混合型缓冲回填材料导热性能试验

为提高高放废物地质处置库中缓冲回填材料的导热性能,选用高庙子钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土为基础材料,添加不同比例的石英砂、石墨和沸石配置成混合型缓冲回填材料,运用瞬变平面热源法进行了不同含水率、不同干密度条件下导热系数的测试分析,并提出了混合型缓冲回填材料的建议配合比。结果表明,缓冲回填材料的导热性能随着含水率、干密度的增大而增大,各材料导热系数的大小排序为:石墨(M)石英砂(S)钠基膨润土(N)钙基膨润土(G)沸石(F)。石英砂和石墨作为添加剂可以极大地提高缓冲回填材料的导热性能,沸石对混合材料导热性影响不大,但其优良的吸附性与化学稳定性可为混合型缓冲回填材料其他性能提供保障。     

含水率和添加剂对膨润土导热性能影响的研究

膨润土的热学性能是评价膨润土作为高放废物深地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要参数。高庙子膨润土矿床初步确定为我国缓冲/回填材料的供应基地,本研究以石英砂作为添加剂,通过实验获得了高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同砂含量时所对应的导热系数。结果表明,在相同压实条件下,导热系数随着含水率、石英砂含量的增加而增加。     

膨润土-砂的膨胀特性与蒙脱石质量比率

在高放废物(HLW)地质处置的工程屏障体系中,使用以膨润土为主料的混合型缓冲回填材料,是阻截放射性核素向地下水环境迁移的最主要的包封设施。膨润土中添加一定量的石英砂,既能优化回填设计与施工性能,又能满足对放射性核素的有效拦截。本文综合分析了初始含水量、干密度、膨润土含量、压力等对压实膨润土-砂混合物膨胀性能指标的影响,提出"蒙脱石的质量比率"这一指标,将干密度和膨润土含量归一为蒙脱石质量比率指标,得出混合材料膨胀力随蒙脱石质量比率增长呈指数增长的规律,从而可以实现对膨胀力的定量预测。     

膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线研究

高放废物（HLW）深地质处置中,在膨润土中添加一定比例的石英砂能优化缓冲/回填材料的性能。利用水汽平衡法,对高庙子压实膨润土-砂混合物在不同温度、掺砂率和干密度条件下的土-水特征曲线（SWCCs）进行试验研究,分析温度、掺砂率与干密度对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明,随着温度升高,混合物的持水能力明显下降;在试验控制吸力范围内,低吸力段掺砂率对土-水特征曲线影响明显,高吸力段掺砂率对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响逐渐降低;干密度对混合物的土-水特征曲线基本没有影响。根据试验数据建立了不同温度和掺砂率条件下膨润土-砂缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线的经验公式,可用来预测不同温度和掺砂率条件下的膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线     

砂土混合材料导热性能的试验研究

基于平板探针原理,研究了砂和膨润土及其与水泥混合材料的导热性能,对其中各种物质组成情况、时间以及不同温度对导热性能的影响进行了详细分析,得到了导热系数随各种影响因素而变化的曲线。试验结果表明：膨润土单独与水的混合材料导热性能比较差,应与水泥、砂混合。混合材料的导热系数随水灰比（w/c）的减小而增加;加入大颗粒的骨料对于提高导热系数是有效的,即在混合材料中增加含砂量可以使导热系数往往呈增长趋势。     

高放废物地质处置研究中的矿物学问题

在高放废物地质处置研究中的一些矿物学问题应引起矿物学家的注意 。高放废物地 质处置库的缓冲/回填材料是选择以钠质蒙脱石为主要成分的钠基膨润土,还是以钙质蒙脱 石为主的钙基膨润土?怎样选择对99Tc、129I有较好吸附能力的硒汞矿、脆 硫锑铅矿和辉锑矿的替代物来作缓冲/回填材料中的添加剂,以能阻滞99Tc和129 I的迁移?沸石对某些放射性核素的吸附特征也需进一步研究。     

中国高放废物深地质处置的缓冲材料选择及其基本性能

人类的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物,其中高放废物的安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴国外成熟的技术和经验,我国采用多重工程屏障系统(包括废物固化体、废物容器及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料)和适宜的围岩地质体共同作用,来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润土由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能而被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国膨润土矿床筛选,我国高放废物深地质处置库缓冲材料的研究以产自高庙子膨润土矿床深部的钠基膨润土作为基本组成材料。本文介绍了高庙子膨润土矿床的地质特征以及高庙子钠基膨润土的基本特征。该膨润土与国外同类型材料相比具有蒙脱石含量高(75%左右)、杂质矿物相对较少的特点,该材料的系统和深入研究对于开发我国缓冲回填材料技术、确保高放废物的安全有效处置有重要意义。     

