胜利东二号露天矿6煤层直接液化性能评价

基于褐煤直接液化特性与煤性质的关系,从煤岩组分和煤质基本性质出发,结合前人对与褐煤直接液化相关的煤岩组分和煤质指标研究成果,通过采样测试与收集数据,探讨了胜利煤田东二号露天矿6煤层煤岩组分、灰分、挥发分、H/C原子比对其直接液化的影响,提出了褐煤作为直接液化的指标要求范围。结果表明:该煤层活性组分(腐植组和稳定组)含量较高,挥发分含量大于35%、H/C原子大部分大于0. 70、浮煤灰分大部分小于10%,符合液化指标要求,可作为较理想的直接液化原料煤。     

论煤岩组分的液化性能

通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下对煤的加氢液化试验,探讨了低煤级煤中煤岩组分的液化性能。结果表明,在不同宏观煤岩成分的液化试验中,转化率和油产率表现出镜煤>亮煤>暗煤>丝炭;对于显微组分的液化,不仅镜质组和壳质组具有反应活性,半镜质组也有一定活性,且活性组分(镜质组+半镜质组+壳质组)含量与液化转化率、油产率表现出良好的正比关系。低煤级煤中,R_max<1.50%的半丝质组分在液化时有反应活性,其活性低于同一煤中的半镜质组,而R_max>1.50%的惰质组分已不具反应活性。      

煤的液化性能与煤质关系研究进展

煤的液化潜力与煤岩成分和煤化作用程度有着密切的关系,更进一步研究煤岩成分中不同显微组分对液化的影响,探讨显微组分的结构,将对优质液化煤的讦价起重大作用。煤中不同的显微组分具有不同的光性特征,镜质体反射率是划分煤阶的主要参数,但是煤的全显微组分反射率的研究把煤岩成分与煤阶结合起来,对液化煤进行综合评价。本文介绍了国外这方面最近的一些研究成果:1．镜质组和壳质组具有非常类似的转化率,但是抽提产物中族组分却存在显著的差异,镜质组主要出现前沥青烯和沥青烯,而壳质组主要出现油和气。2．低反射率惰性组显微组分虽然转化率较低,但是主要产出油和气。3．相对未凝胶化的显微组分具有较高的油产率,而较高凝胶化程度的显微组分油产率却较低。4．煤的全显微组分反射率分布可以预测煤的液化潜力。     

反映褐煤成熟度的新指标—凝胶率

研究了几个不同煤化程度的褐煤,提出了一个用煤岩 学方法确定褐煤煤化程度的新指标(G~(?)值),该值与反射率、加氢液化的转化率等有很好的相关性。     

硫含量对煤直接液化性能的影响

利用实验室高压反应釜,研究了榆林横山樊河长焰煤中硫含量对煤直接加氢液化反应的影响。结果表明:随着煤中硫含量的增加,油产率和总转化率均先增加再减小;当硫的质量分数为6.65%和4.37%时,油产率和总转化率分别达到最大值49.79%和86.38%;水产率无明显变化规律;除1号煤样,气产率和氢耗量随硫含量的增加而增加;煤中硫、矿物质及体系中氢共同作用催化了煤的加氢液化反应。      

四川盆地五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩有机岩石学特征研究

目前五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩中显微组分缺乏统一的分类方案,命名也较为混乱,给页岩气勘探与评价造成了困难。为此,采用全岩光片和有机地球化学(TOC、δ¹³C_org)分析等方法,对四川盆地五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩中显微组分进行有效识别与特征总结,探讨其可能成因,并判断其有机质类型。研究结果表明:五峰—龙马溪组页岩中显微组分主要由海相镜质组、腐泥组、动物有机碎屑组和次生组组成。其中,海相镜质组由无结构镜质体组成,呈浑圆状或长条状,具有强的光反射能力,但分布并不广泛;腐泥组主要由无结构腐泥体组成,为藻类遭受热降解过程而形成的无结构且无固定形态的显微组分,在富有机质页岩中广泛分布;动物有机碎屑组主要包括笔石表皮体、几丁虫和放射虫有机碎屑体;次生组由次生沥青体组成,广泛分布在页岩基质孔隙中,呈无固定形状。五峰—龙马溪组页岩中主要发育腐泥组和次生组,其次为动物有机碎屑组和海相镜质组,其有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ₁型干酪根为主,且腐泥组和次生组含量越高,有机质类型越好,其生烃潜力越大。     

