阿尔金山喀腊大湾西铅锌矿床地质特征及成矿条件分析

喀腊大湾西铅锌矿床位于阿尔金成矿带红柳沟-拉配泉成矿亚带,矿床产于长城系喀腊大湾组碳酸盐岩中,矿体形成和产出受推覆逆冲断裂控制.赋矿岩石为角砾状白云石化大理岩,具网脉状、角砾状构造.该矿矿床地质特征和矿石结构、构造等具北美密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床基本特征,初步认为矿床成因类型为沉积变质-热液改造型铅锌矿床,具很好找矿前景.     

白云鄂博矿区赋矿“白云质大理岩”成因的稳定同位素证据

内蒙古白云鄂博铁、稀土、铌矿床是举世闻名的超大型稀土矿床。其矿床地质特征和成矿地质环境十分独特，在国内外引起广泛注意。关于矿床的成因争论很多，其中，赋矿“白云质大理岩”的成因最为人们所关注，成为争论的焦点。本文在前人工作的基础上补充了S、C、O同位素研究。综合现有资料得出：“白云质大理岩”的高REE和Nb含量，REE分布型式，低^87Sr／^85Sr初始比值和接近岩浆岩的Si同位素组成，为其岩浆成因提供了证据。“白云质大理岩”中碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物的高δ^18O值及全岩和重晶石硫的护δ^34S值表明，岩石与海水发生过明显的交换作用，进一步为岩石的海底火山成因提供了证据。“白云质大理岩”中碳酸盐矿物的δ^13C值也可以用碳酸岩受到海水碳酸盐混染加以解释。由此看来，“白云质大理岩”很可能是中元古代碳酸岩火山岩。     

山西某变质岩铜矿的岩石特征及其与成矿的关系

山西某变质岩铜矿床是我国的重要铜矿区之一.历来认为矿体赋存于硅化黑云母化大理岩中,同时认为该矿床成因为岩浆期后的中温热液型细脉浸染矿床;近年来多认为是沉积热液或沉积变质矿床.本文根据对含矿岩石的特征、变质作用及其与成矿的关系、硫同位素分析、钾氩法同位素年龄测定和某些微量元素含量的研究,提出火山-沉积-变质成因的看法,供有关同志参考.     

白云鄂博铁、铌、稀土矿床:研究进展、存在问题和新认识

白云鄂博是世界第一大稀土元素矿床,其稀土元素资源量占世界目前已知稀土元素资源总量的三分之二以上,具有重要的经济和战略地位。白云鄂博自1927年发现至今已有92年,对其的开发和研究历史悠久,在赋矿碳酸岩的成因、成矿年代、稀土矿物学等方面取得了一系列重要进展,为碳酸岩型稀土元素成矿理论发展做出了突出贡献。由于矿床经历了成矿后复杂的构造变形和热液蚀变,致使其地质、地球化学特征复杂,学界对其成因和成矿过程一直存在不同认识,对成矿碳酸岩的岩浆演化、稀土元素迁移与富集机理等方面的研究也相对薄弱。笔者最新研究表明,矿区过去被认为是下白云鄂博群的H1、H2、H9岩石单元并非沉积变质岩或变质火山岩,而应为岩浆侵入成因,矿区其他岩石单元(H3～H7)的成因也值得商榷。H9岩石单元中的黑云母岩(前人称为黑云母板岩)和富含黑云母的碳酸岩(前人称为暗色板岩)为成矿碳酸岩的一部分,是碳酸岩不同岩相带的表现。黑云母岩和富黑云母碳酸岩相对于含矿碳酸岩具有相对低的稀土元素含量和轻、重稀土元素比值,表明岩浆演化可能对稀土元素的富集和分异具有重要贡献。矿区主要岩石单元成因的新认识不仅为矿床成因、成矿背景研究提供了新的依据,同时也为研究区域构造演化、正确厘定矿区构造式样和指导矿区深部和外围找矿提供了新的思路。     

