土石混合料剪切特性影响因素的离散元数值研究

土石混合料剪切特性控制着高填方边坡的稳定性。土石混合料特殊的结构、物质及粒径组成等极其复杂,为探究土石混合料剪切特性影响因素及其规律,在室内试验基础上,基于PFC2D构建了颗粒离散元数值模型,分析了颗粒级配、初始孔隙率、块石尺寸及块石形状等因素对土石混合料剪切特性的影响。结果表明:土石混合料的剪应力-剪切位移曲线主要包括4个阶段:弹性变形、局部剪切、剪切破坏以及残余变形;块石形状、颗粒级配及初始孔隙率对土石混合料的破坏模式无明显影响,破坏模式均为应变软化型;当土石混合料的颗粒级配较差时,剪应力随剪切位移的增加出现较大波动,曲线出现明显"跳跃"现象;当含石量一定时,相同法向应力条件下,块石尺寸越大,土石混合料的抗剪强度越大,且随着法向应力的增大,不同块石尺寸的试验组之间抗剪强度差值也越大,块石尺寸对土石混合料抗剪强度的影响越明显。     

土石混合体块石破碎影响因素的颗粒流数值研究

颗粒破碎是土石混合体的一种基本属性,机理复杂,影响因素众多。鉴于室内试验受设备、材料等因素限制且费时费力,本文采用Monte Carlo思想构建了能够真实反映块石破碎过程的PFC2D颗粒离散元数值模型,在室内直剪试验和筛分试验基础上进行了数值剪切试验,系统性探究土石混合体块石破碎特性的影响因素及基本规律。结果表明:在法向应力作用下,剪切后试样出现明显的块石破碎现象以分散应力;块石粒径对块石破碎程度影响显著,块石粒径越大,破碎势越大,越易破碎;块石浑圆度较小时,颗粒间接触面积较小,应力集中显著,破碎率较大;颗粒级配连续、良好时,颗粒间咬合充分接触完全,接触受力点较多,碎裂更不易发生;试样初始孔隙率对破碎率影响较小,相同法向应力下,随着孔隙率增大,块石破碎程度呈现轻微增大趋势。     

含石量对土石混合体剪切特性影响的颗粒离散元数值研究

采用基于PFC2D接触黏结模型的离散元数值模型,探讨含石量变化对土石混合体剪切特性的影响。利用室内大型直剪试验对表征土石混合体细观力学性质的模型参数进行标定,模拟分析了4种不同含石量土石混合体在4种不同围压作用下的剪切特性。试验结果表明:相同法向应力作用下,含石量越高,峰值剪应力越大,达到峰值剪应力时的剪应变越大,软化后强度越高,剪胀特性越强,剪切"跳跃"现象越明显。土石混合体摩擦角随含石量增高而增大;黏聚力随含石量增高而减小,含石量超过50%后基本不变。相同含石量的土石混合体,法向应力越高,峰值剪应力越大,应变软化特性越强。土石混合体剪切过程中以克服摩擦能和应变能为主,动能变化几乎为零。     

土石混合料大型直剪试验的颗粒离散元细观力学模拟研究

土石混合料作为一种特殊的岩土介质越来越受到国内外众多研究者的重视。基于3维颗粒离散元PFC3D,建立了土石混合料直剪试验模型,进行了不同含石量、不同岩性的土石混合料直剪试验模拟研究。颗粒离散元模拟结果表明,土石混合料的石料岩性和含石量在很大程度上控制了土石混合料的抗剪强度特性。硬岩混合料的摩擦角普遍比软岩混合料大6°～ 7°,含石量为60%～80%时达到最大。土石混合料的剪切面不再是一个平面,其起伏度随含石量增加而增大。剪切过程中软岩混合料在低正应力下表现为剪胀,高正应力下表现为剪缩,并产生软化现象,硬岩混合料表现为剪胀和塑性;软岩土石混合料剪切过程中能量以应变能和动能为主,而硬岩土石混合料的能量以摩擦能和动能为主。     