Eu(Ⅲ)溶液对膨润土-砂混合物渗透性能影响研究

在高放废物处置库长期运营过程中包封容器将发生破坏,核素会向外界迁移,缓冲回填材料的水力传导系数是评价处置库工程屏障性能的重要指标。采用柔性壁渗透仪,研究2.0×10-5 mol/L的Eu(III)溶液作为渗入液时膨润土-砂混合物的渗透特性。结果表明,膨润土-砂混合物的水力传导系数K=(2.07⁵.23)×10-10 cm/s;在05.23)×10-10 cm/s;在0⁵0%掺砂率范围内,膨润土-砂混合物吸水膨胀过程中渗透性能随掺砂率增大时没有明显的变化,能够满足高放废物处置库缓冲回填材料低渗透性的要求。使用有效黏土密度的概念,得到膨润土-砂混合物的体积膨胀率随初始有效黏土密度的增大呈指数增大的趋势;混合物水力传导系数的对数值与有效黏土密度存在良好的线性衰减关系;与蒸馏水相比,渗入液(ECDD)为2.0×10-5 mol/L的Eu(III)溶液时,膨润土-砂混合物的水力传导系数较小,可能是由于渗入液黏滞性的影响。     

混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力试验研究

与纯膨润土相比,混合型缓冲回填材料（膨润土与石英砂混合物）能够实现防渗阻隔能力、热传导性能、力学强度和可施工性能的最佳组合。选用高庙子钠基膨润土（GMZ001）为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂比分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内试验。结果表明,混合物的液限、塑限随掺砂率的增大而线性降低;膨胀力随时间呈指数增长。初始含水率较大时,最大膨胀力随初始含水率的增大略有降低。掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀力随初始干密度指数增长。提出了有效黏土密度的概念,建立了一定初始含水率条件下,任意掺砂率和初始干密度的高庙子膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀力归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力的预测与控制提供了依据。     

内蒙古高庙子膨润土作为高放废物处置库回填材料的可行性

本文简述高放废物处置工程要求和缓冲／回填材料在高放废物深地质处置库中的作用及要求，介绍了内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土的性能，认为内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床可作为高放废物处置库回填材料的供给基地。     

An unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model for compacted GMZ01 bentonite with consideration of temperature

As one of the most important properties of compacted bentonite used as buffer/backfill materials, hydraulic conductivity is influenced by various factors including temperature, microstructure and suction (or degree of saturation), etc. Based on the readily available results of both temperature-controlled water-retention tests and unsaturated infiltration tests under confined (constant volume) conditions, influences of temperature and microstructure variations on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ01) bentonite were analyzed. Then, a revised unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model considering temperature effects and microstructure changes was developed. With this proposed model, prediction and comparison were made on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted GMZ01 bentonite at 20 °C. Results show that water-retention capacity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite decreases as temperature increases and the degree of the temperature influence depends on suction. Under confined conditions, influence of hydration on microstructure of compacted GMZ01 bentonite depends on pore size. The proposed model can well describe the variations of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with suction at different temperatures. However, further improvement of the proposed model is needed to account for the phenomenon of inter-aggregate pores clogging that occurred at the initial stage of hydration of compacted GMZ01 bentonite under confined conditions.     

温控高压实GMZ01膨润土-砂混合物土水特性

纯膨润土中掺入一定比例的石英砂,可以有效地提高工程屏障的热传导特性、力学强度和长期稳定性,并可降低屏障系统的工程造价; 但同时也会改变混合物的土水特征。本文采用水汽平衡法和渗析法吸力控制技术,开展了不同温度(20℃、40℃和60℃)、恒体积条件下,高压实GMZ01膨润土-石英砂混合物(7:3)试样的持水特性试验。结果表明,体积与吸力恒定时,高压实高庙子膨润土-砂混合物的含水量随温度升高而减少,但温度影响幅度取决于吸力水平; 低吸力范围内,混合物的饱和度大于1,其原因可能是由于混合物中结合水密度大所引起的; 基于Frendlund常温方程的万敏模型,能够拟合考虑温度影响的GMZ01膨润土-砂混合物土水特征曲线。     

基于细观均匀化的膨润土有效热传导特性研究

基于均匀化方法和椭球夹杂问题基本解给出了非饱和岩土体的有效热传导特性模型。该模型可以考虑夹杂形态、体积分数和空间分布及夹杂间相互作用对有效热传导特性的影响,反映了由于非均匀夹杂引起有效热传导张量的各向异性特性。讨论了夹杂宽高比以及夹杂与基质热传导系数比对有效热传导张量各向异性系数的影响。将岩土体看作固体基质和孔隙夹杂构成的非均匀材料,探讨了岩土体有效热传导系数随孔隙形态、孔隙率和饱和度的变化规律。最后,应用上述模型对高庙子膨润土(GMZ01)有效热传导系数进行预测并与其他模型预测结果进行对比分析。研究表明,本文模型对GMZ01膨润土有效热传导系数具有较好的预测能力,但更准确的预测需根据膨润土的孔隙结构采用多层次均匀化方法。研究成果对于高放核废料深地质处置库缓冲材料的热-水-力耦合特性具有一定参考价值。     

