坚硬顶板孤岛工作面冲击地压机理及前兆判别

以忻州窑矿8939工作面为工程背景,运用弹性板理论分析坚硬顶板破断期间释放的弹性能量值,并利用FLAC3D数值模拟划分工作面回采期间的高应力区域,同时根据分形理论分析微震事件的时间分布、空间分布与冲击地压的内部关联。研究结果表明:坚硬顶板断裂前,悬露顶板由于旋转下沉不断对工作面前方煤体缓慢加载,由于过程缓慢,应力与能量不断向煤岩体深部转移,不易发生冲击地压。当顶板断裂时,会瞬间释放大量的弯曲应变能,对工作面周围煤体产生强大的脉冲作用,若脉冲能量超过冲击地压的临界值,则发生冲击地压的可能性较大。且冲击地压发生之前,煤岩体处于非稳定状态,会与外界积极交换能量,此时微震事件处于活跃期,当微震能量超过一定数值或微震事件的分维值低于某临界值时,易发生冲击地压。      

基于垮落充填的坚硬顶板分段压裂弱化解危技术

坚硬顶板条件下采煤工作面容易诱发冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出、矿震及采空区飓风等动力灾害,严重威胁矿井的安全生产。基于裸眼分段压裂超前弱化模式,结合“压裂垮落体+煤柱+承重岩层”协同支撑理念,提出坚硬顶板分段压裂超前弱化解危技术。综合采用理论分析、技术研发、工程应用等方法,探索顶板分段压裂超前弱化解危机理,研究形成稳定协同支撑系统的定量判定公式,并在河东煤田保德煤矿开展工程应用。结果表明:根据判定公式可优选压裂目标层位,顶板分段水力压裂弱化技术实施过程中,最高压力22.43 MPa,破裂压降最大达6.17 MPa,单个钻场3个钻孔累计出现3.0 MPa以上压力降167次;根据压裂前后工作面来压情况可知,压裂后顶板来压步距、动载系数、来压均值分别降低35.02%、14.29%、13.87%,巷道变形得到有效控制,验证分段压裂能够形成人造协同支撑系统,实现坚硬顶板动力灾害的弱化解危。研究实践可为同类地质条件下顶板强矿压灾害防治提供技术借鉴。      

彬长矿区“井上下”立体防治冲击地压新模式

随着煤矿开采强度的不断增大,矿井逐渐向深部转移,冲击地压灾害日益严峻。而深部冲击地压矿井往往存在一层或多层坚硬厚岩层,这些坚硬顶板厚度较大,整体性强,突然断裂时会释放大量弹性能,易引发冲击地压事故,严重制约矿井安全生产。以陕西彬长矿区孟村矿为例,针对矿区内煤层埋藏深、普遍存在多种坚硬厚岩层的特殊情况,提出针对性治理措施：对顶板上方0～80 m范围内厚度超过10 m的坚硬厚岩层进行破断、弱化处理,对煤层上方0～30 m范围的低位岩层采取顶板深孔爆破预裂措施,对煤层上方30～60 m范围内的中位坚硬岩层采取顶板定向长钻孔水力压裂措施,对煤层60 m以上高位坚硬岩层采取地面水平井分段压裂措施;使高、中、低位顶板产生的裂缝在垂向上实现贯穿,将顶板“切割”成相对规则的“块状”结构,使上覆岩层应力由“硬传递”转化为“软传递”;并结合煤层大直径孔卸压、煤层爆破等煤层卸压措施,形成了区域与局部相结合、煤层与岩层全覆盖的“井上下”立体防治模式。工程实践证明：采用“井上下”立体防治模式后,工作面103 J以上微震事件降低88%,周期来压强度降低23%,来压持续时间缩短61%,防冲效果良好。该技术模式的成功...     