法向循环荷载下土石混合料-织物界面剪切特性研究

筋-土界面动力剪切特性会影响加筋土石混合料路基的稳定性和耐久性。采用室内大型动态直剪仪,对5种含石量（0%、25%、50%、75%和100%）下的土石混合料-土工织物界面进行了一系列静、动力直剪试验,分析了法向应力振幅（10、20、30、40、60 kPa）和法向加载频率（0.5、1.0、2.0 Hz）对界面剪切响应的影响规律,并在试验的基础上建立了界面摩擦系数的经验公式。结果表明：界面上、下界抗剪强度随含石量的增大表现为先增大后减小的趋势,并与法向应力振幅呈正相关关系,与法向加载频率呈负相关关系;增大含石量会使界面剪胀效应增大,增大振幅和频率会使其减小;含石量和振幅的增大会导致界面摩擦效应增强;在试验的基础上建立了与含石量、振幅、频率相关的界面摩擦系数经验公式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

含石量对软质岩土石混合料土力学特性影响研究

在中国西南地区边坡工程中大量存在含软岩的土石混合体（S-RM）,其力学特性与软岩破碎特性有别于以往研究的块石强度较高的土石混合体。本文通过大型室内剪切仪开展了不同含石量（WBP）的剪切试验研究含石量对软岩土石混合体力学特性的影响,基于筛分试验研究软岩块石破碎特性,结果表明:当S-RM密度一定时,随着WBP的增加,S-RM剪切强度增加,应变硬化现象增强;S-RM黏聚力随含石量的增加呈线性增长,内摩擦角在含石量为20%~60%时随含石量的增加呈线性增长;S-RM在剪切破坏过程中软岩块石出现破碎现象,当法向应力一定时,块石破碎率随土石混合体含石量增加而增长;S-RM块石破碎率随内摩擦角增加呈指数形式增长,表明块石之间咬合作用越大,块石的破碎程度越高。     

循环剪切对格栅-土石混合体界面特性的影响

为了研究不同含石量下土石混合体-格栅界面的循环剪切特性，采用循环直剪仪，在不同的竖向应力、剪切位移幅值和剪切频率下进行了单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验和循环后单调直剪试验，探究了5种含石量（0%、25%、50%、75%、100%）、3种剪切位移幅值（1、3、6 mm）和3种剪切频率（0.2、1.0、2.0 Hz）对土石混合体-格栅界面的峰值剪切应力和体变规律的影响。试验结果表明，含石量在0%～75%之间时，随着含石量的增大，土石混合体-格栅界面的循环峰值剪切应力和最大剪切刚度均随之提高，最终竖向位移绝对值和最大阻尼比随之减小；含石量继续增大至100%，土石混合体-格栅界面的最大峰值剪切应力和最大剪切刚度均随之减小，最终竖向位移的绝对值和最大阻尼比随之增大。在同一含石量下，剪切位移幅值和剪切频率越大，界面最大峰值剪切应力和最终竖向位移绝对值也越大。与单调直剪试验相比，循环后单调直剪试验得到的内摩擦角和似黏聚力有所增加，含石量在0%～75%的范围内，内摩擦角和似黏聚力随含石量的增大而线性增加，含石量继续增加至100%，内摩擦角和似黏聚力随之减小。     

