层状盐岩蠕变变形相互作用研究

考虑泥岩夹层和盐岩的弹性性质和稳态蠕变性质,通过数值试验方法计算层状复合盐岩体在单轴和低围压三轴荷载作用下蠕变变形过程中力学相互作用和变形时效规律,分析泥岩夹层和盐岩层因蠕变率不匹配对层状盐岩蠕变的影响,初步讨论了层状复合岩体的复合材料研究方法。结果表明,层状盐岩中泥岩夹层与盐岩因弹性参数不匹配产生的初始应力集中在蠕变过程中发生松弛,因泥岩夹层与盐岩层蠕变率不匹配导致两者之间应力重分布,泥岩夹层对盐岩层的蠕变有明显抑制作用。这些分析体现了层状盐岩蠕变过程的非线性性质,为建立层状盐岩体合理本构模型奠定了基础。     

深部盐岩蠕变特性研究

通过对湖北云应的盐岩和泥岩,以及江苏金坛盐岩的单轴、三轴蠕变试验结果的分析,研究了包括应力、围压等外在条件以及内部组成结构对盐岩蠕变特性的影响。发现盐岩无论在何种围压下,稳态蠕变率都随偏应力的增加而显著地增大;围压起到限制变形的作用,而随着围压增高,围压对稳态蠕变率的影响越来越小;晶粒越大和杂质含量越多,盐岩的蠕变属性越弱。盐岩的蠕变变形是应变硬化和回复效应等内部变形机制共同作用的结果,选用内应力作为内变量可用来描述这种内部微观结构的演化过程。对云应盐岩的多级加载蠕变试验数据进行拟合,确定了非线性蠕变本构方程中的参数,理论与试验结果的比较表明,两者吻合性较好。     

Experimental and numerical studies of rock salt strain hardening

The work presented in this paper comes as part of a research program dealing with the thermomechanical behaviour of rock salt. It aims to study laboratory and in-situ long-term behaviour by means of creep tests with deviator and temperature changes. The laboratory results, using a triaxial multi-stages creep tests, highlighted the strain hardening character of rock salt. Furthermore, the in-situ results, using a borehole dilatometer multi-step creep test, have shown that the drilling is carried out in a weakly stressed pillar. The interpretation of the laboratory results, using the J.LEMAITRE law, did not indicate full agreement with all the test results. As a result a ‘double’ J.LEMAITRE model, which takes into account a double strain hardening variable, has been put forward. The validation of this model on the laboratory creep tests is very satisfactory. Furthermore, the activation energy seems satisfactory to represent the influence of the temperature. The in-situ behaviour modelling is clearly more complex than the modelization based on laboratory tests. In fact, it seems that if the rock salt behaviour is maintained by J.LEMAITRE law, it is necessary to vary with the stress, at least, one of the parameters assumed constant in the basic law.     

盐岩蠕变特性和本构关系研究

对金坛盐岩蠕变规律进行了试验研究,分析了不同应力状态和温度对盐岩蠕变特性的影响,通过试验获取了蠕变曲线和蠕变特征参数。根据其蠕变曲线特征,用黏弹塑性理论建立了盐岩蠕变本构模型。试验结果表明,稳态蠕变率是偏应力和温度的非线性函数关系,并提出盐岩的稳态蠕变本构方程。通过试验数据拟合得到本构方程中的参数,将理论和试验结果进行比较,结果表明两者的吻合性较好。     

球模仪测试冻土松弛模量的非线性Kelvin解答及其试验研究

冻土的松弛模量是进行蠕变力学分析的关键参数。但在理论方面, 尚未基于球模仪试验建立较完善的松弛模量表征公式。基于半空间黏弹性理论和分数阶微积分理论, 获得了松弛模量公式的非线性Kelvin模型解答并进行了材料参数影响分析。在给出恒载条件下, 可以用单轴蠕变试验的分析结果评估基于球形压痕试验的冻土松弛模量来预测准确性。随后分别以冻结细砂的球模仪试验曲线、 冻结砂和冻结砂质黏土的单轴蠕变曲线为例, 预测了各条试验曲线和冻土的松弛模量, 并通过其他试验实测数据进行了检验。结果表明： 该松弛模量表征公式的材料参数最少, 随各材料参数变化具有较佳单调性; 基于球形模板试验, 非线性Kelvin解答能对冻结细砂的松弛模量和位移曲线做出合理可靠的预测。非线性Kelvin模型能很好地吻合单轴蠕变试验曲线, 基于单轴蠕变试验的冻结砂松弛模量随时间变化规律和数值范围与球模仪试验分析结果较一致, 冻结砂质黏土的松弛模量随应力和温度的变化规律再现了已有研究结论。     

Comparison of the characteristics of rock salt exposed to loading and unloading of confining pressures

Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement.     

