琼东南盆地北礁凹陷上新统等深流影响的水道沉积体系

等深流影响的水道沉积体系的沉积特征及其沉积过程是当前深水沉积学研究的热点、难点和前沿科学问题,但研究程度较为薄弱。该文以北礁凹陷上新统（地震反射T20?T30）为研究对象,利用覆盖北礁凹陷局部的三维地震资料,采用均方根属性、相干属性、时间域构造,再结合地震切片等方法,研究北礁凹陷深水区上新统斜交斜坡（走向）的特殊水道沉积体系特征及其沉积过程。研究发现,该水道沉积体系分为早、晚两期,早期发育水道和片状、扇状溢堤沉积,晚期仅发育水道和片状溢堤沉积,其中扇状溢堤沉积仅发育在水道右侧弯曲处,片状溢堤沉积仅分布在水道左侧,水道始终与区域斜坡斜交,水道对称分布且无明显迁移现象。结合该时期北礁凸起发育等深流相关的丘状漂积体和环槽,认为该水道沉积体系特殊的形态主要受控于等深流与浊流交互作用的沉积结果:浊流流经水道,其上覆浊流溢出水道,形成溢岸浊流,在水道左侧,该溢岸浊流与等深流发生相向运动,被等深流“吹拂”到单侧,大面积分布,延伸千米,形成片状溢堤沉积;而在水道弯曲处（右侧）,溢岸浊流与等深流发生相对运动,抑制溢岸浊流进一步扩展,形成相对小范围扇状溢堤沉积,该沉积结果与前人水槽实验结果相一致。     

碳酸盐台地周缘西沙海槽现代地质过程——来自“深海勇士号”载人潜器深潜观测

西沙海槽长期活跃于南海北部,记录了南海的深部演变过程,有特殊的地质研究意义。基于对西沙海槽的深潜实地考察,发现了槽底平原可分为小型谷、大型对称脊和顶平对称脊等次级地貌,可能是槽坡上较强的重力流和近东西向的槽底等深流共同作用的结果。此外,还发现一些成群分布的小型丘体,推测可能是超压气体释放喷口或者为生物栖居巢穴;西沙海槽生物类型相对单一,数量小,其生物生存条件较为苛刻,为海底中的"沙漠"。该区的泥质沉积中含有异常高压气体,其成因可能是沉积物快速堆积导致。     

北部湾盆地海中凹陷流二段沉积体系及沉积模式

北部湾盆地北部涠西南凹陷多口钻井已获得高产油气流系列突破，其主力烃源岩层系为始新统流沙港组二段（流二段），但紧邻南侧的海中凹陷目前暂无商业油气发现。流二段既发育有深湖-半深湖相的烃源岩，同时在主力烃源岩段也发育有湖底扇储层，因此，研究海中凹陷潜在生烃层系（烃源岩、湖底扇储层）沉积体系发育规律对今后勘探开发具有指导意义。以高精度三维地震资料及测井资料为基础，通过岩芯相、测井相、地震相、地震属性的综合分析，探讨流二段沉积体系发育规律，建立沉积模式。研究表明：流二段主要发育滨浅湖、深湖-半深湖、湖底扇及辫状河三角洲4种沉积体系类型；在北陡南缓的半地堑构造样式控制下，北部陡坡带及洼槽带发育深湖-半深湖相，同时接受北部、东部2个物源方向的供源，分别在西洼、东洼发育湖底扇相，南部缓坡带发育滨浅湖及辫状河三角洲相。海中凹陷流二段好烃源岩主要发育在初始湖泛面层序位置（ts），湖底扇主要发育在湖泊扩张体系域内（TST），反映了在断陷湖盆背景下，构造沉降因素控制烃源岩发育程度强于湖平面变化因素。研究可为半地堑型断陷湖盆深湖-半深湖相烃源岩与湖底扇储层发育层序位置及共生模式的建立提供参考。     