土石混合料强度特性的试验研究

开挖山体得到的土石混合料因强度高、施工方便而被广泛用作路基或基础的填料,但由于受地质条件、含石量、粒度分布范围及颗粒粒径等因素的影响,土石混合料的力学性质表现出明显的非线性,强度指标无法通过常规的试验设备检测,导致应用土石混合料填筑的路基或基础经常出现较大的差异沉降或滑塌,严重影响上部结构的使用。为了研究土石混合料的强度特性及其随各影响因素的变化规律,对室内大型直剪试验进行了改进,研制了新型的大型直剪试验系统,对不同类别土石混合料在不同影响因素下进行了击实试验和大型直剪试验。研究发现,在高应力条件下,土石混合料的剪切破坏不再完全符合库仑定律,抗剪强度应进行一定的折减;试验结果揭示了土石混合料的强度指标随各主要影响因素的变化趋势,初步建立了土石混合料指标随各影响因素的变化规律。结果还表明,母岩性质及含石量对混合料的强度指标影响较大,硬岩类混合料的内摩擦角普遍比软岩类高,混合料的强度随含石量变化规律为,当含石量小于30 %时,含石量的变化对强度影响较小,随含石量的增加,混合料的强度也呈抛物线形增长,一般至含石量为70 %左右达到峰值。     

高应力下剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度影响研究

应用DRS-1型高压直剪仪,进行了16组法向应力水平、5种剪切速率条件下福建标准砂的抗剪强度试验,试验结果表明,高应力下砂土的抗剪强度受法向应力和剪切速率的共同影响。法向应力和剪切速率通过影响颗粒破碎和颗粒重排列程度等试样的细观参数,决定了砂土宏观上抗剪强度的发挥。当法向应力较小时,砂土抗剪强度与剪切速率基本无关;但是当法向应力较大时,较快剪切速率条件下的砂土抗剪强度变小,且其摩尔强度包线出现了“下弯-上扬”循环波动,因此不可以忽略剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度的影响。     

崩积混合体直剪试验与PFC2D数值模拟分析

通过野外崩积混合体结构特征分析,考虑原样级配,开展对崩积混合体重塑样的室内大尺度直剪试验研究,结合PFC2D颗粒离散元仿真试验,分析了不同含石量情况下崩积混合体变形与强度变化规律及内在机理。将数值试验的成果与室内试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,随着含石量的增加,崩积混合体的应变硬化效应显著。低法向应力下崩积混合体表现为剪胀,高法向应力下则表现为剪缩;当含石量低于40%时,崩积混合体的力学性质由土体控制,超过80%以后,其力学性质基本上完全由块石控制。     

含石量和颗粒破碎对土石混合料强度的影响研究

The characteristics of particle breakage and shear strength of soil-rock aggregate with six rock contents under six normal pressures were studied from macro and mecro perspectives by large-scale direct shear test, particle observation test and particle sieving test. The relationship between macroscopic shear strength properties and mecroscopic particle breakage characteristics was established, thus further revealing the influence mechanism of rock content and particle breakage on the shear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate. The results showed that particle breakage mainly occurred near the shear plane. The breakage morphology can be divided into surface grinding, local fracture, complete fracture and complete breakage, resulting from the stress concentration caused by uneven contact forces between particles. Due to particle breakage, the content of fine particles increased, coarse grains decreased, and intermediate grains fluctuated. The relative particle breakage Br increased with the increase of normal pressure ?n or rock content P5, which accorded with the function of two variables. With the increase of normal pressure ?n, the shear strength τ increased nonlinearly and met the modified M-C strength criterion. When the rock content P5 increased, the cohesive force c0 of soil-rock aggregate decreased, the internal friction angle ?0 of soil-rock aggregate increased, and the non-linear parameter Δ? increased. Particle breakage was the direct cause of non-linear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate.     

非均质共面断续节理岩体拉伸剪切破裂机制研究

工程开挖面附近卸荷扰动区的岩体,受结构面和拉应力共同影响作用,其变形和破坏具有拉剪复合特征。为研究节理岩体的拉剪力学特性,基于颗粒离散元法针对共面断续节理岩体开展了系列数值模拟研究。通过假设粒间接触的力学参数服从Weibull分布表征岩体的非均质性,探讨了非均质性、均质度、法向拉应力和节理连通率对节理岩体拉剪强度和破坏模式的影响。研究表明:拉剪应力条件下非均质性节理岩体主要沿阶梯型破裂面破坏,剪应力-水平位移曲线可以分为线性变形阶段、非线性变形阶段、峰值及峰后阶段;随均质度提高,节理岩体的剪切强度逐渐增加且提升幅度逐渐减弱,趋于均质岩体,岩体中微裂纹由弥散型分布向破裂面集中;节理岩体峰值剪切强度和法向拉应力的大小呈非线性负相关关系;岩体剪切强度随节理连通率增加而显著降低。     

