钙质砂地基单桩承载特性模型试验研究

根据实际工程中单桩受力特点,对足尺桩基进行等比例缩尺,考虑不同埋深、砂土颗粒级配等影响因素,开展室内小尺寸模型单桩的竖向拉拔、水平推移和竖向压载试验,分析桩身变位、变形、轴力等参数与桩基埋深、桩周砂土特性等因素的相互关系,探究钙质砂地基中单桩在不同受力方向下的承载性状,进而剖析钙质砂中桩-土相互作用机制。研究表明,钙质砂地基中,单桩变位、变形特点随着受力方向、埋深、桩周砂土特性等的变化存在明显差异;增大桩的埋深对竖向抗拔桩的意义大过竖向抗压桩;相同条件下桩在承受竖向抗压荷载时,增大埋深的作用主要体现在加载初期,随着荷载的逐渐增大,最终差别将逐渐减小;竖向抗压桩承载过程由以侧摩阻力承载为主发展为以桩端阻力承载为主;颗粒破碎和重分布会引起抗拔桩εmax在加载后期出现衰减;宽级配钙质砂中桩的抗拔能力较强,而单一粒组的钙质砂则在维持桩身稳定方面占优势;桩侧剪碎时的桩侧阻力衰减是随着颗粒破碎逐渐发生的,而桩端压碎时的桩侧阻力衰减主要发生在砂土被压碎瞬间。研究结果对钙质砂地基中的不同功能桩基的优化、设计和施工具有重要指导价值。     

钙质砂中模型桩的试验研究

根据钙质砂中桩基工程的现状,针对取自南沙群岛永暑礁的钙质砂,设计一个室内模型试验装置来研究钙质砂中钢管桩的承载和变形性能以及影响因素,并进行了石英砂中的对比试验。试验结果表明,钢管桩在钙质砂和石英砂中的表现有着显著差异。钙质砂中钢管桩承载能力很低,仅为石英砂的66%～70%,钙质砂中桩身轴力衰减速率缓慢,桩侧摩阻力远远小于石英砂的,仅为石英砂的20%～27%,并具有深度效应,开口钢管桩和闭口钢管桩的桩侧摩阻力相差不大。同时表明,钙质砂中桩侧摩阻力对相对密度的变化没有石英砂敏感,受相对密度影响很小。由颗粒破碎引起的桩周水平有效应力的大幅降低是造成钙质砂中钢管桩桩侧摩阻力低的主要原因。     

水泥胶结钙质砂地层中单桩竖向承载特性试验研究

钙质砂属于岩土工程中一种特殊的岩土材料,除具有颗粒形状不规则、易破碎等特征,还具有胶结性。针对钙质砂具有胶结性的地质现状,通过室内模型试验研究了胶结钙质砂地层中钢管桩的承载能力、沉降情况及其影响因素,同时与未胶结钙质砂中的桩基承载特性进行了对比。研究结果表明：与未胶结钙质砂中的钢管桩相比,胶结钙质砂的相对密实度对桩基承载力影响程度明显减弱,桩的承载形式依然表现为端承桩,随着钙质砂胶结程度的提升,桩端阻力承载占比越来越高;胶结程度较高的钙质砂地层中桩身侧摩阻力发挥存在异步过程,这是因为桩基沉降时桩身下部破坏砂层形成了更为紧密的新接触面,该接触面对桩身的径向膨胀更为敏感;胶结钙质砂中桩基 q_s-S_u 线没有出现明显的硬化阶段,与未胶结钙质砂地层中桩基的 q_s-S_u多段折线变化规律不同,胶结钙质砂地层中桩基的 q_s-S_u曲线更为接近双曲线线型。     

X形混凝土桩抗拔特性试验研究

利用自行开发的大型土工试验模型槽,进行了等截面积X形桩和圆形桩抗拔性能对比试验研究,比较了二者轴力、桩侧摩阻力及位移的分布和变化规律。X形桩相比圆截面桩侧表面积增加了31.5%,试验结果表明,二者桩侧摩阻力分布规律相同,沿桩长可分为提高区域、衰退区域;摩阻力发挥充分的区域在埋深1.50～3.00 m,此区域中X形桩摩阻力的最小值和峰值都较圆形桩大,相同的桩头位移下X形桩的侧摩阻远大于圆形桩,其极限抗拔力高出圆形桩约16.7%。     