坚硬顶板超前区域治理技术在神东布尔台煤矿的应用

坚硬顶板是岩层控制的一大难题,高位坚硬岩层的破断失稳经常会诱发强矿压灾害,严重威胁矿井的安全生产,坚硬顶板的治理是煤矿安全生产的重大难题之一。针对神东矿区布尔台煤矿煤层顶板厚度大、硬度高、垮落难等问题,分析定向长钻孔分段水力压裂的压裂机理和技术优势,基于关键层理论确定了钻孔布置层位,采用拟三维裂缝模型对压裂注入时间和注入流速对裂缝扩展的影响进行分析计算,确定布尔台煤矿42108工作面顶板压裂钻孔布置方式,沿工作面倾向方向平行布孔3个,裂缝半长41 m,压裂控制区域覆盖了整个工作面。实践表明:42108工作面在实施了坚硬顶板分段水力压裂弱化后,工作面正常支架循环末阻力同比下降3.33%;周期来压期间,支架循环末阻力同比下降6.81%;动载系数平均降低了10.88%;强矿压显现减弱,保证工作面安全回采。      

基于微震监测的深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育特征

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井水害预测的重要技术参数之一。以彬长矿区文家坡煤矿4103工作面为研究对象,利用井-地联合微震监测技术对顶板导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究。研究结果表明:深埋煤层开采时,微震事件超前工作面回采位置发育,超前影响角最大为35°,最小为28°;断层的存在降低了覆岩稳定性,相较于正常基岩,更易在回采影响下发生应力集中和破坏;断层加大了微震事件发生的超前距,而采空区则使微震事件的高密度区向其所在部位发生偏移,加剧覆岩破坏程度,增大导水裂隙带发育高度;垂向上,4103工作面监测区内的微震事件高密度区域主要集中在高程+400~+520 m,结合微震事件数量和能量分布特征,判定4103工作面垮落带发育高度为50 m,垮采比13.16,导水裂隙带发育高度为117 m,裂采比为30.79。该成果可为彬长矿区类似煤矿深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度研究及顶板水防治提供重要依据。移动阅读      

孤岛顶煤综放采场冲击矿压形成机制及控制技术

应用覆岩空间结构学术观点对孤岛顶煤综放采场冲击矿压机制及其控制技术进行研究。根据覆岩关键层的岩性、层位、范围等因素,覆岩关键层空间结构分为覆岩空间大结构和基本顶有限矿压结构。孤岛顶煤采场冲击矿压发生机制：①孤岛顶煤综放采场 ? 型空间大结构形成过程是集中压力逐渐增加的过程,是该时间段发生冲击矿压的力源;②采场基本顶形成最下位 ? 型空间结构后,随着工作面推进,基本顶块体产生滑落失稳,造成工作面冲击矿压现象。通过对分段来压理论、基本顶结构失稳理论和坚硬顶板预断裂理论对覆岩关键层空间结构运动的控制作用研究,提出采用覆岩空间结构理论分析、分阶段降低放煤率、坚硬覆岩预爆泄压技术、覆岩坚硬岩层破裂的微地震监测技术等方式方法预防冲击矿压的发生。     

Pressure-Relief Mining of the Working Face Under the Coal Pillar in the Close Distance Coal Seams

Intensive strata behaviors are generated when the No. 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam in a coal mine is advanced by way of the pillars left over of the upper part of 7# close distance coal seam. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and filed measurement were utilized to obtain the rule of the stress change when the 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam passes the pillars left over of the 7# coal seam. Meanwhile, a pressure-relief mining (PRM) technology was put forward. According to the research results, when the 8707 working face in the 8# coal seam was advanced to the position that was 20 m in front of the pillar left over, the abutment pressure reached the maximum for 26 MPa and the stress concentration factor was 3.25, which was likely to give rise to the rock burst. With the advance of the working face, the abutment pressure was reduced slowly. As the 8707 working face advanced 15 m away the pillar left over, the transfixed shear failure region of 45° was found in the bedrocks of the upper and lower coal seams, which was readily to give rise to the shear rupture, leading to the rock burst. Based on the aforementioned research, this research carried out the PRM by applying the hydraulic fracturing technology on the coal roof and pillar, which can ensure the safety and efficient mining of working faces.     