碳酸盐岩石成因类型的判别分析和白云鄂博“白云岩”的成因讨论

本文根据对世界上20多个国家和我国21个省碳酸盐岩石化学全分析数据的统计和换算结果,发现岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩之间常量元素的一般含量无显著不同,但采用两组或逐步判别分析的方法,仍能将岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩很好的区分开。判别效率可达90％以上。将这一方法应用到白云”鄂博矿区的“白云岩”和灰岩,90％以上的“白云岩”样品判为岩浆碳酸岩,灰岩的样品全部判为沉积碳酸盐岩,与它们的地质产状和地球化学特征一致。     

大理岩型红宝石矿床成因研究

大理岩型红宝石矿床是红蓝宝石矿床的重要类型。对此类型矿床与找矿相关的成因问题，长期存在模糊认识。本文在实际研究和文献资料整理的基础上，得出以下结论：大理岩型红宝石矿床产于有深大断裂构造活动的深成造山变质带；含矿岩石是钙质结晶大理岩，而非鲜质大理岩或镁质夕卡岩；含矿岩石中的角闪石为富铝贫硅含铬的钙质闪石，如含铬的镁砂川闪石，而非绿色透闪石；矿床成因类型属区域热动力变质型，而不是“气成－热认型”或“夕卡岩型”。     

白云鄂博富稀土元素碳酸岩岩墙的地球化学特征及稀土富集机制

本文重点解剖了一条距白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床东矿NE方向3 km,切割白云鄂博群H1及H2岩性段的细粒方解石碳酸岩岩墙的岩石地球化学特征。结果表明,碳酸岩的稀土元素含量变化大,最高可达20%,已构成稀土富矿石。碳酸岩的轻稀土元素高度富集,轻、重稀土元素之间发生了极度分馏,但无Eu异常的显示。形成这种岩石地球化学特征的可能机制为：碳酸岩浆直接来源于岩石圈富集地幔的低程度部分熔融作用(F<1%),残留地幔矿物组合以富含石榴石为特征;碳酸岩浆在地壳深部岩浆房中的分离结晶作用。碳酸岩的稀土元素和微量元素分布型式均与白云鄂博REE Nb-Fe旷床的赋矿细粒白云石大理岩十分相似。然而,碳酸岩的主要元素以Ca为特征,不同于赋矿细粒白云石大理岩。本文认为造成这种差异的原因在于碳酸岩岩墙没有遭受大规模的白云岩化作用的影响,而赋矿绌粒白云石大理岩则可能是碳酸岩经白云岩化作用的产物。     

甘肃阿尔金南缘白石头沟石墨矿地质特征、成矿条件及找矿标志

甘肃白石头沟石墨矿位于阿尔金南缘敦煌地块,赋存于前寒武纪敦煌岩群大理岩和石英片岩之中,目前圈定矿体33条,主要矿体2条。作为研究白石头沟石墨矿理想地层的敦煌岩群,是一套以变质碎屑沉积岩和变质基性岩为主的变质岩浆杂岩。本文从矿床角度出发,立足于区域地质勘查资料,结合前人研究成果,在对白石头沟石墨矿成矿地质背景、矿床及矿体特征、组合样化学分析、矿石矿物赋存状态及特征研究的基础上,对矿床的成因进行初步探讨并归纳区域找矿标志。研究表明,白石头沟石墨矿可分为大理岩型和石英片岩型两种类型,是古元古代经历区域动力热液变质作用而形成的沉积变质型矿床,成矿物质主要来源于变质碎屑沉积岩类的原岩（海相陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩）本身,成矿环境为古老活动大陆边缘。找矿标志具有特定层位、岩性、矿化及物探特征。     

碳酸盐岩石成因类型的判别分析和白云鄂博“白云岩”的成因讨论

本文根据对世界上20多个国家和我国21个省碳酸盐岩石化学全分析数据的统计和换算结果,发现岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩之间常量元素的一般含量无显著不同,但采用两组或逐步判别分析的方法,仍能将岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩很好的区分开。判别效率可达90%以上。将这一方法应用到白云”鄂博矿区的“白云岩”和灰岩,90%以上的“白云岩”样品判为岩浆碳酸岩,灰岩的样品全部判为沉积碳酸盐岩,与它们的地质产状和地球化学特征一致。     