马里亚纳海槽的沉积

马里亚纳海槽是一个正在扩张的弧后盆地。文章分析中国和联邦德国合作考察马里亚纳海槽两个沉积岩心的一般沉积特征、物质来源及其影响因素。两岩心沉积物均以砂质粉砂、粉砂和粘土质粉砂为主,含较多黑色火山灰层和黑色纹理,岩性分析表明,物质以火山碎屑为主。由于两岩心所处具体构造位置不同,导致岩性、构造和物质来源不同。61KL岩心有4或5个递变层序,为典型的浊流沉积,物质主要来自东部活动的马里亚纳火山弧,由浊流搬运而沉积。57KL岩心物质主要来自海槽扩张裂谷本身的火山喷发。两岩心均为半远洋沉积物。     

南海西沙海槽,一条古缝合线

西沙海槽是一条水深１５００－３４００ｍ，长４２０ｋｍ的水槽，新生代沉积厚２－６ｋｍ。槽内发现北倾的地壳断裂。海槽的南北两侧之地壳结构差异很大。从区域地质资料看，我们认为西沙海槽一条印支时期的古缝合线。     

等深流沉积特征

根据国内外等深流沉积的研究成果,从产状、成分、结构、沉积构造、垂向层序和与海平面变化的关系等方面总结了等深流沉积特征以及与其他类型深水沉积的区别。等深流沉积是深水牵引流沉积中的一种重要类型,蕴含有重要的古海洋学和古气候信息,对其进行解析是近年国际海洋学、气候学研究的热点。等深流沉积最明显的特征包括对称递变层序以及强烈的生物扰动,其储集性能优于浊流沉积,具有非常重要的含油气潜能。南海是中国具有深海环境的唯一边缘海盆,在南海北部深水陆坡环境已确认等深流沉积普遍存在,是等深流研究的理想场所,但南海的等深流沉积类型、形态特征以及控制其发育的主要因素等问题有待进一步研究。     

东海外陆架-陆坡-冲绳海槽不同沉积单元底质沉积物成因及物源分析

通过对东海外陆架-陆坡-冲绳海槽表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物组成的分析,探讨了3个不同沉积单元底质沉积物成因及物质来源。结果表明,东海外陆架→陆坡→冲绳海槽,沉积物粒度整体上逐渐变细。东海外陆架沉积物具有明显海滩砂或者破浪带砂的特征,为晚更新世冰消期海侵的产物,属于"残留沉积"。海槽西坡沉积物粒度参数具有重力流沉积特征,反映了沉积物由外陆架向海槽以滑塌或重力流的搬运方式。海槽槽底细颗粒沉积物悬移组分占主导的特点体现了半深海沉积特征,其主要来源于台湾和中国大陆长江、闽江等入海河流。物质来源一方面反映了黑潮对于细颗粒台湾源物质的输运的巨大作用;另一方面体现了来源于中国大陆源细颗粒物质存在以近底侧向搬运、"冬贮夏输"悬浮搬运等多种输运机制。     

深水大型沉积物波的成因机制

沉积物波是深海常见的底形,对其成因主要有等深流成因、浊流成因、滑塌成因、内波成因4种观点.分别对上述4种成因机制进行了阐述,并从波形、迁移方向等方面做了一系列的对比,分别就其合理性进行了讨论,特别对前人就洛克尔海槽上坡迁移沉积物波的解释提出了新的看法,对该区域的上坡迁移沉积物波进行了重新的解释;同时对等深流、浊流、滑塌、内波形成的沉积物波之间的联系与差异进行了初步的比较.沉积物波可能有多种成因,但内波作用是其主要成因之一.     

西沙海槽盆地新生代沉积环境演化

西沙海槽盆地处于南海北部陆坡洋陆壳过渡带,为一个分割南海北部陆架和西沙地块的新生代裂谷盆地,其沉积环境演化研究有助于进一步认识南海形成演化过程。通过南海陆坡区域地震地层对比,将西沙海槽盆地新生代以来划分出9个地层单元,采用地震线描和地震相分析方法,恢复各地层单元沉积时期的地层结构及古地貌,探讨其沉积环境演化过程。结果表明,古新世—始新世西沙海槽盆地为河流和湖泊沉积环境;渐新世—早中新世初,演变为分割南海北部陆架和西沙地块古陆、贯通琼东南盆地和西北次盆的海峡,沉积环境由滨-浅海过渡到半深海环境;中中新世以来盆地进入陆坡海槽发育阶段,晚中新世以后中央水道形成,演变为一个陆坡内深水海槽,为海流和浊流通道,整体处于半深海-深海沉积环境。     

冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的时空差异及其控制因素

收集和分析了冲绳海槽内不同区域的33个站位柱状样的测年资料,计算了不同时段的沉积速率。结果表明,冲绳海槽内晚更新世以来的沉积速率有较大的时空差异,在空间上,由北向南有沉积速率增加的趋势,而靠近海槽西坡的站位沉积速率要大于东坡;在时间上,晚更新世期间的沉积速率要明显大于全新世。冲绳海槽内不同区域和不同时段沉积速率的差异反映了海槽内沉积环境和物质来源的复杂性,这种差异性主要是由不同区域沉积作用和物源供应变化的结果引起,末次冰消期以来的古海洋环境的变化、黑潮的摆动等因素也起到一定的作用,而事件沉积(如火山—热液作用和浊流沉积)的影响也不容忽视。     

西沙海槽海域地形地貌特征及成因

应用多波束测量资料绘制了详细的西沙海槽海域地形图、地貌图,并把研究区划分为3个地貌单元。其中陆坡斜坡位于北部,呈北东向延伸,地形较为简单,斜坡面单一平整,地貌类型单一,主要为堆积型斜坡;西沙海槽位于中部,呈北东东向延伸,地形起伏较大,主要由槽底平原和槽坡组成,且在槽坡上发育陡坎、冲刷沟谷、阶地等次一级地貌类型;西沙海台位于南部,呈近东西向展布,地形变化复杂,地貌类型众多,表现为海山、海丘、小台地、洼地等相间排列的波状起伏的地貌特征。地貌形成与演化主要受南海新生代两次海底扩张控制。第1次海底扩张期间,西沙海槽可能已开始发生张裂。第2次海底扩张期间,西沙海槽分3个阶段发生张裂断陷,而且其强弱在东西方向上差别巨大,致使形成了现今东深西浅、东窄西宽、槽壁陡峭的近东西向延伸的海槽地貌,奠定了研究区内地貌的基本轮廓。而地质构造、火山活动、海平面变化等内外营力的共同作用则控制次级地貌类型的形成与演化。     

The evidence for the existence of methane seepages in the northern South China Sea: abnormal high methane concentrations in bottom waters

The methane concentration of water samples at five stations collected by the CTD rosette water sampler in the areas of southwest Dongsha Islands and the Xisha Trough was analyzed by the gas-stripping method on aboard ship. It shows abnormal high methane concentrations in near bottom water samples at three stations. In the southwest Dongsha Islands area, the methane conc.entration of 4. 25 and 10. 64 nmol/dm3 occurs in near bottom water samples at Stas E105A and El06, respectively. In the Xisha Trough area, the high methane concentrations of 5. 17, 8.48 and 8.70 nmol/dm3 in water depths of 1 750, 1 900 and 2 050 m, respectively, have been observed at Sta. F413. It is believed that the abnormal high methane concentrations are generated from the leakage of methane from sediments. Combining with previous geophysical and geochemical data from these two areas, this was probably related to the submarine gas hydrates decomposition and cold seep system. In May 2007, gas hydrate samples were successfully obtained by the drilling in the Shenhu Sea area located in the southwest Dongsha Islands area. It is called for further drilling surveys to confirm the existence of gas hydrate and cold seep system in the Xisha Trough as early as possible.     

南海北部甲烷渗漏活动存在的证据:近底层海水甲烷高浓度异常

用吹扫-捕集法对东沙群岛西南和西沙海槽附近海域5个站位水柱中的甲烷浓度进行了测定,在其中的3个站位发现了甲烷高浓度异常。在东沙群岛西南海域的E105A和E106两站位近底层海水中甲烷浓度均出现异常增加,其值分别为4.25和10.64 nmol/dm3。在西沙海槽附近的E413站位甲烷异常出现在1 750,1 900和2 050 m深的近底层水中,浓度分别达5.17,8.48和8.70 nmol/dm3。在近底层海水中出现的甲烷高浓度异常是由于沉积物下部甲烷渗漏活动造成的,结合前人在这两个海域沉积物的地球物理和化学调查资料,认为可能是与冷泉渗漏或天然气水合物分解有关。2007年5月在探测到甲烷高浓度明显异常的东沙群岛西南神弧海域,获得了天然气水合物的实物样品,但是西沙海槽附近海域近底层水的甲烷高浓度异常是来源于天然气水合物还是来源于冷泉需要进一步加以确认。     