桩侧注浆抗拔桩离心模型试验与原位测试分析

通过离心机模型试验研究了注浆对接触面特性、抗拔桩荷载-位移曲线及桩侧摩阻力的影响,揭示了注浆提高桩身侧摩阻力发展规律和抗拔承载机制,并进一步将离心机模型试验的结果与原位试验结果进行了对比分析。研究表明,注浆桩侧摩阻力的发挥呈现一个渐进过程,桩身上部极限摩阻力率先发挥,并逐渐向中下部发展;注浆后桩侧极限桩侧摩阻力得到提高,而发挥极限状态所需的桩-土相对位移减小,上拔加载过程中,桩侧上部和下部极限摩阻力增幅较大,中部增幅较小。离心与现场试验一致表明,桩侧注浆显著提高了桩的抗拔刚度及极限承载能力。     

砂土中抗拔桩与抗压桩模型试验研究

为研究单桩在抗拔与抗压条件下承载能力、桩身轴力以及侧摩阻力分布规律的不同,进行了砂土中长径比大于40的抗拔桩与抗压桩室内模型试验,通过桩身内设置电阻应变片,测得各级荷载下桩身不同深度的应变。分析表明,抗拔桩不论是位移还是位移增长速率,都远远超过抗压桩。因此,抗拔桩设计时应综合考虑桩顶上拔量来确定抗拔承载力。抗拔桩与抗压桩的桩身轴力分布具有相似的特性,试验所得抗拔总侧摩阻力折减系数?=0.56。抗拔桩与抗压桩侧摩阻力都是从上部开始发挥并向下传递,随着荷载的增加,上部侧摩阻力变化很小,桩身中下部侧摩阻力迅速增长。抗拔桩桩端部侧摩阻力表现出弱化效应,抗压桩则表现出强化效应。     

砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算

桩侧极限摩阻力是砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的主要组成部分,作为计算桩侧极限摩阻力的关键参数--土侧压力系数K的取值合理与否直接影响到单桩抗拔极限承载力计算的准确度。首先,基于密砂和松砂中的桩在上拔破坏时桩侧土压力分别呈被动和主动状态,同时考虑桩侧摩阻力和桩身表面粗糙度的影响,分别推导了不同相对密实度砂土中的土侧压力系数。然后,利用所得到的土侧压力系数并考虑桩侧单位摩阻力发挥的临界深度,按沿桩-土界面发生圆柱状剪切破坏模式建立了砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算方法。最后,利用该方法对已有的抗拔桩试验结果进行分析和比较,结果表明计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

桩-岩摩擦黏着特性的试验与分析

研究桩与岩石的侧摩阻力组成及影响因素,有助于准确地把握桩与岩石的侧摩阻力取值原则。在对桩与岩层的摩擦黏着机制分析的基础上,指出界面力与岩层抗剪力的区别,并提出岩层的极限侧摩阻力由界面强度及岩石强度两者较弱一方决定的观点。进行了中风化岩中4组混凝土短桩的抗压及抗拔极限摩阻力对比试验,获得了相应的极限侧摩阻力值以及抗拔与抗压极限侧摩阻力值的比值。抗拔时由于上部岩层对桩侧岩层的约束作用较弱,会使侧摩阻力相对抗压时有较大降低。通过有限元计算及其与试验值的比较分析,研究短桩与岩层的界面强度条件,发现岩层和混凝土灌注桩间的侧摩阻力中界面黏着力占很大比例。     

五星形桩抗拔承载性能模型试验研究

五星形桩是一种新型的截面异形桩,是在圆桩基础上向内切割5个圆弧,形成截面类似五星形的一种桩型。利用自主研发的多功能桩基模型试验加载系统,砂雨法成桩,进行了4根五星形与圆形桩（周长最大化五星形桩F₁、周长面积比最大化五星形桩F₂、与F₂同截面周长的圆桩C₁、与F₂同截面面积的圆桩C₂）抗拔承载特性对比模型试验研究。试验结果表明:（1）五星形桩F₁与F₂的极限抗拔力基本相同,大圆桩C₁最大,小圆桩C₂最小。（2）大圆桩C₁的极限抗拔力是F₂的1.73倍,说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力产生了较明显的弱化。（3）小圆桩C₂的侧表面积是F₂的0.66倍,但其极限抗拔力是F₂的0.8倍,这进一步说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力有一定程度的弱化。但F₂的极限抗拔力是C₂的1.25倍,可见桩的截面形式由圆形转变为五星形可一定程度地提高抗拔承载能力。（4）抗拔侧摩阻力与上拔位移呈双曲线分布,仅需较小位移就可达到极值。     

沈阳地区砂土碎石土层抗拔桩承载力的试验研究

通过沈阳砂土地区旋挖成孔抗拔桩的现场静载试验、钢筋应力测试等试验,研究单桩抗拔承载能力、侧摩阻力的分布规律,得出以下结论：按地层年代划分土层确定侧摩阻力比按岩性名称划分更为合理;压浆前、后增强段侧阻力增强系数约在1.15～1.62之间;扩径支盘现象可以使局部摩阻力发挥较大,但也限制了其下部一定桩长范围内摩阻力的发挥.     