碳酸盐岩石成因类型的判别分析和白云鄂博“白云岩”的成因讨论

本文根据对世界上20多个国家和我国21个省碳酸盐岩石化学全分析数据的统计和换算结果,发现岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩之间常量元素的一般含量无显著不同,但采用两组或逐步判别分析的方法,仍能将岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩很好的区分开。判别效率可达90%以上。将这一方法应用到白云”鄂博矿区的“白云岩”和灰岩,90%以上的“白云岩”样品判为岩浆碳酸岩,灰岩的样品全部判为沉积碳酸盐岩,与它们的地质产状和地球化学特征一致。     

碳酸盐岩石变形显微构造与宏观构造关系研究

碳酸盐岩石变形组构及其优选方位的实验研究得到比较完善的发展,但应用于解释自然界复杂的地质构造变形还存在许多困难。本文将碳酸盐岩微观构造分析与宏观构造研究紧密结合,重点研究了浅层次(铜陵地区)和中-深层次(北淮阳地区)构造环境中碳酸盐岩的显微构造特征、变形行为及所揭示的宏观构造信息,为一系列地质问题的分析提供了充分的微观依据。      

川西北中三叠统隐藻类碳酸盐岩特征及其环境意义

各种环境的碳酸盐沉积物几乎都是生物或生物化学成因的。而生物之中又以藻类最为活跃和普遍。藻类可以形成碳酸盐沉积物中的颗粒、灰泥,也可以成为胶结物或起粘结作用。总之,是由于藻类营光合作用消耗二氧化碳使碳酸钙得以沉淀下来。藻类中又以蓝藻(或称蓝绿藻)最为常见,从震旦纪开始经历各个地质时代,直到现代分布仍十分广泛。蓝藻与其它骨骼钙藻不同,不能在死亡后直接保存成化石,而是通过造岩作用和粘结作用留下其生命活动的遗迹。因此加拿大J.D.Aitken主张将这种藻称为隐藻类。     

Marbles and carbonate rocks from central Morocco: a petrographic,mineralogical and geochemical study

Petrographic, mineralogical, and stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O values) compositions were used to characterise marbles and sedimentary carbonate rocks from central Morocco, which are considered to be a likely source of ornamental and building material from Roman time to the present day. This new data set was used in the frame of an archaeometric provenance study on Roman artefacts from the town of Thamusida (Kenitra, north Morocco), to assess the potential employment of these rocks for the manufacture of the archaeological materials. A representative set of samples from marbles and other carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone) were collected in several quarries and outcrops in the Moroccan Meseta, in a region extending from the Meknes–Khenifra alignment to the Atlantic Ocean. All the samples were studied using a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical methods. The petrographic and minerological investigations (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) allowed to group the carbonate rocks in limestones, foliated limestone, diagenetic breccias and dolostone. The limestones could be further grouped as mudstones, wackestones–packstones, crinoid grainstones, oolitic grainstone and floatstones. Textural differences allowed to define marbles varieties. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition proved to be quite useful in the discrimination of marble sources, with apparently less discriminatory potential for carbonate rocks.     

桂林唐家湾剖面中—上泥盆统碳酸盐岩沉积相和成岩作用

本文的工作区域是按中国地矿部和德国下萨克森州科学和艺术部之间科学台作协议而提供的。在唐家湾地区的中上泥盆统碳酸盐岩中可以见到以下8种微相类型:泥岩、具纹层球粒-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、无纹层球粒-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、介形虫-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、枝状层孔虫-粒泥岩、枝状层孔虫-棘皮类-粒泥岩、生物碎屑-粒泥岩和骨架岩。这些微相类型可指示不同的能量指数及水深。同欧文(Irwin,1965)浅水碳酸盐沉积模式对比,唐家湾泥盆纪(吉维特期和弗拉斯期)属于Y带和Z带沉积,并可分出发育生物丘-生物层的正常海环境、局限浅水沉积环境和潮坪沉积环境。最大水深估计为10m—20m。唐家湾剖面碳酸盐岩经历了三种早成岩环境:海水成岩环境、大气水成岩环境和混合水成岩环境。其后又经历了晚成岩阶段的压溶、重结晶和交代作用。白云石化部分为混合水成因,部分为晚成岩期交代成因。     

