基于量化的GSI系统和Hoek-Brown准则的岩体力学参数的估计

Hoek-Brown强度准则与Mohr-Coulomb强度准则相比,综合考虑了岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态等多种因素的影响,可更好地反映岩体的非线性破坏特征,更符合工程实际,由该准则所估算的岩体力学参数可为最终确定岩体力学参数提供重要依据。基于引入的岩体体积节理数Jv和结构面条件因子JC量化的GSI(地质强度指标)围岩分级系统和Hoek-Brown强度准则来估计岩体力学参数,并结合具体的工程估算岩体的力学参数验证应用效果,其成果对工程设计和施工有重要指导意义。     

基于地质强度指标与区间理论的岩体抗剪强度确定方法

针对采用结构面表面特征与岩体结构的定性描述确定岩体地质强度指标（GSI）时存在主观性较强的特点,首先,以结构面表面等级（SCR）、节理特征系数（Jc）、岩体结构等级（SR）与岩块体积（Vb）分别对其进行取值量化,并根据量化指标取值过程中所具有的不确定性,采用区间数表示参数取值,在探讨各量化指标取值方法基础上建立岩体GSI区间数确定方法;其次,根据Hoek-Brown准则等效岩体抗剪强度参数转换关系,采用区间组合法进行求解,进而建立出基于区间理论与GSI的岩体抗剪强度确定方法;最后,将其用于湖南省某水电站进水口隧道岩体抗剪强度确定,与现有分析方法对比表明,该方法具有一定的合理性与可行性。在试验资料不足的情况下,该方法为岩体抗剪强度参数确定提供了一条新途径     

考虑截面规则性的柱状节理岩体变形及强度特性研究

柱状节理岩体的复杂结构使其现场力学参数的确定存在困难,可靠地估计柱状节理岩体强度及变形特性对工程安全至关重要。结合Voronoi图形及3D打印技术制作不规则柱状节理岩体光敏树脂模具,并制备了具有不同倾角的规则及不规则柱状节理岩体试样。基于开展的单轴压缩试验结果,分析不同截面柱状节理岩体的变形及强度特性差异。根据试样最终破坏形态,揭示柱状节理岩体破坏模式及机制。结合已有研究结果,描述节理面材料对柱状节理岩体破坏形态及强度的影响。基于传统节理系数方法,提出了更能反映柱状节理岩体柱体结构特征的修正节理系数方法。采用修正节理系数法建立规则及不规则柱状节理岩体试验结果与现场变形及强度参数间的经验关系,将所提出计算公式应用于白鹤滩水电站工程,预测结果与现场实测值及RMR法（RMR为岩石质量评分指标）、Q法（Q为岩体质量指标）的预测值进行比较。结果表明,对于现场变形和强度参数,所提出的修正节理系数法的预测结果与现场实测结果较为吻合。     

基于改进GSI体系确定三峡地下厂房围岩等效变形模量及强度

基于地质强度指标GSI体系和Hoek-Brown强度准则, 研究岩体强度及变形模量时没有考虑到结构面产状对工程岩体参数的影响.结合三峡工程地下厂房, 根据围岩开挖面与结构面分布的空间位置关系, 确定了结构面分布对围岩结构等级SR的影响系数, 改进了GSI体系中围岩SR的统计方法, 确定了围岩的等效变形模量和强度参数.研究表明, 改进后的GSI体系求解的围岩弹性区等效弹性模量、扰动区等效变形模量和粘聚力分别减小了约15%、8%和28%的误差.      

地质强度指标量化方法综述

在广义Hoek-Brown强度准则中,如何量化地质强度指标GSI取值进而获得贴近工程岩体力学参数的问题,是众多专家学者一直在研究的课题.本文详细介绍了国内外专家对于此问题的最新研究成果,并提出了两个问题:各GSI取值方法的准确程度无法评价的问题;在改进的获取GSI表中,如何选取两个最具代表性的因素来表征岩体结构特征和岩体结构面特征的问题,这两个问题的研究将会推动岩体工程的进步.     