Stress field modeling of northwestern South China Sea since 5.3 Ma and its tectonic significance

Tectonically, the northwestern South China Sea （SCS） is located at the junction between three micro-plates, i.e., the Indochina, South China and Zhongsha-Xisha micro-plates, and involves three basins, i.e., the Yinggehai Basin, the Qiongdongnan Basin and Xisha Trough in the east, and the Zhongjiannan Basin in the south. Since the Pliocene （5.3 Ma）, the Yinggehai Basin has experienced repeated accelerating subsidence, high thermal fluid, and widely developing mud-rich overpressure chambers, abundant mud diapers and crust-mantle mixed CO2. While a large central canyon was developed in the Qiongdongnan Basin, new rift occurred in the Xisha ~rough. These characteristics demonstrate a single tectonic unit for the northwestern SCS, for which we have undertaken stress field modeling to understand its plate deformations and sedimen- tary responses. Our results demonstrate that an extension tectonic event occurred after 5.3 Ma in theYingge- hal-Qiongdongnan-Xisha trough area, which is characterized by thinner crust C〈16000 m）, half-graben or graben structural style and thicker sedimentary sequences （〉3 500 m）. A new rift system subsequently was developed in this area; this event was mainly driven by the combined effects of different movement veloc- ity and direction of the three micro-plates, and the far-field effect of the continental collision between the Indian Plate and the Tibetan Plateau, and subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath the Eurasian Plate.     

南海北部西沙海槽北侧陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的发育特征及演化

Triple mass-transport deposits(MTDs) with areas of 625, 494 and 902 km2, respectively, have been identified on the north slope of the Xisha Trough, northern South China Sea margin. Based on high-resolution seismic reflection data and multi-beam bathymetric data, the Quaternary MTDs are characterized by typical geometric shapes and internal structures. Results of slope analysis showed that they are developed in a steep slope ranging from 5° to 35°. The head wall scarps of the MTDs arrived to 50 km in length(from headwall to termination). Their inner structures include well developed basal shear surface, growth faults, stepping lateral scarps, erosion grooves, and frontal thrust deformation. From seismic images, the central deepwater channel system of the Xisha Trough has been filled by interbedded channel-levee deposits and thick MTDs. Therefore, we inferred that the MTDs in the deepwater channel system could be dominated by far-travelled slope failure deposits even though there are local collapses of the trough walls. And then, we drew the two-dimensional process model and threedimensional structure model diagram of the MTDs. Combined with the regional geological setting and previous studies, we discussed the trigger mechanisms of the triple MTDs.     

南海西沙海槽沉积物柱MD05-2902细菌多样性

A sediment core MD05-2902 was collected from the deep-sea basin of the Xisha Trough. The vertical distribution and diversity of bacteria in the core was investigated through ten sub-sampling with an interval of 1 m using bacterial 16 S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic bio-marker. Eighteen phylogenetic groups were identified from 16 S rRNA gene clone libraries. The dominant bacterial groups were JS1, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, which accounted for 30.6%, 16.6%, and 15.6% of bacterial clones in the libraries, respectively. In order to reveal the relationship between biotic and abiotic data, a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis was performed. The result revealed that the δ15N, δ13C, total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen possibly influenced the bacterial community structure. This study expanded our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycling in the Xisha Trough sediment.     