盐岩储气库蠕变损伤分析

通过对盐岩本构关系的实验研究,对Norton Power 盐岩蠕变本构模型引入损伤变量,在损伤等效应力中引入考虑偏应力和围压影响的函数,建立了一种能反映盐岩蠕变和加速蠕变的本构模型。通过对某盐矿盐岩实验数据进行拟合,获得了本构模型的参数,理论曲线与实验曲线吻合得较好。通过三维数值模拟方法,应用该本构模型对某盐矿天然气储存库进行了数值模拟研究,探讨了该盐矿盐岩储气库最低内压工况下,腔周损伤区的扩展、变形规律及最长持续运行时间。研究结果表明：（1）盐岩本构模型在盐岩加速蠕变期具有较好的数值稳定性;（2）在最低运行压力下,腔周盐岩进入加速蠕变期后,储气库损伤区的扩展速度非常快,储气库最危险部位位于腔体顶部;（3）腔周盐岩进行加速蠕变期后,盐岩的腔体体积收敛变形主要表现为损伤蠕变体积收敛,稳态蠕变体积收敛趋于稳定;（4）该盐矿盐岩储气库在该压力下最长持续运行时间约为3个月。     

单轴压缩下绿砂岩长期强度的尺寸效应研究

岩石的蠕变特性是影响岩体工程稳定性的重要因素,而岩石的长期强度是确定岩体工程长期稳定的一个重要指标。由于岩石材料的非均质性,其长期强度具有明显的尺寸效应。为了研究岩石长期强度的尺寸效应,首先,在幂函数模型基础上,基于损伤力学理论,建立了能够描述岩石蠕变全过程的非线性蠕变损伤模型;然后,把运用该模型计算得到的单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟结果与室内单轴压缩蠕变试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;最后,采用所提出的模型对7个不同尺寸的岩样进行了单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟,并对岩石长期强度尺寸效应进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明：随着试样尺寸的逐渐增大,岩石长期强度值逐渐减小,当试样尺寸增大到一定程度时,岩石长期强度稳定在一个特定值附近。     

A viscoplastic model including anisotropic damage for the time dependent behaviour of rock

This paper presents a new constitutive model for the time dependent mechanical behaviour of rock which takes into account both viscoplastic behaviour and evolution of damage with respect to time. This model is built by associating a viscoplastic constitutive law to the damage theory. The main characteristics of this model are the account of a viscoplastic volumetric strain (i.e. contractancy and dilatancy) as well as the anisotropy of damage. The latter is described by a second rank tensor. Using this model, it is possible to predict delayed rupture by determining time to failure, in creep tests for example. The identification of the model parameters is based on experiments such as creep tests, relaxation tests and quasi‐static tests. The physical meaning of these parameters is discussed and comparisons with lab tests are presented. The ability of the model to reproduce the delayed failure observed in tertiary creep is demonstrated as well as the sensitivity of the mechanical response to the rate of loading. The model could be used to simulate the evolution of the excavated damage zone around underground openings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。     

A constitutive model for crushed salt

A constitutive model for crushed salt is presented in this paper. A creep constitutive model is developed first and compared with test results. The constitutive model presented here concentrates on creep deformation because saline media behave basically in a ductile and time‐dependent way. An idealized geometry is used as a common framework to obtain stress–strain macroscopic laws based on two deformation mechanisms: fluid‐assisted diffusional transfer creep and dislocation creep. The model is able to predict strain rates that compare well with results from laboratory tests under isotropic and oedometric conditions. Macroscopic laws are written using a non‐linear viscous approach, which incorporates also a viscoplastic component, based on critical state theory. The viscoplastic term is intended for non‐creep deformation mechanisms such as grain reorganization and crushing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of simulated sampling disturbance on creep behaviour of rock salt