Shear deformation and strength of the interphase between the soil–rock mixture and the benched bedrock slope surface

A series of benched excavations were typically carried out on the bedrock slope surface to improve the stability of the soil–rock mixture (S–RM) fill slope. It is difficult to devise an in situ, large-scale direct shear test for the interphase between the S–RM fill and the benched bedrock slope surface. This study introduced a comprehensive approach to investigate the shear deformation and strength of the interphase. First the soil–rock distribution characteristics were analyzed by test pitting, image analysis, and sieve test. Then the PFC2D random structure models with different rock block size distributions were built, and large-scale numerical shear tests for the interphase were performed after calibrating model parameters through laboratory tests. The stress evolution, damage evolution and failure, deformation localization (based on a principle proposed in this paper), rotation of rock blocks, and shear strength were systematically investigated. It was found that as the rock block proportion and rock block size (rock block proportion of 50 %) increase, the fluctuations of the post-peak shear stress–displacement curves of the interphase become more obvious, and the shear band/localized failure path network becomes wider. Generally, smaller rock blocks are of greater rotation angles in the shear band. The peak shear stress and internal friction angle of the interphase increase, while the cohesion decreases with growth of the rock block proportion. However, all these three parameters increase as the rock block size (rock block proportion of 50 %) increases.     

崩积体剪切性能试验研究

崩积体是一种由土体和块石堆积形成的天然地质体,其内部结构特征在很大程度上控制着崩积体的物理力学特性。通过对崩积体进行现场实地踏勘,收集典型工点的崩积体试样,考虑原样级配,开展了对崩积体重塑样的室内大尺度直剪试验,获得了不同含石量、块石形状、土体性质以及应力状态下崩积体的剪应力-应变曲线与抗剪强度曲线,分析并探讨了其变形与强度特性变化规律及内在机制,首次提出了崩积体抗剪强度随含石量增长模式曲线。研究结果表明：崩积体剪应力-应变曲线较常规的单一介质有显著区别。在低法向应力下,崩积体表现为剪胀,而在高法向应力下,则表现为先剪缩后剪胀。崩积混合体的抗剪强度随含石量的增加经历了缓慢增长－快速增长－缓慢增长的过程,其内摩擦角增量与含石量（含黏性土崩积体为0～80%,含砂土崩积体为40%～80%）近似成线性增长的关系。相同含石量情况下,含不规则形状块石的崩积体内摩擦角显著高于含规则形状块石的混合体。     

Study of hidden factors affecting the mechanical behavior of soil–rock mixtures based on abstraction idea

Because of spatial variability and complex compositions, the mechanical test results of natural soil–rock mixtures (SRMs) are often discrete and lack reproducibility, which has greatly restricted the practical application of the experimental findings. The objective of this study was to examine the general mechanical behavior of SRMs under the influences of some hidden factors (e.g., structural parameters, parent rock type and weathering degree). To that end, the abstraction idea was adopted to prepare purified SRM samples. Large-scale triaxial tests were performed on these purified materials. On this basis, the influences of three structural parameters on the mechanical behavior of SRMs were studied. Moreover, the relationship between the shear strength and parent rock type and that between the shear strength and the spatial distribution of rock blocks were quantified. Some additional intrinsic behavior was distinguished from individual experimental phenomena through the comparative analysis of the test data in this study and those reported in the literature. The results show that the hidden factors had significant influences on the mechanical behavior of SRMs. A greater saturated uniaxial compressive strength of rock blocks generally led to a larger shear strength of SRMs. According to the significance of their influences on the shear strength parameters of SRMs, the structural parameters are ordered as: the gradation of rock blocks, the initial dry density of sample and the spatial distribution of rock blocks. The deformation and failure feature of SRMs were considerably affected by the spatial distribution of rock blocks and shear rate. And the shear strength parameters of SRMs were mainly influenced by the content of grains between 40 and 60 mm. The findings of this study would provide useful guidance for engineering practice.