Petrographical and geochemical investigation of the Triassic marbles associated with Menderes massif metamorphics,Kavaklıdere,Muğla,SW Turkey

Vast marble deposits occur in a cover sequence of the Menderes Massif, SW Turkey. Four major marble deposits are recognized in Mu?la province based on the stratigraphic levels. These are Permo-Carboniferous aged black marbles (1), Triassic aged marbles (2), Upper Cretaceous aged marbles (3), and Paleocene aged pelagic marbles (4). This study deals with Triassic aged marbles of the southern part of the Menderes Massif. The Triassic marbles from SW Turkey consist of two big marble horizons in the Çayboyu (ÇM) and Kestanecik (KM) regions. The characteristic samples are collected from different stratigraphic levels in marble deposits in the ÇM and KM horizons. Mineralogical and major, trace, and rare earth element (REE) analyses of marble, limestone, and schist were conducted on these samples to reveal their petrographical and geochemical characteristics. The ÇM horizon is represented by calcitic marble layers. Nickel, cobalt, manganese, and iron elements filled in fractures, fissures, and intergranular spaces of calcite crystals and these elements give the pinky colour to the marble from the ÇM horizon. KM marbles were deformed, metamorphosed, and recrystallized under greenschist facies P–T conditions. As a result of the metasomatic reaction of magnesium and manganese rich fluids with marbles, dolomite, and manganese, minerals such as rhodochrosite and pyrolusite have crystallized along vein walls and layers in the KM horizon. Dolomitization was determined in KM marbles, whereas ÇM marbles show the character of limestone. MgO, MnO, Fe₂O₃, Ni, and Zn contents of marbles from the KM horizon are higher than those of ÇM marbles due to metasomatic reactions. The Sr content in white coloured marbles ranges between 11.20 ppm and 112.20 ppm and this concentration reaches up to 272.70 ppm due to metasomatic reactions and fluid intake. The REE content of Triassic marbles is independent of the abundance of carbonate and the REE enrichment observed due to syn-metamorphic fluid flow. The significant negative Eu anomaly in REE patterns indicates that the protoliths of Triassic marbles are carbonate rocks of sedimentary origin.     

Metacarbonatite or marble? — the case of the carbonate,pyroxenite, calcite–apatite rock complex at Borra,Eastern Ghats,India

Carbonatites are often of economic importance, which raises the problem of distinguishing carbonatites from limestones when either are metamorphosed to high-grade marbles. They can be of similar appearance, particularly those from the Proterozoic and Archaean of the Indian Subcontinent. This study also contributes to solving the problem of determining the frequency of alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism during the early history of the Earth.The mineral assemblage of apatite–magnetite–phlogopite–calcite is common to marbles of both carbonatite and limestone origin. If pyrochlore is present that identifies the rock as carbonatite; if anorthite, fassaite, scapolite or spinel then it was formerly a limestone. If these minerals are absent, then trace element analysis can supply the critical Sr and REE data, which are both normally high in carbonatitic rocks and low in former limestones. These distinguishing factors are applied to the metamorphic carbonate, pyroxenite, calcite–apatite rock complex at Borra, Eastern Ghats, India, which has been variously interpreted as formerly a carbonatite and as a limestone. The evidence shows that the Borra rocks are meta-sedimentary.     