Summary This article presents the results of an experimental study of creep behaviour of a rock salt under uniaxial compression as a function of prestrain, simulating sampling disturbance. The prestrain was produced by radial compressive loading of the specimens prior to creep testing. The tests were conducted on an artifical salt to avoid excessive scattering of the results.The results obtained from several series of single-stage creep tests show that, at short-term, the creep response of salt is strongly affected by the preloading history of samples. The nature of this effect depends upon the intensity of radial compressive preloading, and its magnitude is a function of the creep stress level. The effect, however, decreases with increasing plastic deformation, indicating that large creep strains may eventually lead to a complete loss of preloading memory.     

考虑温度影响的花岗岩蠕变全过程本构模型研究

以北山花岗岩为研究对象,采用MTS815岩石力学试验系统开展不同温度条件下的蠕变特性试验研究。考虑温度对花岗岩特征参数的影响,结合岩石蠕变破坏过程中的损伤演化规律,提出了一种新的高温损伤流变元件。通过将高温损伤流变元件代替经典西原模型中Newton元件的方法,构建了能够描述不同温度条件下花岗岩蠕变全过程的本构模型。分析了不同温度条件下花岗岩单轴蠕变试验结果,确定了模型参数,获得了温度对花岗岩蠕变关键参数的影响规律。通过对花岗岩高温蠕变模型进行参数敏感性分析,揭示了弹性模量、黏性系数等关键参数对花岗岩蠕变特性的影响规律,并验证模型在不考虑温度及损伤的影响条件下可退化为经典西原模型。研究表明,建立的花岗岩高温蠕变本构模型可以准确地描述花岗岩典型蠕变全过程的3个阶段,尤其是加速蠕变阶段。黏性系数受损伤的影响越大,花岗岩的稳定蠕变阶段越短,越容易发生加速蠕变。     

Viscoplastic model for geologic materials with generalized flow rule

The general yield function in the hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of materials is used with Perzyna's theory to characterize viscoplastic behaviour of geologic materials: a sand and rock salt. Particular attention is given to determination of the constants from laboratory quasistatic or short term, and creep tests. The proposed model is verified with respect to observed laboratory response of the sand and salt. It is implemented in a non-linear finite element procedure and applied to analyse time-dependent behaviour of a cavity in the rock salt.     

Numerical prediction of the creep behaviour of an unstabilised and a chemically stabilised soft soil

This paper examines the ability of volumetric and deviatoric creep laws associated with constitutive models to simulate the creep behaviour of a soft soil in its natural state or chemically stabilised state. Initially, the models/laws are validated by oedometer and triaxial creep tests, for the stabilised and unstabilised soils. Finally, the long-term behaviour of an embankment built on a soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns is predicted based on the properties for a curing time of 28 days. The results show that the creep phenomenon should be considered in a long-term analysis of deep mixing columns.     

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在,在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点,现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型,以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础,基于常泊松比假定,在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上,按照算子替换的方法,将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵,并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性,推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点,提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识,从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数,并与试验结果进行对比分析,从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步,指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性,给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路,可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。     

Numerical and Laboratory Analysis of Relaxation Tests for Determining Time-Dependent Properties of Rock

Roof falls in coal mines may occur within a few months to a few years after excavation. In this paper, we proposed the use of relaxation tests as a substitute for time-dependent tests. The relation between creep behavior and relaxation behavior was numerically investigated and demonstrates that the material assigned with creep model can show relaxation behavior. Then the relaxation model was developed by modifying the Burgers creep model. Numerical simulation of a relaxation test on a simulated rock model in 3DEC yielded results that were similar to theoretical prediction. A relaxation test was performed on two groups of specimens under varying load conditions. Results from the laboratory tests validated the approach of using relaxation test to determine time-dependent properties. Finally, time-dependent properties were investigated by performing relaxation tests at different stages of a complete stress–strain curve. The relaxation test during strain-softening was unsuccessful; however, the relaxation behavior at residual stage in post-failure region was more significant than that in pre-failure region and the sudden drop in stress indicated there was strength deterioration due to the accumulation of viscous strain.