样性差异较大,其随治理年限的变化有待于进一步观察。4）植物多样性与植物生长型的关系：物种丰富度和多样性指数在治理初期为草本层大于灌木层,随着群落演替的进展,灌木层逐渐大于草本层;均匀度指数的变化,在油茶园改造及乔灌草混交模式中草本层大于灌木层,而在经济林和封禁模式中,多表现为灌木层大于草本层。因此,后续治理应注意：侵蚀劣地的生态恢复必须进行科学的人为干预,生物措施应合理配置乔灌草物种数和个体数,对树种单一的群落需进行补植修复;针对不同治理阶段和治理模式,生态恢复侧重点要有差异。     

干旱地区植被影响沙地水分传输机理及其参数化

从植物生长与水分平衡的关系入手,在土壤水分动力学和近地面空气动力学等学科的研究基础上,依据植物生理生态学原理,探讨了干旱地区植被影响沙地水分传输的机理,初步建立了植被参数化模型和土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水分传输综合模型。主要研究结果如下:①分析了荒漠植物的生长及其动态变化特征,对沙生植物地上部与根系生长,尤其是根系在土壤中的分布进行了量化。②分析了荒漠植物的蒸腾特性及其气孔调节作用机制,指出了土壤水分亏缺是叶片气孔关闭、蒸腾作用降低的主要原因,探讨了植物蒸腾作用与气孔调节之间的复杂关系及其今后的研究重点。③揭示了沙地植被蒸发蒸腾的变化规律;分析了影响沙地植被蒸发蒸腾的生物因素和环境因素的作用。④初步建立了植被参数化和SPAC水分传输综合模型,模拟了植被结构影响冠层能量平衡过程,探讨了植物状态参数、生理参数与蒸发蒸腾的相互关系。     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.