云南地震的潮汐应力触发机制及相关天体位置图像

通过计算云南163个地震震源处沿地震主应力方向的潮汐应力分量,分析了地震的潮汐应力触发力学机制.结果表明,所研究的地震中有62%受到了潮汐应力的触发作用. 在此基础上,对受到潮汐应力触发的地震发震时的天体位置特征进行了研究,得到了具有潮汐应力触发物理基础的地震时的月日黄经差、月日赤纬和月日天顶距的分布图像.图像显示,云南地区的地震在新月期间和上下弦附近较易受到潮汐应力的触发;受到潮汐应力触发作用的地震发震时刻的月日赤纬有明显的密集分布条带特征,地震频次在月、日天顶距分别为30°～140°和20°～140°范围内为平均优势分布区间.     

川滇地区地震时的月日赤纬及黄经差特征比较

在进行潮汐应力对发震断层作用研究的基础上，对云南、四川两区域受到潮汐应力触发作用的强震和中强震发震时的月日赤纬及黄经差进行了计算，得到了其分布图象。结果表明：云南、四川两不同构造区域上受到潮汐触发作用地震时的月日赤纬和黄经差分布图象是不同的，受到潮汐应力触发作用的强震和中强震的地震频次随月日黄经差的分布特征有明显差别，这些图象初步揭示了这两个区域的地震最易受到潮汐触发的日、月位置。     

中国大陆6级以上强震及震前小震固体潮调制异常特征分析

通过对2009年以来中国大陆13次6级以上浅源强震的固体潮调制作用进行回顾和分析,得到以下认识：(1)中国大陆6级以上强震在月相期内发震频率较高,即受固体潮调制作用明显;(2)朔望期潮汐应力的作用有利于走滑型和正断型地震的活动,其中对走滑型地震的触发效应较显著,固体潮汐对不同展布方式和运动性质的地震断层所产生的作用和效果存在差异;(3)6级以上强震前震源区附近小震调制比异常普遍存在,包括部分发生于非月相期内的6级以上强震前的小震也受到明显的固体潮调制作用;尤其需要关注震前小震调制比异常区逐渐向震中收缩且异常区面积逐渐减小的现象。     

潮汐应力与大震关系研究

选用1976—2009年全球震源深度小于70 km, M_W≥7.0的地震为研究对象, 利用震源机制解资料, 对每个地震的发震断层面进行了判断, 得到233个地震的发震断层面解。 据此, 本文讨论了发震时断层面上的地球固体潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向的关系以及潮汐正应力在发震时所处的相位, 发震时断层面的库仑应力值。 结果表明, 当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向一致时触发作用最为明显, 逆断层地震与潮汐的关系最为密切; 而当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向相反时, 地震较少发生。     

青藏高原东部及邻区地震断层面上的潮汐应力触发效应

根据已发布震源机制解目录（哈佛大学CMT）,将青藏高原东部及邻区划分为5个构造应力场分区,并对各分区的地震逐个计算其发震断层面上的固体潮汐正应力、剪应力、库仑破裂应力及相位角,分析潮汐应力分量对不同类型发震断层的作用效果及其随深度变化特征.基于库仑破裂应力判断准则,研究潮汐应力对各种类型地震的触发作用;基于Schuster检验方法,统计分析潮汐应力对各个震级档、不同构造类型地震的影响.综合运用上述两种分析方法,探讨潮汐应力对不同震级地震以及处于不同构造块体、发震断层、震源深度地震的触发机制.结果表明,潮汐应力对印度块体和拉萨块体的正断和逆断型地震,滇缅泰块体、印支块体和松潘-甘孜块体的走滑和斜滑型地震,川滇菱形块体的斜滑型地震均存在不同程度的触发效应,且触发效应的强弱依赖于震源深度、震级大小、发震断层类型及其所处区域构造应力场.     

固体潮应力张量对地震的触发作用

用无体力作用的平衡方程的型、型通解与有体力作用的平衡方程的特解相迭加得到自由边界条件下的潮汐应力张量.讨论了主应力和主应力轴随深度的变化, 在100公里的深度范围内, 主应力轴在空间的取向发生的偏转可达10左右(=30时).选用我国195~(?)年以来有精确断层面解的、Ms5.0的70个地震的资料, 研究了发震时刻对于潮汐流体静应力、潮汐最大剪应力、沿断层错动矢量的潮汐剪应力的位相分布.所得的结论是, 潮汐流体静应力与地震的发震时刻没有明显关系.潮汐最大剪应力对地震有一定的触发作用;沿断层错动矢量的潮汐剪应力对地震的触发作用更明显些;斜滑型地震对潮汐最大剪应力的位相有极好的相关性.      