水平循环荷载下海上大直径单桩累积变形特性

受风、波浪等荷载作用海上大直径单桩的水平循环受荷特性在其设计中更为关键。基于有限差分程序,通过开发用户子程序实现土体刚度衰减模型的嵌入,分析循环次数和荷载特征对桩基累积变形的影响规律,并讨论累积变形预测模型的适用性与可靠性。研究结果表明,密砂地基中荷载值的增加将导致累积变形发展加快,设计最大循环荷载值应控制在0.58倍的桩基静承载力内;对数模型能较好地预测小循环荷载值作用下桩基累积变形,而低估较大荷载值引起的累积变形;幂函数模型较好地反映不同荷载作用下的桩基累积变形发展规律,且模型参数α的取值随着荷载幅值的增加呈线性增大,并给出了不同荷载下幂函数模型的设计参数。     

基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法的锚板在黏土中的极限承载力数值分析

当结构在土体中运动时,往往导致土体发生较大的变形,此类问题采用大变形数值分析方法更为恰当。耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian, 简称CEL）法是大变形数值分析方法中的一种,在分析大变形问题时具有很强的适用性,但在国内尚未开展CEL法分析锚板承载力的研究。以方形锚板在均质土及线性土中的拔出试验为原型,基于CEL法建立数值模型,对锚板的极限承载力及破坏机制进行研究,并通过用户自定义子程序,实现了线性土的强度分布随锚板拔出而变化。计算结果表明,土体杨氏模量越大,锚板的极限承载力越大;随着位移增大,锚板的抗拔力先增大,后降低;当埋深小于临界埋深时,土体发生整体破坏;当埋深大于等于临界埋深时,土体发生局部破坏。数值计算反映的规律与试验结果基本吻合,体现了CEL法模拟锚板在海床中大位移响应的出色能力。     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

砂土中群锚锚周土体变形特性模型试验研究

群锚是常见的基础形式应用较为广泛,由于群锚之间的相互作用,群锚上拔过程中锚周土体的变形破坏机制比较复杂。采用非接触式数字图像相关方法（DIC）对群锚上拔过程开展模型试验研究,分析了群锚上拔过程中上拔力-位移关系曲线特征和锚周土体变形破坏机制。试验结果表明,密实度和埋深对群锚上拔力-位移关系曲线特征具有显著影响,在相同密实度、相同埋深率下浅埋与深埋群锚与同条件下的单锚具有相似的上拔力-位移关系曲线特征;群锚抗拔承载力具有明显的叠加效应,且砂土密实度、埋深和锚间距等参数因素对群锚效应具有显著影响。通过变形场的研究,得出了砂土密实度、埋深以及锚间距对群锚效应的影响规律。     

充气锚杆在砂土中的模型试验研究

为探讨充气锚杆的承载特性,通过建立室内试验模型,改变锚杆充气压力大小、埋设深度、土体密度、橡胶膜长度、厚度等条件,进行了一系列的抗拔试验,得到相应的荷载-位移曲线。研究结果表明：在影响充气锚杆抗拔承载力的诸多因素中,充气压力及土体密实度与承载力成一定倍数增长关系,是最显著的影响因素;其次是橡胶膜长度,成显著线性增长关系;充气锚杆的极限位移主要来自橡胶膜的弹塑性变形,反映了充气锚杆在抗拔过程中橡胶膜的力学行为;通过与常用锚杆的对比分析,得出充气锚杆的极限抗拔承载能力约是单锚片螺旋锚的4.3倍,是双锚片螺旋锚的1.9倍,其极限侧阻力约为一般注浆扩大头锚杆的2～4倍     