Regional hazard prediction of rock bursts using microseismic energy attenuation tomography in deep mining

Rock burst prediction is a worldwide challenge that we have long tried to overcome. This study tentatively proposed a method to regionally predict rock burst hazards using microseismic energy attenuation. To verify the feasibility of the proposal, first, the mechanism of microseismic energy propagation and attenuation in rock medium was explored, and dominant attenuation characteristics of microseismic waves were analyzed. Second, a spatial attenuation model of microseismic energy was established, and the average energy attenuation coefficient for each wave path was defined. A 3D seismic energy attenuation inversion algorithm was put forward, and the corresponding computation matrix was developed. Third, a continuous microseismic field investigation was carried out in a deep coal mine. Seismic energy attenuation coefficient was confirmed using the calibrated focus position and energy determination. Based on data discretization processing, energy attenuation inversion and tomography, potential rock burst hazard regions were strictly zoned in mining areas. Finally, regional prediction results obtained from the microseismic energy attenuation were compared with the direct measurement results obtained from the classical drilling dust method to verify the reliability of proposed approach. It turns out that rock burst hazard regions predicted by the microseismic energy attenuation agreed well with the objective hazardous situations. Seismic energy attenuation coefficient is a significant evaluation factor that directly mirrors the inelastic performance of rock medium. Energy attenuation coefficient threshold used for determining the rock burst hazard regions was 3.0 km^?1. Reliability of the seismic energy attenuation inversion and tomography was closely related to the spatial distribution of microseisms in a localized region. The optimum spatial density of microseisms was 0.2 m^?3. Regional rock burst prediction using microseismic energy attenuation is an effective approach for revealing potential hazardous regions in deep mining conditions. This approach improves the pertinence of geological hazard prevention and provides a beforehand reference for targeted hazard management.     

Hydraulic fracturing stress transfer methods to control the strong strata behaviours in gob-side gateroads of longwall mines

With hard roof conditions and the influence of side and front abutment pressures, pressure bump and large deformations periodically occur in the advanced support area of longwall face gob-side gateroads. To control the strong strata behaviours in gob-side gateroads, “directional hydraulic fracturing, to cut off the roof hanging over the adjacent gob area, and pre-fracturing of the roof, located behind the working face being extracted,” are performed. The directional initiation of hydraulic fracturing is controlled by pre-slotting, and this action guides the propagation of hydraulic fractures in three-dimensional space. The oriented fractures meet engineering requirements by cooperating with both the in situ ground stresses and the mining-induced stresses, as well as the technology of hydraulic fracturing. In field applications, hydraulic fracturing has proven to be a viable option for weakening hard roofs, destressing the side and front abutment pressures at the mining face and also transferring in situ and mining-induced stresses. Successful field tests in the Tongxin coal mine, Datong district, as well as other coal mines, show that hydraulic fracturing in both a hanging roof over an adjacent gob area and in the gob area behind the advancing working face controls the behaviour of strong strata material on the gob-side of gateroads in longwall mining and also guarantees safe extraction at the working face.     

无人工作面开采坚硬顶板冲击运动的3DEC数值模拟研究

分4个阶段模拟了无人工作面开采坚硬顶板采场顶板的运动规律.第1阶段,坚硬顶板的悬而不落是下一区段无煤柱开采的隐患.开采范围达到8 000 m2时的第2阶段,采场坚硬顶板的冲击性垮落,使工作面前方煤体及巷道既已形成的高应力区骤然释放.开采范围继续扩大的第3阶段和第4阶段,坚硬顶板从整体大范围冲击性运动向周期性分段运动转化.北京矿务局木城涧煤矿无人工作面坚硬顶板在采场面积约为8 000 m2的初次冲击性垮落,验证了3DEC理论研究结论,其强制放顶等防冲措施实施的最佳时机为第2阶段的开采活动结束之前.     