     

碎石集料变形机理的块体元数值试验分析

块碎石作为道砟材料能够分散列车动荷载, 加之其内部含有大量空隙, 具有良好的对流换热特性, 作为冷却冻土路基的材料在青藏铁路建设中被广泛使用。但在列车荷载的作用下, 碎石集料会发生压密、 变形乃至破碎从而影响冷却效果。因此, 研究碎石层的变形过程及机理具有十分重要的现实意义。基于块体离散元法, 对块碎石集料的三轴剪切试验进行了数值分析, 将所得应力-应变曲线与室内试验结果进行了对比, 发现两者能较好地吻合, 说明块体离散元法能够较好地模拟块碎石集料的受力变形过程。结果表明： 增大围压或块体粒径, 块体单元受到的作用力加强, 集料的偏应力强度和抗剪强度值也随之增大。碎石块体在剪切作用下沿其接触面滑动分离, 形成X形剪切带是集料变形的主要形式, 此外在径向方向出现不同程度的扩张。基于试验和块体元研究路基碎石层的思路和方法可为今后评估青藏铁路碎石路基的热力稳定性提供理论依据和参数储备。     

弱化节理剪切力学特征的颗粒流模拟研究

在黏结颗粒模型中引入强度弱化因子生成弱化介质材料,进行弱化模型试件的单轴抗压强度试验。结果表明,弱化作用在降低试件单轴抗压强度的同时,还将导致试件弹性模量逐步下降。这一结果符合相关室内试验的研究成果。为进一步对岩石强度弱化模拟方法进行效果检验,利用颗粒流程序内置的FISH语言建立弱化岩石节理直剪试验模型,进行不同法向应力条件下弱化岩石节理的直剪试验。结果表明：弱化节理模型试件表现出类似于真实节理的一系列宏观剪切力学特征;不同壁面弱化程度条件下,节理模型试件的抗剪强度及剪切峰值膨胀角的试验结果与法向应力的依存关系均符合经典的JRC-JCS模型。由此表明,所采用的岩石强度弱化模拟方法可以较好地再现岩石介质的强度弱化效应。通过模型试件内微裂纹发展演化特征的研究表明,壁面弱化作用可导致试件内裂纹发育数目的快速增长、微裂纹分布范围的迅速扩大,以及剪切裂纹发育比例的迅速提高,由此从细观角度揭示了弱化节理面更易于产生宏观剪切破坏的原因。研究成果可以为弱化岩石节理的抗剪强度及大型岩质边坡的稳定性研究提供参考。     

Numerical Simulation of the Process of Fracture of Echelon Rock Joints

The effect of joint overlap on the full failure behavior of a rock bridge in the shear-box test was numerically investigated by means of the particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Initially, the PFC2D was calibrated by use of data obtained from experimental laboratory tests to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model’s response. Furthermore, validation of the simulated models was cross-checked with the results from direct shear tests performed on non-persistent jointed physical models. By use of numerical direct shear tests, the failure process was visually observed and the failure patterns were seen to be in reasonable accordance with experimental results. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that macro shear fractures in rock bridges are because of microscopic tensile breakage of a large number of bonded discs. The failure pattern is mostly affected by joint overlap whereas the shear strength is closely related to the failure pattern. The results show that non-overlapping joints lost their loading capacity when nearly 50 % of total cracks developed within the rock bridge whereas the overlapping joints lost their loading capacity as soon as cracks initiated from the joint walls. Furthermore, progressive failure or stable crack growth was seen to develop for non-overlapped joints whereas brittle failure or unstable crack growth was seen to develop in overlapped joints.