膨润土热传导性能时效性试验研究

在不同初始条件下试验研究了静置时间对高庙子钠基膨润土GMZ07和MX80膨润土压实样热传导性能的影响。在保持试样干密度和含水率不变情况下,将不同初始状态试样分别静置1、5、30、60、100 d,随后采用热探针法进行热传导系数测试,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随静置时间的增长而减小,静置早期热传导系数减小较快,随着静置时间延续,热传导系数逐渐趋于稳定。在相同干密度下,静置时间引起的热传导系数减小量随含水率的增大而增大。结合压实膨润土试样的微观孔隙结构变化,认为膨润土热传导系数随静置时间发生变化的主要原因是：试样静置过程中,蒙脱石发生水化膨胀,部分土中水转变成热传导性能较差的惰性水,导致膨润土的热传导系数减小。     

膨润土热传导性能的温度效应

以高庙子（GMZ07）和美国怀俄明州（MX80）钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法研究温度对压实膨润土试样热传导性能的影响。在保持干密度和含水率不变的情况下,使用KD2 Pro型热特性分析仪测定不同温度（5～90 ℃）试样的热传导系数,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随着温度的增大而增大,在90 ℃时最高可达5 ℃的1.2～1.5倍,主要原因是温度引起的水汽潜热传输促进了试样内部的热传导;当试样温度高于60 ℃时,温度对热传导系数的影响较低于60 ℃时更显著;含水率不为0时,两种膨润土热传导系数的温度效应均随干密度的增大而减小;干试样的热传导系数几乎不随温度发生变化,这与水汽潜热传输的强化机制有关。热传导系数温度效应的机制可理解为：热传导系数取决于试样内部可供潜热传输的水分和传热通道数。     

Performance evaluation of soil mixtures treated with graphite and used as barrier fill material for high-level radioactive waste repository

Buffer/backfill material is an important engineering barrier in a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Its thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) performance is very important for the safe and stable operation of the HLW repository system. Natural graphite powder mixed with sodium bentonite forms a buffer/backfill material that can dissipate heat quickly and provide strong isolation. In this paper, the THM characteristics of bentonite–sand–graphite–polypropylene fiber (BSGF) mixtures, used as a buffer/backfill material, were studied through a series of laboratory tests. The influence of graphite and polypropylene fiber contents on thermal conductivity, swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, and strength properties of BSGF mixtures with different sand contents was analyzed. Experimental results indicated that the graphite content, the maximum graphite mesh number, and the initial dry density of bentonite–graphite mixtures influenced the thermal conductivity of bentonite–graphite mixtures. The addition of polypropylene fiber was found to enhance the shear strength and inhibit cracking without significantly affecting the expansivity, permeability, and thermal conductivity of the BSGF mixtures. This study provides a new buffer/backfill material that can improve the stability, functionality, and thermal efficiency of the HLW repository.

     

Crushed aggregate—bentonite mixtures as backfill material for repositories of low- and intermediate level radioactive wastes

The candidate backfill materials for the repositories of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes consist of three components: crushed rock aggregate, finely ground rock aggregate and bentonite. The hydraulic conductivity of mixtures with 15% of sodium bentonite is approximately 5 · 10^-9m/s based on the laboratory tests. The sweling potential for the same material varies between 20 and 60 kPa depending mainly on the salinity of the groundwater.     

Design of bentonite/crushed rock seals

Summary The use of bentonite/crushed rock mixtures to form hydraulic barriers has greatly increased in recent years. To obtain an appropriate composition for such mixture sealants generally requires extensive laboratory work. Bentonite content and gradation of the crushed rock component are two key parameters in the seal design. This study investigates the effect of crushed rock gradation on the bulk porosity and permeability of systems of crushed tuff particles. Five different gradations are selected from the literature. The bulk porosity of systems of crushed tuff in the presence of bentonite is examined. The Fuller-Thompson gradations yield denser particle arrangements. For mixture samples containing 15% bentonite by weight, the amount of clay accounts for only 45 to 56% of the weight required to fill the interparticle pore space. The bentonite occupancy percentage amounts to 65 to 80% and 75 to 86.5% for samples having 25 and 35% bentonite by weight, respectively. The water content of bentonite at saturation is reduced and the resistance to piping and flow of bentonite is enhanced by the addition of clay. To reduce the bulk porosities of the mixtures containing 25% or more bentonite, a compaction energy higher than the standard Proctor compaction is necessary.     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes

Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k ₁ has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.