褐煤中天然产甲烷菌富集培养与生物气产出模拟

采用厌氧培养方法,在云南省昭通褐煤样品中成功地培养富集了活性厌氧细菌,并进一步开展了为期60天的生物气生成模拟实验,分析了生物气的生成规律、物质组成和成因机制。结果揭示：3件褐煤样品中均有活性厌氧细菌存在,以纤维素分解菌为主,活性硫酸盐还原菌极其微少,说明昭通盆地褐煤层具有较强还原性的生化环境,有利于产甲烷菌的繁盛;生物气的生成经历了生气量缓慢增长、显著增高、趋于减缓三个阶段,表明产甲烷菌在经历了第一阶段缓慢繁殖后,其数量和活性在第二阶段达到较高水平;3件煤样生气量和生气历程存在一定差别的原因,可能在于原煤中活性产甲烷菌数量以及显微组分组成方面存在差异,褐煤生物气生成过程至少存在两个以上的生气高峰阶段。模拟实验中产生的生物气几乎全部由CH4和CO2组成,且CH4占主要部分,几乎没有检测到重烃气。甲烷气体δ13C1和δD的平均值均处于生物甲烷碳、氢同位素组成的正常分布范围。     

乌达矿区煤中显微组分有机硫的赋存分布

应用带能谱的扫描电镜微区测试对乌达矿区煤中不向显微组分的有机硫进行了系统测定，结果表明在不同的显微组分中其有机硫的含量有明显的差异，向一煤样中不同的亚组分中其有机硫的含量不相同，并且同一煤样同一显微亚组分其有机硫的含量亦有不同程度的差异。综合分析发现煤显微组分有机硫含量主要受煤的聚积环境、凝胶化程度、氧化程度等因素的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系烃源岩有机显微组分特征及意义

鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层中既有煤型气又有腐泥型气。煤型气的来源为上古生界煤系源岩已无争议,但对腐泥型气的来源则存在着源自石炭系和奥陶系自生自储两种不同观点。研究了奥陶系碳酸盐岩中的有机显微组成特征,从有机岩石学角度将其细分为三个显微组分组、六种显微组分,其中的碳沥青组对于碳酸盐岩生烃潜力的评价及认识天然气来源具有指示意义。奥陶系岩石中沥青的成因与赋存状况的分析表明,奥陶系储层中的碳沥青主要为液态烃热演化的产物,奥陶系碳酸盐岩具有生烃潜力。同位素特征分析亦表明上、下古生界储层中天然气的同位素组成存在较大差异。认为腐泥型天然气来自奥陶系碳酸盐岩本身。     

奥陶系烃源岩有机显微组分特征及意义

鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层中既有煤型气又有腐泥型气。煤型气的来源为上古生界煤系源岩已无争议，但对腐泥型气的来源则存在着源自石炭系和奥陶系自生自储两种不同观点。研究了奥陶系碳酸盐岩中的有机显微组成特征，从有机岩石学角度将其细分为三个显微组分组、六种显微组分，其中的碳沥青组对于碳酸盐岩生烃潜力的评价及认识天然气来源具有指示意义。奥陶系岩石中沥青的成因与赋存状况的分析表明，奥陶系储层中的碳沥青主要为液态烃热演化的产物，奥陶系碳酸盐岩具有生烃潜力。同位素特征分析亦表明上、下古生界储层中天然气的同位素组成存在较大差异。认为腐泥型天然气来自奥陶系碳酸盐岩本身。     

Effect of maceral subtypes and mineral matrix on measured reflectance of subbituminous coals and dispersed organic matter

The variability in reflectance of huminite (texto-ulminite, eu-ulminite A and B, different types of corpohuminite) and liptinite groups of macerals in subbituminous coals was examined using reflected light microscopy. All macerals were selected from coal and interbedded carbonaceous shale and carbonate sediment samples from the 515-m-thick coal deposit No. 2 located in the Hat Creek valley of south-central British Columbia. The measurements obtained reveal that, in addition to burial depth, reflectance distribution depends on maceral subtypes and associated mineral matrix.Huminite in the coals and sediments (kerogen) consists mainly of humotelinite, with eu-ulminite B being the dominant maceral sub-type. Reflectance values determined on huminite in coals and Type IIIb kerogen increase from eu-ulminite A and phlobaphinite type 1 through eu-ulminite B and phlobaphinite type 2 to gelinite. The reflectance of all five huminite maceral subtypes studied increases with depth. However, the increase of phlobaphinite type 1 and gelinite reflectance with depth is irregular.A comparison of the reflectance values obtained for the same maceral subtype (eu-ulminite B) from the interbedded coal, shale and carbonate samples records consistent differences, implying some dependence of the reflectance (and perhaps rate of organic maturation) on the mineral matrix. Generally, the highest eu-ulminite B reflectance was recorded from carbonate rocks and the lowest from shale, whereas coal matrix produced intermediate values.At present, it is not known whether differences in reflectance of eu-ulminite found in the above lithologies are due to differential retention, efficiency of reaction products removal, thermal conductivity of the lithologies, or existence of a calcium carbonate catalyst.     