地球内部应变与应力固体潮

本文详细介绍了地球内部应变和应力固体潮的计算理论,基于PREM地球模型计算了地球内部的Love数,并计算了地球内部的应力和应变的6个独立分量在不同深度和纬度处的时间变化序列.结果表明:应力潮汐的振幅达到10³Pa,应变潮汐振幅达到10^-8;不管应力或是应变潮汐,其振幅随深度的不同都有较大的变化;6个应力和应变分量对纬度依赖较大,但没有表现出南北纬度上的严格的对称性,与纬度的对应关系由引潮位展开的大地系数确定.本文结果可有效应用于地球内部应变或应力潮汐观测的固体潮改正;另外,将本文结果应用于研究潮汐触发地震问题,给出了中国中部地区的一个算例,结果表明地震断层正应力潮汐和应力张量第一不变量潮汐与发震时刻具有明显的相关性,而这种相关性并未在其他如剪切应力以及库伦破坏应力潮汐中表现出来.     

基于断层面的天山地区潮汐应力触发地震研究

选取2003~2014年天山地震带299个MS≥3.5地震的震源机制解资料,利用震中位置及其附近的断层信息来确定真实断层面。在此基础上分区域计算了整个天山地震带、天山中东段、南天山西段发震时刻断层面上潮汐正应力、潮汐剪应力、潮汐库仑破裂应力对天山地区地震活动的触发作用。在计算断层面上潮汐库仑破裂应力时,分破裂类型针对不同情况设定有效摩擦系数,讨论其对地震的触发作用。结果表明:天山地震带地震较多地发生于断层面上潮汐正应力的最小值附近以及潮汐剪应力的最大值附近。从潮汐库仑破裂应力结果来看,整个天山地区地震活动受潮汐阻滑作用较为显著;分区结果显示,天山中东段地区斜滑型地震、南天西段正断型地震受潮汐触发作用较为显著,其他各类型地震受潮汐阻滑作用较为显著或潮汐作用不明显。     

潮汐应力对发震断层作用的统计分析

计算了中国及邻区1069个地震震源处沿主压应力P轴和主张力T轴方向的潮汐应力分量,并分析了这些量对发震断层的作用方式,按纬度区域统计了与潮汐应力促滑作用有关的发震断层类型以及它们与潮汐应力作用方式的关系,得到了如下结论:与潮汐应力促滑作用有关的发震断层数的比例随区域纬度增加有减小趋势。其中,走滑型断层的比例在低纬区较大,而倾滑斜滑型断层的比例在中高纬度区较大;对发震断层有促滑作用的潮汐应力作用方式分增压型和减压型。对整个统计区域而言,与增压型潮汐应力促滑作用有关的发震断层数比例大于与减压型潮汐应力促滑作用有关的发震断层;对不同的纬度区域,不同的潮汐应力作用方式与之促滑的断层类型也有不同的分布特征。     

地球自转减速对2008年汶川MS8.0地震的作用

本文将地球看成是一个质量分布均匀的球对称弹性球体, 给出了地球以匀角速率旋转情况下产生的应力场的解析表达式, 计算了地球匀速自转时在2008年汶川M_S8.0地震发震断层面上产生的应力, 分析了地球自转速率变化对汶川地震发震断层的影响。 结果表明, 地球自转减速有利于汶川地震发生。 如果地球自转减速对汶川地震的发生起到了触发作用, 那么在震前震区或许会出现中小地震发生受到地球自转减速触发的现象。 分析表明, 从2006年起汶川地震震中附近地区M_L≥2.7地震受到地球自转减速的触发, 这从另一个侧面说明了地球自转减速对汶川地震的发生具有促进作用。     

华北地区强震活动与月相的关系及其机制

华北地区及其地震带的强震活动与月相密切相关。华北地区和河北平原、河淮及南海地震带强震大都发生在朔前后。郯庐和汾渭地震带强震多发生在上弦前后,依据华北地区强震孕育的地壳上地幔构造,探讨了引潮力触发地震的可能机制--潮致流体上涌触发模式,该模式的要点是:①上地幔和地壳内存在流体是孕育强震的必要条件;②深部流体可能快速上涌;③引潮力可能是触发流体快速上涌的主要作用力;④深部流体通过如应力腐蚀或雷宾德尔效应之类的非线性机制激发地震。     

Global test of seismic static stress triggering model

Introduction Whether static stress change generated by earthquakes can trigger subsequent earthquakes heretofore is still in debate. Some researchers believe that seismic Coulomb failure stress change generated by earthquake can affect the seismicity nearby (King, et al, 1994; Toda, et al, 1998; Stein, 1999; Seeber, Armbruster, 2000). However, some researchers believe that this model is wrong. For example, Beroza and Zoback (1993) found that stress change generated by the 1989 Loma Prieta …     

Evidence of earthquakes triggered by the tidal force of the sun and the moon——On the temporal characteristics of the earthquakes in Xingtai,Hejian and Tangshan

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Evidence of earthquakes triggered by the tidal force of the sun and the moon