砂土中扩体锚杆承载特性模型试验研究

在25个室内模型试验基础上,研究了均质砂土中竖向拉拔扩体锚杆的几何尺寸及埋深对其承载特性的影响。试验结果表明,根据深径比的不同,扩体锚杆可以分为浅埋与深埋扩体锚杆2种形式,它们在拉拔过程中均经历了土体弹性变形阶段、非扩体锚固段-土界面剪切破坏阶段、土体弹塑性变形阶段以及剪切破坏阶段,破坏特征分别表现为整体剪切破坏与局部剪切破坏。通过扩体锚杆与普通拉力型锚杆模型试验对比发现：与普通拉力型锚杆相比,扩体锚杆极限承载力、承载比与安全性均有大幅度提高。而通过增大扩体锚固段直径的方式提高扩体锚杆承载力的优势较为明显。此外,根据承载比分析,扩体锚杆存在最优扩体锚固段直径,因此,在实际工程中应寻找一个满足需要的最优扩体锚固段尺寸以取得较好的经济效益。     

Behaviour of square footing on sand reinforced with coir geocell

The use of geosynthetics as a ground improvement technique offers the advantages such as space saving, environmental sensitivity, material availability, technical superiority, higher cost savings and less construction time. Coir geotextiles can be considered as an efficient replacement to its synthetic counterparts due to its economy and excellent engineering properties. The present study aims at exploring the possibilities of utilising coir geocells as a potential reinforcement material for shallow foundations and thereby increasing the load carrying capacity of soil. Geocells were fabricated from coir geotextiles with the aim of providing an additional confinement to the soil. An enumerated parametric study was conducted by varying the relative density, depth of the first layer, width and height of coir geocell. The surface displacement profiles of the non-reinforced and coir geocell-reinforced soil indicate that the footing rotation and heave are considerably reduced with the provision of geocell. The results of the relative density study indicate that bearing capacity characteristics increase with denseness of the soil sample. It was also observed that geocell arrangement and configuration play a pivotal role in the performance characteristics of reinforced soil.     

Performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail in laboratory tests

This study proposed a new soil nail known as the compaction-grouted soil nail, and a physical model was established to investigate its pull-out behaviour with different grouting pressures. The study on scale effect of the physical model was performed subsequently via numerical modelling. Additionally, interface shear tests were performed using the same boundary conditions as the physical model test. The strength parameters obtained were used to estimate the pull-out resistance of a conventional soil nail. The merits of these two soil nail types were compared based on their pull-out resistances. The physical model test results showed that the pull-out resistance of the compaction-grouted soil nail increases with increasing grouting pressure. In addition, the pull-out resistance exhibits hardening behaviour without a yield point, indicating that the compaction-grouted soil nail enables soils to remain stable against a relatively large deformation before ultimate failure. Furthermore, a higher grouting pressure results in a higher rate of increase for pull-out resistance versus pull-out displacement, which improves the performance of the compaction-grouted soil nail in the stabilization of large deformation problems. A comparison of the two types of soil nails suggests that the new compaction-grouted soil nail is more sensitive to grouting pressure than the conventional soil nail in terms of pull-out resistance improvement. In other words, the performance (pull-out resistance) of the compaction-grouted soil nail can be markedly improved by increasing the grouting pressure without inducing any accidental or undesired cracking or soil displacement.

     

Three-dimensional analysis of vertical square anchor plate in cohesionless soil

ABSTRACT

Vertical anchor plates are often provided to increase the performance of various geotechnical engineering structures such as sheet pile walls, bulkheads, bridge abutments and offshore structures. Hence, the safe design of such structures needs a better understanding of the 3D behaviour of the anchor plate. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from a series of 3D finite-difference analyses of vertical square anchor plate embedded in cohesionless soil. The 3D model is found to closely predict experimental pullout load–displacement relationship. The failure mechanism observed in the numerical model is found to be very similar to the failure reported in experimental studies. For a given embedment depth, the stiffness of the breakout factor–displacement response substantially reduces with increase in anchor plate size. However, the ultimate reduction in anchor capacity is found to approximately 8% with an increase in anchor size from 0.1 to 1 m. Numerical analysis reveals that at deeper embedment depth, the friction angle of sand is the critical parameter in enhancing the performance of anchor plate. The obtained 3D model results are then compared with the published results and are found to be reasonably in good agreement with each other.     

砂土中隧洞开挖引起的地面沉降试验研究

利用离心模型试验研究隧洞开挖中支护压力P与地层位移S的关系以及地面沉降槽的形态。得到归一化P-S曲线和沉降槽计算参数。还分析了土类、密度和含水量对地层位移的影响。