南海西沙海槽典型地震相识别与分析

西沙海槽区作为气水合物的可能聚集地越来越受到关注。浅析地震相分析方法,通过地震相标志的识别,归纳出自中中新世以来,西沙海槽发育有8种地震相：S形前积地震相、斜交前积地震相、下超型前积地震相、丘状地震相、杂乱地震相、空白地震相、透镜状地震相和席状地震相。较细致地描述了各种地震相的反射特征,并结合研究区的沉积背景,对不同地震相的沉积学特征做出了合理解释。     

Seismic stratigraphy and geomorphology of a tide or wave dominated shelf-edge delta (NW Australia): Process-based classification from 3D seismic attributes and implications for the prediction of deep-water sands

Shelf-edge deltas (SEDs) forming during periods of relative sea level fall and lowstand are generally efficient in transferring sediments to the slope and basins, and their identification in subsurface data is often considered a good indication of coeval development of slope and basin-floor turbidite reservoirs. This study investigates the seismic stratigraphic evolution of a forced-regressive and normal regressive shelf-edge delta (Bonaparte SED) that accumulated on the edge of the NW Australian margin during the late Quaternary. High resolution 2D and 3D reflection seismic data allow reconstruction of the main episodes of delta progradation and understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic controls on their deposition. The lack of a significant turbidite system forming off the shelf-edge delta throughout the Quaternary is a striking feature of the Bonaparte SED. Instead, slope sedimentation is dominated by the accumulation of plume-derived mud belts and their reworking through mass-transport processes. Seismic geomorphology permits interpretation of the process regime of the youngest shelf-edge depocentre by applying a new process-based shallow-marine classification scheme to the 3D seismic attribute data. Results suggest either a tide or wave dominated delta with fluvial processes being of tertiary significance. A tide or wave-dominated, fluvial-affected shelf-edge delta classification is consistent with the paleogeographical reconstruction of the margin during the last glacial maximum (ca. 25 ka BP). The comparison of this mixed-process shelf-edge delta and starved slope system with a fluvial-dominated counterpart with significant sandy slope deposits emphasizes the potential of assessing the process regime of shelf-edge deltas as a rapid, first approach for predicting the presence or absence of coeval slope and basin-floor reservoirs.     

西沙海槽表层沉积物地球化学特征及其地质意义

对西沙海槽区50个表层沉积物的常微量元素进行了地球化学及沉积环境特征研究。西沙海槽区表层沉积物具有SiO2、TiO2含量低和CaO含量高的特征；除了MnO外，各组分的变异系数均较小，元素的分布差异较小，元素分异不明显。常量组分对比表明研究区兼具浅海及深海沉积的特点，为由浅海向深海过渡的半深海沉积环境。富集因子分析表明，从槽坡至槽底富集因子变化不大，略呈增加趋势，Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Zn、Ba、Mn的富集因子都大于1，表明这些元素除了陆源之外还有其他的来源。海槽区沉积物的化学组分及其来源是复杂多样的，其中包括陆源组分、生物源、火山碎屑等，但陆源碎屑和黏土组分以及碳酸盐型的生物碎屑组分是控制研究区沉积物化学成分的最主要因素。     

我国南海历史性水域线的地质特征

40a的海洋地质、地球物理实测研究表明,九段线不仅是显示我国南海主权的历史性水域线,而且总体上也是南海与东部、南部和西部陆区及岛区的巨型地质边界线。根据实测数据,本文将从地质成因、来源、演化的角度论述此南海历史性水域线的合理性。主要结论包括:历史性水域线的东段在地形上基本与马尼拉海沟一致,海沟西侧为南海中央海盆洋壳区,东侧为菲律宾群岛。根据国际地质研究的资料,菲律宾群岛始新世以前位于较偏南的纬度,后来于中晚中新世(距今16~10Ma)仰冲于南海中央海盆之上,因此菲律宾群岛是一个外来群岛。而黄岩岛在马尼拉海沟以西,是中央海盆洋壳区的一个岛礁,与菲律宾群岛成因不同。南海历史性水域线的南段在地形上基本与南沙海槽一致,伴随南沙地块由北部陆缘向南裂离,古南海洋壳沿此海槽以南俯冲至加里曼丹岛陆壳之下,因此南沙地块与加里曼丹陆块为两个来历不同的地块。南海历史性水域线西段的分布在地形上与越东巨型走滑断裂带基本一致,可能与西沙地块、中沙地块、南沙地块从南海北部陆缘向南滑移有关。南沙地块北缘陡直的正断层结构,突显中央海盆是拉裂形成,其基底和中新生代地层与北部珠江口盆地的地层结构可以对比,说明南沙岛礁原属我国华南大陆南缘,后因南海的形成裂离至现今的位置。