锚固节理岩体等效力学参数三维离散元模拟

节理岩体是工程边坡的重要研究对象,通过数值模拟（3DEC）的方法研究了加锚节理岩体的力学特性。以龙滩水电站左岸边坡的锚固设计为例,推导了边坡加锚节理岩体的等效力学参数,进行了岩石数值单轴压缩试验、直剪试验以及岩体结构面直剪试验,对数值试验的结果进行了误差分析和修正,确定出加锚节理岩体的等效力学参数为：岩石的变形模量、内摩擦角、内聚力不变,结构面的内摩擦角不变,内聚力由50 kPa提高到122 kPa。所得结论与采用物理试验的试验结果相符,验证了用数值模拟方法进行岩石力学试验的可行性和可靠性。     

鄂西高速公路岩体结构面强度参数试验研究

对湖北省西部某高速公路宜昌—恩施段主要岩体结构面(层面)的抗剪强度参数进行了较系统的试验研究,包括岩体结构面的野外地质调查、岩体结构面原位直剪试验、结构面室内模拟试验及岩体力学参数估值等。通过对各种试验数据进行整理、分析和对比,得到了岩体结构面强度参数。最后在岩体工程分类的基础上,利用Hoek-Brown经验方法对各类岩体结构面强度参数进行了估算。综合以上多种数据,并考虑岩体结构面所处具体地质条件,提出了各类岩体结构面强度参数建议值。     

岩石边坡力学参数取值的GSMR法

提出了修正的RMR法--GSMR（General slope mass rating）,较全面地考虑了离散权值（完整岩石强度,岩石质量指标,结构面间距）连续性权值修正、节理与边坡的相互关系、开挖方法、结构面与作用力夹角、人工边坡形态、地震应力、边坡高度、Romana的修正系数F3的修正。由于GSMR分级基本考虑了影响岩体力学性质的各种因素,因此用GSMR法选取岩体力学参数是一种工程上可行的方法。结合具体工程实例,证明了连续权值修正可代替离散权值来计算GSMR值,采用GSMR 法确定了边坡稳定分析所需的岩体力学参数。     

高速公路顺向坡层面抗剪强度参数试验研究

对湖北省西部某高速公路宜昌-恩施段主要边坡岩体结构面(层面)的抗剪强度参数进行了较系统的试验研究,包括岩体结构面的野外地质调查、岩体结构面原位直剪试验、软弱结构面室内模拟剪切试验及岩体力学参数估值等.对各种试验数据进行整理、分析和对比,得到了层面抗剪强度参数.在岩体工程分类的基础上,利用Hoek-Brown经验方法对各类岩体强度参数进行了估算.综合以上多种数据,并考虑岩体结构面所处具体地质条件,提出了各类岩体结构面强度参数建议值.     

基于有效受剪面积的节理面吻合度量化方法研究

节理粗糙度系数-节理抗压强度（JRC-JCS）模型为岩体节理面抗剪强度估算提供了很好的思路,但对于吻合度较差的节理岩体,该模型往往过高地估算其抗剪强度。节理粗糙度系数-节理吻合系数（JRC-JMC）模型进一步考虑节理吻合度对抗剪强度的影响,为吻合程度较差的节理面的抗剪强度估算提供了很好的思路,但目前节理吻合度的量化分析还存在困难。在以往研究基础上,采用重复剪切试验的方法制备了不同吻合度的节理岩体试样,综合节理面形貌特征和节理面抗剪性能变化规律分析,提出了节理吻合度的量化计算方法。研究结果表明：（1）在重复剪切作用下,岩体节理面的抗剪强度和节理面形貌参数呈现先陡后缓的降低趋势,节理面上下盘的吻合程度逐渐降低;（2）根据剪切前后节理面形貌特征的对比分析,确定了剪切过程节理面的有效接触区域,提出了节理吻合系数JMC的量化计算方法;（3）对比分析表明,与单独考虑JRC相比,将JRC和JMC综合在一起可以更好地反映节理形貌特征对其剪切性能的影响。相关研究方法和分析结果可为岩体节理面抗剪性能分析提供较好的参考。     

Empirical and numerical analyses of support requirements for a diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site, eastern Turkey

This paper presents the engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site that contains units of basalt and tuffites. Empirical, theoretical and numerical approaches were used and compared in this study focusing on tunnel design safety. Rock masses at the site were characterized using three empirical methods, namely rock mass rating (RMR), rock mass quality (Q) and geological strength index (GSI). The RMR, Q and GSI ratings were determined by using field data and the mechanical properties of intact rock samples were evaluated in the laboratory. Support requirements were proposed accordingly in terms of different rock mass classification systems. The convergence–confinement method was used as the theoretical approach. Support systems were also analyzed using a commercial software based on the finite element method (FEM). The parameters calculated by empirical methods were used as input parameters for the FEM analysis. The results from the two methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that a more reliable and safe design could be achieved by using a combination of empirical, analytical and numerical approaches.     