唐口煤矿3上煤层冲击地压形成机制及防治措施

通过对唐口煤矿地应力、3上煤层及顶板岩层冲击地压测试结果分析,认为3上煤层属强冲击倾向性煤层,3上煤层顶板属弱冲击倾向性岩层;在采深1000m条件下,随着地应力的增大,煤、岩层的冲击倾向性将会增大。因3上煤层为易碎煤,厚度较大,顶板弹性能易突然全部释放,形成冲击地压;3上煤顶板主要为中砂岩、细砂岩及泥岩,质地坚硬,在煤层开采过程中,煤壁附近出易现高应力集中带,在顶板中聚集的弹性能在自重力和采掘干扰下会突然释放,形成冲击地压。在生产过程中采取钻屑法、沿采煤工作面轨道顺槽安装顶板离层报警系统、合理开拓避免应力集中和叠加、对煤层进行注水,降低煤体弹性和强度、提高支护结构的承载能力等一系列措施,较好地预防了冲击地压的发生。     

不等长工作面台阶区域覆岩运动诱冲机制及防治

针对阳城煤矿不等长工作面台阶区域发生冲击地压灾害问题,基于工作面特殊布置方式及覆岩赋存特征,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法,分析了台阶区域覆岩结构运动特征和围岩应力演化规律,研究了台阶区域冲击地压诱发机制。研究结果表明：1304工作面台阶区域覆岩经历了“OX-S-C”型较为复杂的结构演变,覆岩空间结构由OX向S型转换时,顶板岩层大面积破断下沉,在台阶区域形成多个悬臂梁结构,越往高位,悬臂梁长度越大;受覆岩运动和采动应力场叠加影响,煤岩体形成高应力集中区,在顶板岩层动载冲击作用下,煤岩体弹性应变能突然释放,诱发冲击地压。采用COMSOL软件对不同卸压钻孔参数下煤体应变能分布特征进行模拟研究,优化了台阶区域卸压钻孔参数。根据模拟结果,随着钻孔孔径、孔深增大及间距减小钻孔卸压效果越明显,考虑工程实际,确定孔径为150 mm、孔深为30 m、间距为1 m为合理有效的卸压钻孔参数,并应用于1302工作面台阶区域的冲击地压防治,取得了较好的防冲效果。     

煤矿井下长钻孔分段水力压裂技术研究进展及发展趋势

“十三五”以来,围绕“我国煤矿井下煤层区域增透瓦斯高效抽采和坚硬顶板岩层弱化区域治理”两大难题,将定向长钻孔与分段压裂技术结合,通过技术攻关与装备研发及工程试验,在煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂技术和装备研发及工程示范应用等方面均取得了明显进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:(1)开发了适合于煤矿井下煤岩层裸眼定向长钻孔不动管柱和动管柱两种分段水力压裂工艺技术与工具,不动管柱分段压裂工程应用钻孔长度突破了500 m,单孔压裂实现了5段;动管柱分段压裂钻孔长度工程应用突破了800 m,单孔压裂实现了17段。(2)研发了煤矿井下低压端加砂压裂泵组和高压端加砂压裂装置,低压端加砂泵组压力达到了70 MPa,排量达到90 m3/h,携砂比达到20%;高压端加砂压裂装备耐压能力达到55 MPa,一次连续加砂压裂的砂量达到750 kg;低压端和高压端加砂装备均在现场进行了工程应用,应用结果表明装备均具有较好携砂压裂能力。(3)建立了碎软煤层围岩分段压裂和硬煤顺层钻孔分段压裂区域增透瓦斯高效抽采技术模式,前者在山西阳泉矿区和陕西韩城矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量均值分别达到了2 811 m3/d和1 559 m3/d,后者在陕西彬长矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量达到了2 491 m3/d。(4)探索出了坚硬顶板强矿压煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂主动超前区域弱化治理的新模式,工程应用钻孔长度突破了800 m,坚硬顶板分段水力压裂治理后,顶板来压步距、动载系数和最高压力值较未压裂区分别下降了18.9%~70.6%,5.8%~7.9%,13.7%~19.4%,有效治理了工作面坚硬顶板引起的强矿压灾害。随着煤矿井下分段水力压裂技术改进和煤矿智能开采发展的实际需要,提出了煤矿井下大排量高压力智能压裂泵组、井下长钻孔裸眼分段压裂智能工具等装备和煤矿井?地联合分段水力压裂技术研发方向,以更好地推动煤矿井下水力压裂技术与装备发展,为煤矿安全高效绿色智能开采提供技术和装备支撑。      