Studies by many scientists show that Hebei, China is an area with strong correlation between the tidal force and the occurrences of major earthquakes, the Xingtai earthquake of 1966, the Hejian earthquake of 1967 and the Tangshan earthquake of 1976 were triggered by the tidal force, in this paper the study on the common characteristics of their occurrence times confirms these facts. The computed times of maximum horizontal of the semi diurnal solid tide tidal force show that the occurrence times of the above mentioned earthquakes were close to the times of maximum horizontal tidal force of the semi diurnal solid tide at new moon or full moon. The Longyao earthquake of M=6.8, the Ningjin earthquake of M=7.2 and the Hejian earthquake of M=6.3 occurred tens of minutes after the maximum horizontal tidal force of the semi diurnal solid tides, and the Tangshan earthquake of M=7.8 occurred 16 minutes before the maximum horizontal tidal force. The tidal forces were directed to the west. This is their temporal characteristic. It is generally accepted that the 1969 Bohai earthquake of M=7.4 and the 1975 Haicheng earthquake were not triggered by the tidal force. These events did not show such characteristics. The temporal characteristics of the earthquakes indicate that the occurrences of these events were not random, but were controlled by the tidal force from the sun and the moon, and triggered by the tidal force. These facts agree with the triggering mechanism of the tidal force, are evidences of earthquakes triggered by tidal force.     

THE COULOMB STRESS CHANGES AND SEISMICITY ON SOME MAJOR FAULTS IN NORTH CHINA

In recent years, the Coulomb stress change induced by large earthquakes has attracted extensive attention in seismology. Many scientists at home and abroad have made remarkable achievements in the research on it. It is well known that North China is densely populated and industrially developed. More importantly, the Chinese capital city, Beijing, lies in the hinterland of North China. At the same time, there are abundant active faults and earthquakes in North China. The capital Beijing is China's political, economic, cultural, and transportation center. It is the center of all social activities and economic activities in the country, and is also a region where population, wealth, and information are highly concentrated. With the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the construction of Xiong'an New District, the consequences of big earthquake in Beijing and surrounding areas are unimaginable. Due to its special geographical location, frequent seismic activities in North China capture much attention. From the physical principle, the occurrence of earthquakes releases the accumulated stress, but the stress does not completely disappear. Some of the stresses are transmitted and transferred to other areas, resulting in stress concentration in some areas, which in turn affects the occurrence of earthquakes in the area. This is the idea of stress triggering of earthquakes. According to this hypothesis, the enhancement of Coulomb stress corresponds to the additional loading of the fault and promotes the occurrence of earthquakes; conversely, the weakening of the Coulomb stress in the stress shadow zone corresponds to partial unloading of the fault, which will delay the occurrence of the earthquake. In order to study the future seismic activity of North China, this paper estimates risks of future strong earthquakes in the region. To this end, we calculate the coseismic Coulomb stress changes and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation stresses of the events with M_S ≥ 6.0 that occurred in the North China region since 1820, using elastic dislocation theory and hierarchical lithosphere model, respectively, in order to examine whether the cumulative Coulomb stress change can explain the spatiotemporal pattern of large earthquakes. Also we project the Coulomb stress change onto the specific active faults in North China and assign the present and future Coulomb stress change state to the faults to provide a dynamics reference for analyzing whether the areas will be hit by strong earthquakes in the future. The simulated results show that the effect caused by the effective friction coefficient changes is not significant on the spatial distribution of Coulomb stress changes induced by coseismic and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation effect of the medium of earthquakes in the North China region. Although the variation of the effective friction coefficient has an impact on the Coulomb stresses for some sections of faults, the general pattern of the spatial distribution of the Coulomb stress changes keeps unchanged. Consequently, 19 of the 24 earthquakes since the 1888 Bohai Bay earthquake have fallen in the positive region of Coulomb stress changes, with a triggering rate of 79%. In particular, considering the seismogeological data and the Coulomb stress calculation results, we assume that Luanxian-Yueting Fault, Panzhuangxi Fault, Dongming-Chengwu Fault, Yuncheng Fault, Longyao Fault of Ninghe-Xinxiang seismic belt, the Yingkou-Weifang Fault of Tanlu seismic belt, the Xiadian Fault, and the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault in the Capital area have higher seismic risk and deserve in-depth study.     

九江—瑞昌地区显著地震动态库仑破裂应力变化分析

为了探究九江—瑞昌地区内的地震活动是否存在动态应力触发关系,本文选用多层黏弹性介质模型,计算了2005年九江—瑞昌M_S5.7地震和2011年瑞昌—阳新M_S4.6地震产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化。结果显示:九江—瑞昌M_S5.7地震产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化,能触发其北东方向的53次地震;瑞昌—阳新M_S4.6地震发生后15天内,小震活动增强区及九江—瑞昌M_S5.7地震震源区的多次地震活动,可能与其动态应力触发作用有关。