SZF2-1A型多参数波浪试验浮标波浪要素海上比测试验与初步分析

通过海上比测试验,对新研制的SZF2-1A型多参数波浪试验浮标系统的工作稳定性、波浪传感器测量准确性进行全面客观评价。采用MARKⅡ波浪骑士的测量数据作为参比,结果表明,试验浮标与波浪骑士所测数据具有良好的一致性:两种仪器间最大波高相关系数为0.96,均方根误差为0.33 m,有效波高相关系数为0.99,均方根误差为0.13 m,相对误差为6.0%,平均波高相关系数为0.98,均方根误差为0.088 m,相对误差为6.2%;两种仪器所测有效波高、平均波高对应周期的一致性比较好,相关系数分别达到0.86和0.87;两种仪器所测波向相关系数为0.77。总体上得出结论:试验浮标运行状态稳定,波浪传感器测量准确可靠。     

波浪浮标数据比测评估

海浪是我国海洋环境业务化观测要素之一,也是海洋预报的重要参数之一,波浪观测仪器对海浪长期、稳定、准确的观测直接影响了科学研究和海洋海岸工程设计的科学性和合理性。为此,波浪观测仪器需进行室内实验室测试和室外海上测试,但目前进入业务化系统的波浪观测仪器一般只进行了实验室计量检定,缺乏现场测试评价。现阶段,用于波浪观测的主要仪器为重力式波浪浮标,为进一步检验重力式测波浮标的稳定性、可靠性,验证波浪数据的有效性、准确性,本文设计了实验室和海上比测试验,分析对比了国内外几种主流测波浮标的观测结果,总体来看,山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所的SBF3-2型波浪浮标和国家海洋技术中心的SBF6-1型波浪浮标观测效果最好,准确性较高,稳定性较强。     

当前海洋波浪测量的技术特点和实测分析

全面地比较和总结了当前包括压力式测波、声学式测波、浮标式测波和遥测式测波在内的几种主要的海洋波浪测量方法的技术特点;对相应类型的典型代表型号的仪器主要技术指标进行了对比;对不同类型测量方法及其对应的仪器的具体适用环境给出了分析和建议。实际结合了ADCP,AWAC,Wave Duo测波浮球等几种海洋波浪测量仪器于2014年12月在江苏省南通市近海相近区域的同步实测数据,对这几种仪器的海洋波浪测量的响应和过程特征进行了对比和分析,这对相关的海洋波浪测量技术和对应的测波仪器设备特点也是一个很好的验证。     

海洋重力测量数据精度分析

海洋重力测量仪器工作环境的特殊性,决定了其测量数据精度分析与检测难以方便实现。在分析一般数据处理方法的基础上,研究了海洋重力测量精度分析的特点,采用一种以重复测线不符值、测线网交叉点不符值的标准差对海洋重力测量的内符合精度进行分析,并根据重复测线、交叉点内符合精度评估方法,通过对某型海洋重力测量仪器的多次航行试验,获取了该型仪器测量数据的部分精度数据,分析结果表明该方法可以全面衡量仪器性能。     

声学多普勒流速剖面仪海上比测试验研究

针对平台和试验条件对声学多普勒流速剖面测量仪（Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,ADCP）海上比测试验的影响,本文开展了基于坐底平台和浮平台的ADCP海上比测试验。本文统计了不同测量时间段、不同剖面深度比测ADCP所测流速、流向数据的相关系数和均方根误差,完成了基于坐底平台、浮平台开展ADCP海上比测试验总体效果分析,并研究分析了采样时间、海况等试验条件对浮平台试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：浮平台相较于坐底平台更适合开展ADCP海上比测试验,采样时间段不同、海况等级不同都会影响海上比测试验结果。本文研究成果可为进一步优化海上比测试验结果提供方向,为规范国产ADCP的检验验证手段提供理论基础和实践依据。     

声学波潮仪波浪测量要素的试验分析

坐底式声学波潮仪采用遥测方法进行表层波浪测量,不干扰波浪场,测量准确度高。现有国产声学波潮仪只具备波高、波周期和潮汐测量能力,欠缺波向测量功能。针对仪器国产化需求,研制一种新型坐底式波潮仪,可同时测量波高、波周期、波向、潮汐和温度,是一种先进的海洋监测设备。本文采用基于多向不规则波的仿真模型对比声学波潮仪和诺泰克浪龙的方向谱反演能力,2019年3月在山东省海洋环境监测技术重点试验室下属岸边试验站进行比测试验,比测仪器为挪威诺泰克浪龙,实测数据分析表明,声学波潮仪和诺泰克浪龙总体上吻合好,验证了声学波潮仪的波浪测量准确性。     

压力式波浪／潮位测量仪对比试验初报

介绍了新研制的压力式波浪／潮位测量仪和垂线测波记录仪、Ｓ４浪潮流仪在水深８．５ｍ处所作对比试验的结果。结果表明,潮 比测效果明显优于波浪的比测效果。应用压力式波潮仪测浪的比测结果尚可接受,但应该指出,当测量大浪时,误差会减小,其效果将合明显提高。为提高观测的质量,还应在水深较深处（５０ｍ）进行比测试验。     

三亚海棠湾X波段雷达海浪比测试验研究

对安装于我国三亚海棠湾的X波段雷达设备及布放在该区域的"波浪骑士"浮标和波高仪进行了海浪比测试验,并且对所获得的现场海浪观测数据进行了分析。通过试验结果表明:X波段雷达观测海浪的方式基本可靠,能够有效捕捉到海浪的变化过程。     

ARGO浮标海上比测试验研究

通过海上比测试验,对新研制的ARGO浮标的工作稳定性、各传感器计量性能的准确性进行全面客观的评价.采用经过计量检定过的SBE911plus温盐深剖面测量系统及中国ARGO数据库中其它ARGO浮标的相关数据作为参比,得出比测试验结果.分析数据得出结论:被测ARGO浮标与作为参比仪器的SBE911plusCTD所测数据具有良好的一致性,不同仪器间温度和盐度测量结果的相关度均在0.9以上,其中温度误差在-2.5℃～1.5℃之间,盐度误差在-0.15～0.4范围内.对于产生误差的原因进行了分析和总结,总体上得出结论:被测ARGO浮标的工作性能稳定,传感器计量性能准确可靠.     

多参数水质仪海上比测试验研究

通过试验场长期定点的海上比测试验,对国产多参数水质仪的工作稳定性、可靠性和现场可维修性进行全面客观的 评价。采用定期维护检定的YSI6600M型多参数水质仪作为比测水质仪,得出比测试验结果。在比测过程中定期采集水样, 通过国标法保证比测水质仪数据的准确性。试验结果表明该方法适用于多参数水质仪的定点长期比测,为国产水质仪在试验 场开展试验提供性能评价的依据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.