煤层定点水力压裂防冲的机制研究

为实现在掘进或回采前对冲击危险煤层的一次性卸压,达到区域防冲的目的,提出了煤层定点水力压裂技术。为了从理论上说明煤层定点水力压裂技术防治冲击地压的可行性和有效性,首先,通过建立煤层压裂力学模型,从定性和定量两方面分析煤层定点水力压裂防冲的机制,认为煤层压裂通过增阻和降能2方面实现冲击地压的防治;提出了基于压裂效能指数In的压裂防冲效果评价方法以及关键冲击块临界体积的估算公式,为煤层压裂施工参数的选择提供参考;最后,在华丰煤矿1412工作面成功应用该项技术,从现场观测、管路压力、微震事件和应力变化4方面验证了煤层定点水力压裂技术防治冲击地压的效果。     

煤层开采覆岩预裂–注浆改性失水控制方法探讨

陕北榆神矿区煤层开采面临顶板水害防治与水资源协同保护技术需求,根据材料力学、断裂力学相关理论,以及不同覆岩类型的采动裂隙带统计成果,提出基于预裂–注浆改性(P-G)的煤层顶板失水控制技术思路,其基本原理为通过压裂工艺将连续性好的基岩层压裂成非连续性岩层,削弱采动导水裂隙在坚硬岩层中向上扩展的“尖端效应”,抑制导水裂隙发育高度。再采用黏土类软弱注浆材料将岩层改性为相对软弱的岩层,起到抑制导水裂隙带向上发育与降低上覆岩层导水能力的双重作用,从而实现煤层顶板含水层失水控制。本文以陕北能源基地榆神矿区为对象,提出以采煤工作面地质与水文地质条件分析,采煤工作面顶板含水层涌(失)水模式识别,P-G模式、层位与时间确定,顶板岩层水平孔水力压裂与注浆改性为主要思路,对榆神矿区采煤工作面顶板含水层失水控制方法进行了探讨,为我国陕北能源基地榆神矿区顶板水害防治和水资源协同保护技术实践提供一定的借鉴。      

Study on the Fracture of Hard and Thick Sandstone and the Distribution Characteristics of Microseismic Activity

The movement of hard and thick key stratum during underground coal extraction via longwall top coal caving differs from that of other types of overlying strata. Therefore, numerous problems such as roadway instability, rock burst and strong mining-induced mine seismicity will be encountered as a result of the fracture of a hard and thick key stratum. The key to controlling the behavior of strata is to understand the movement and fracture pattern of the hard and thick key stratum. Taking the 103_up02 working face of Baodian coal mine as a case study in this study, according to the in situ measured microseismic data, the rule of fracture of overlying hard and thick sandstone caused by working face mining is studied, and the mechanism of dynamic pressure impact induced by hard and thick strata fracture is explained. Finally, the dynamic pressure control technology is put forward. The research results are of great significance for coal mining under hard and thick strata, mastering the fracture rules of hard and thick strata and predicting dynamic disasters.     

天然裂缝复杂程度对致密储层破裂特征的影响

地层内部总存在孔隙、裂隙、层理、裂缝、断层等结构特征从而体现为地层地质非均质性,并在人工注采过程中发生不同尺度的破裂而体现为跨尺度的裂缝时空延展特征和致裂机理。以致密油为代表的非常规油气藏开采开发在我国油气产能中占比越来越大,并往往利用水力压裂储层改造技术产生人工裂缝以增强油气渗流而实现其规模经济开发;同时,这类低渗透油气藏亦是CO₂压裂、注入和封存的重要对象。文章基于真三轴大型物理模型水力压裂实验和工程尺度下水力压裂微地震监测结果,通过不同尺度裂缝/裂隙活动所致声发射和微地震事件的时空展布研究岩体多尺度裂缝的破裂特征。研究表明,无论是相对稳定的真三轴水力压裂,还是实际地质工程尺度下的水力压裂微,岩石原生裂缝、裂隙分布趋势和方位对裂缝扩展具有主控作用。     