含两组交叉贯通节理岩体的强度及破坏特征分析

天然岩体中常含有多组相互交叉的贯通节理,它们的存在极大地削弱了岩体的力学性质。为了研究含两组交叉贯通节理岩体的强度及破坏特征,基于弹塑性数值流形方法,对不同应力状态下,节理倾角和节理间距不同的岩体压缩试验进行数值模拟。结果表明：岩体强度随节理倾角的变化曲线呈现出多波峰、多波谷特点,岩体强度随节理间距变化曲线符合负指数函数形式。根据节理状态,两组节理岩体的破坏模式可以分为3种：岩块破坏、沿一组节理滑移和沿两组节理滑移。两组节理均会影响岩体强度,一组起主要作用,另一组起次要作用,并且节理组之间存在相互影响。通过对数值计算结果进行回归分析,基于一组节理岩体强度预测模型,量化节理组之间的相互影响,提出适用于含两组交叉贯通节理岩体的强度预测模型。模型形式简单,使用方便,可为实际工程中正确评估岩体强度提供指导性意见。     

Application of Rock Mass Characterization for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass: a Comparative Study

The results of geotechnical explorations, engineering geological investigation (including laboratory and in situ tests) and field observations have been used, along with borehole logging charts, to obtain the rock mass geotechnical data. Based on the data, the rock mass along the Sabzkuh water conveyance tunnel route was classified by rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q), rock mass index (RMi) and geological strength index (GSI) (3 methods). A new series of correlations were established between the systems based on the data collected from the study area. These relationships were then compared with those reported in the literature, and two new relations were recommended. The classifications were utilized to calculate mechanical properties (rock mass strength and deformation modulus) of the rock mass along the tunnel according to available empirical relations, and to distinguish the upper-bound and lower-bound relations.     

Alternative Quantification of the Geological Strength Index Chart for Jointed Rocks

The paper suggests an alternative quantification of the Geological Strength Index (GSI) Chart published by Hoek et al. in Paper prepared for presentation at the 47th US Rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium held in San Francisco (2013). The engineering parameters proposed for the horizontal and vertical axes of the Chart are the most commonly used in routine field investigations on rock masses by means of standard exposure surveys and borehole logging. They mainly include parameters traditionally used for block size characterization (i.e., volumetric joint count Jv, joint spacing S and RQD/Jn factor) as well as other parameters purposely defined in the present study and based on combinations of the traditional ratings of the Bieniawski’s RMR₈₉ classification. Adopting these options, new empirical equations for calculating the GSI have been fine tuned and tested on a real rock mass dataset. The comparison between the GSI values calculated using the new equations and those directly mapped during underground excavations has demonstrated the potentiality of the proposed methodology. The new quantification of the GSI Chart can be regarded as a useful and practical tool suitable to integrate the Hoek et al. (2013) approach. The complementary use of different and independent methods represents an effective practice to properly check and validate the final estimation of the GSI.     

Rock mass characterization for the underground cavern design of Khiritharn pumped storage scheme

A general approach to rock engineering designing aspects adopted at the Khiritharn Pumped Storage Scheme is described. The scheme involves excavation of three large caverns and tunnels in jointed sandstone within a suture zone in Southeast Thailand. Geological condition and engineering properties of the sandstone were investigated. Strength and modulus properties of the intact rock were determined from laboratory tests and properties of rock mass were empirically estimated for the design analysis in the de.nite study stage on the basis of three rock mass classi.cation systems namely the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and a Japanese system (EPDC). While the GSI gives strength and modulus of deformation values slightly higher than the RMR classi.cation, the EPDC gives a lower value of modulus of deformation but comparable rock mass strength value for the level of con.ning pressures at the depth of the cavern excavation. The results of stress analysis and loosening wedge analysis for the cavern excavations suggest favorable excavation condition.     

基于岩体精细化描述的围岩分类及力学参数概率分布特征分析

针对目前水电站地下厂房工程中不同围岩分类方法存在评价结果不一致、围岩力学参数存在室内试验值与实际情况不吻合的现象,现推荐采用岩体精细化描述体系对围岩岩体结构进行定量化评价。将常用围岩分类方法(RMR、Q、RMi、GSI、BQ、HC)评价指标予以归纳分组,并通过各组内不同指标对比分析获得围岩分类方法中的基础评价指标。以大岗山水电站主厂房某区段为分析对象,采取现场岩体精细化地质素描与后期数据挖掘、拟合相结合方法,并依据评价指标间的关联关系,获得了基础、非基础评价指标的分布概型及对应参数,实现对该段围岩岩体精细化描述认知;基于精细化描述结果,应用Monte Carlo法生成符合各评价指标分布概型的大量随机数,而后参照各分类方法评价思路与评分流程,得到评价指标在各分类方法对应的大量随机评分值,通过归纳统计获得不同围岩分类方法评价结果的分布概型;基于各围岩分类方法评价结果与力学参数值之间的关联关系实现对力学参数概率特征分析。该分析方法与思路可为类似工程围岩质量及力学参数的精确确定提供一定借鉴,并可为实现围岩支护极限状态设计提供必要的原始参数支持。