Preliminary results of a first record of gold and uranium in marble from Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a witness for (syn- and post-?) metamorphic mineralization in metasediments

This paper records, for the first time, the mineralization of gold (0.98–2.76 ppm) and uranium (133–640 ppm) in marbles from the Arabian-Nubian Shield of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. These auriferous and uraniferous marbles are hosted by sheared and altered ophiolitic serpentinized ultramafic rocks of Gebel El-Rukham (ER), Wadi Daghbag (DG), and Wadi Al Barramiyah (BM). They occur as massive or banded in pod-like or bedded shapes. The ER and BM-mineralized marbles are impure calcitic, whereas the DG marble is impure calcitic to impure dolomitic. Their protolith are pure limestones and dolomitic limestones with probable argillaceous components (BM marble), and their metamorphism (Pan-African) was retrograde. Peaks of metamorphism were at granulite-amphibolite facies for the ER and BM marbles, forming diopside (Al₂O₃?=?0.17–1.07 wt.%) at 600–900°C and augite (Al₂O₃?=?2.45–9.40 wt.%) at 825–975°C, and at the amphibolite facies for DG marble, recrystallising the carbonate minerals and forming tremolite. The lowest temperatures of metamorphism were at the upper subgreenschist facies as chlorite (ER and BM marbles) and kaolinite (DG marble) were formed. Metamorphic fluids were, most probably, essentially binary H₂O–CO₂ mixtures with low NaCl and HF concentrations. Gold in the studied mineralized marbles occurs as native nuggets (10–35 μm) having globule, rod, crescent, and streak shapes, in pores, vugs, and fissures. The source of gold in all marbles is mostly the country ultramafic rocks. Timing of gold mineralization relative to the marblization and metamorphism of the country source ultramafic rocks was both syn- and post-metamorphic. Concerning the ER and DG marbles, it was syn-metamorphic, where Au liberation and transportation were mostly by the metamorphic fluids. The composition and temperature of these fluids were most probably inappropriate for formation of the sulfide complexes of gold. The gold mineralization of BM marble, on the other hand, was mostly post-metamorphic. The mineralising fluid was of surficial origin under oxidizing conditions. The encountered uranium minerals are of secondary origin such as autunite, uranophane, and carnotite. These minerals occur as fine oval aggregates and irregular grains (10–50 μm) usually filling fissures and vugs. The uranium mineralization can be classified as surficial of ages <1.5 Ma. It is proposed that the U was transported from its source (might be flesite and trachyte dikes for the ER and DG marbles and granite rocks for BM marble) to the marble rocks by surface and/or underground water related to the pluvial periods in Egypt. In BM marble, U and Au have mutual mineralizing fluid but different paragenesis.     

湖南前震旦系铀矿化成因探讨

湖南前震旦系冷家溪群和板溪群是一套浅变质沉积岩,主要由各种板岩、变质砂岩、凝灰质板岩组成,夹有基性、中-酸性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩。现已落实铀矿床3个、矿(化)点14个。铀成矿年龄为85—50Ma,最晚者16Ma。稳定同位素研究结果表明,前震旦系铀矿化属岩浆岩源及沉积(变质)岩源中-新生代大气降水热液成因;铀矿化受断裂构造控制;凝灰质板岩、砂质板岩及角岩等是矿化有利的围岩。     

辽宁省营口地区玉隆铅锌矿床成因探讨

玉隆铅锌矿的成因是一个颇有争议的问题，笔者通过野外地质测量及矿区、矿的详细研究，提出该矿的成因与构造有着切的联系，其成矿物质的迁移和富集，均受特定的构造运动所制约，是前寒武纪构造控矿类型的典型范倒。指出该角砾状铅锌矿的成矿过程实际上是成矿物质在压力梯度作用下活化重应位的过程。     

Wolframite- and scheelite-bearing carbonate rocks of the Nock mountains,Austria: A new type of tungsten mineralization in the Eastern Alps

A new type of tungsten deposit was discovered in the Eastern Alps at the Mallnock, Nock mountains, Austria. The mineralization is restricted to concordant layers of carbonate rocks within phyllites belonging to the metamorphic Palaeozoic of the Upper Austroalpine Gurktal nappe system. Wolframite (ferberite 95) and scheelite occur as network fissure fillings in coarse-grained Fe-magnesite (siderite 15) rocks (average W content ca. 0.9 wt%); fine-grained dolomite marbles contain scheelite as the only tungsten mineral (average W content ca. 0.5 wt%). Assuming the dolomite marbles as a primary metal source, mobilization processes are responsible for the formation of the wolframite- and scheelite-bearing Fe-magnesite rocks.