Measurement of the Strong Pressure Appearance Laws with Hard Roof and Full Mechanized Mining Extra Thick Coal Seam

To master the laws of strong strata behavior of Tashan coal mine under Carboniferous coal mining process, the laws of strong strata behavior in 8107 working face was measured and analyzed. It was shown that the average initial weighting step of 8107 working face was 59.4 m. The average periodic weighting step of main roof was 16.2 m. The maximum working resistance during periodic weighting was 14,711.1 kN. The maximum working resistance during non-periodic weighting was 11,339.9 kN. The average dynamic load factor K during periodic weighting was 1.31. The stress of coal column on the side of the goaf could be divided into four zones (stress stabilization zone, stress slow-increasing zone, significant—increasing stress zone, stress reduction zone) along the strike of 8107 working face. There was a peak of lateral support pressure along the trend of 8107 working face. And the peak position was biased to the side of return airway roadway. With the increase of the distance from the down-side of return airway, the pressure peak of the inner coal body along the strike of 8107 the working face increased and the peak position decreased from the coal wall. The peak stress of coal column tended to be close to the up-side of return airway. And the distance from the down-side of return airway for the peak of inner coal was larger than that for the peak of coal pillar. The peak position of abutment pressure of hard roof was in the range of 10–25 m in front of 8107 working face under full mechanized mining extra thickness coal seam conditions. The relative stress concentration coefficient of k was 1.3–6.5. The range of 10–25 m from the front of the working face to coal wall was stress reduction zone. And the influence range of abutment pressure was about 80 m. It was of great significance to the control and practice of the surrounding rock of the stope for the mining of the hard extra-thick coal seam.     

基于SOS微震监测系统的综放工作面来压周期分析

针对综放回采工作面老顶来压时易发生冒顶冲击地压事故,某矿1305综放工作面采用波兰矿山研究总院研制的新一代SOS高精度微震监测系统,对工作面自开切眼回采开始进行全程时时连续监测。统计分析微地震事件、事件发生频率及事件总能量的周期性变化,从而推断出老顶断裂的周期性。再经过理论计算验证系统的准确性。结果表明:工作面的周期来压与矿震事件能量的周期变化存在相对应的关系; 强烈微震活动发生前有一段弱震活动时期,为强震的发生积蓄了更多的能量; 周期来压时释放的总能量在某一特定水平波动,但波动的变化不稳定性增强。该结论对工作面安全回采及预防矿震冲击地压的发生具有一定的现实指导意义。     

Hydraulic Fracturing-induced Seismicity at the Hot Dry Rock Site of the Gonghe Basin in China

Hot dry rock is becoming an important clean energy source. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) hold great promise for the potential to make a contribution to the energy inventory. However, one controversial issue associated with EGS is the impact of induced seismicity. In August 2019, a hydraulic stimulation experiment took place at the hot dry rock site of the Gonghe Basin in Qinghai, China. Earthquakes of different magnitudes of 2 or less occurred during the hydraulic stimulation. Correlations between hydraulic stimulation and seismic risk are still under discussion. Here, we analyze the hydraulic stimulation test and microseismic activity. We quantify the evolution of several parameters to explore the correlations between hydraulic stimulation and induced seismicity, including hydraulic parameters, microseismic events, b-value and statistical forecasting of event magnitudes. The results show that large-magnitude microseismic events have an upward trend with an increase of the total fluid volume. The variation of the b-value with time indicates that the stimulation experiment induces small amounts of seismicity. Forecasted magnitudes of events can guide operational decisions with respect to induced seismicity during hydraulic fracturing operations, thus providing the basis for risk assessment of hot dry rock exploitation.