The petrology of greek brown coals

Results are given in the petrography of Greek coals collected from most of the major coal-bearing basins in Greece.Rank was determined by measuring reflectances on the maceral varieties eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B and on the maceral textinite. Reflectances obtained from these components indicate a coalification stage of brown coal for all samples. Within this group of samples there is, however, a fairly wide scatter of reflectance values indicating for some of them the transition zone from peat to brown coal and for others a coalification stage close to the transition into bituminous coals. Reflectances obtained from eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B were found to correlate well with chemical rank parameters such as volatile matter and calorific value.Composition was determined by maceral analysis. The coals are in general characterized by low amounts of macerals of the inertinite group, low to intermediate amounts of macerals of the liptinite group and high amounts of macerals of the huminite group. Within the latter group densinite, attrinite, eu-ulminite and textinite make up the bulk of the samples.Typical macerals observed in the coals are illustrated by two black and white and three colour plates.Cluster analysis based on maceral distribution, mineral matter and reflectance indicates that the samples studied can be divided into three major groups. The first one is dominated by eu-ulminite and densinite with relatively high reflectances. The second is dominated by attrinite, textinite and texto-ulminite with somewhat lower reflectances. The third is represented by a single sample in which textinite and resinite are the most abundant macerals. This sample also has the lowest reflectance.     

Petrographic properties of major coal seams in Turkey and their formation

Most types of coal in Turkey are generally low in rank: lignite, and subbituminous. Most of the coal was formed during the Miocene, Eocene, and Pliocene ages. There are only a few thin Jurassic-age coal occurrences in Turkey. Pennsylvanian age bituminous coal is found on the Black Sea coast. General implications of the petrographic properties of Turkey's coal seams and coal deposits have not yet been taken into consideration comparatively or as a whole.For this study, about 190 channel samples were collected from different locales. The composite profile samples of the seams were taken into considerations. The content and depositional properties as well as some chemical and physical properties of the main coal seams are compared. All coal samples tend to have similar coal petrographic properties and were deposited in intermontane lacustrine basins. Later, they were affected by faulting and post-depositional volcanic activity. As a result, there are variations in the properties and rank of the coal samples. The most abundant coal maceral group is huminite and the most abundant maceral is gelinite. The liptinite and inertinite contents of the coal are low and the maceral contents of the coals show great similarity. The depositional environments of the all coals are lacustrine dominated.     

Petrography of low rank coals with reference to liquefaction potential

Ten sub-bituminous coals were analyzed petrographically and chemically as part of a program by the Alberta Research Council to investigate the compositional properties of Alberta coals and relationship to liquefaction potential. In addition, four lignites, two from Saskatchewan and one each from Texas and North Dakota, were studied for comparative purposes. Liquefaction experiments were carried out on three of the Alberta coals and on density fractions of the two U.S. lignites. Petrographically the ten sub-bituminous coals could be divided into two populations; one with high huminite and liptinite contents (>90%) and one with substantially lower contents (70–75%). The two U.S. lignites showed huminite plus liptinite contents of less than 70% while the Saskatchewan coals were somewhat higher. Reflectance measurements on the sub-bituminous coals showed a range of 0.33 to 0.51 with a rough correlation to the ASTM rank designations of these coals. Reflectivities determined on the lignites were generally lower. Float-sink fractionation of the two U.S. lignites and two sub-bituminous coals showed enrichment of huminite and liptinite in the lighter fractions and inertinite and mineral matter in the heavier splits. Examination of the relationship between liquefaction yields and petrographic composition showed a rough positive correlation with huminite-liptinite content. Examination of liquefaction residues suggested total conversion of the liptinite, extensive conversion of huminite and possible partial conversion and reactivity of the semifusinite maceral of the inertinite group.     

Microfacies and depositional environment of Tertiary Tanjung Enim low rank coal, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

The South Sumatra basin is among the most important coal producing basins in Indonesia. Results of an organic petrography study on coals from Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra Basin are reported. The studied low rank coals have a mean random huminite reflectance between 0.35% and 0.46% and are dominated by huminite (34.6–94.6 vol.%). Less abundant are liptinite (4.0–61.4 vol.%) and inertinite (0.2–43.9 vol.%). Minerals are found only in small amounts (0–2 vol.%); mostly as iron sulfide.Based on maceral assemblages, the coals can be grouped into five classes: (1) humotelinite-rich group, (2) humodetrinite-rich group, (3) humocollinite-rich group, (4) inertinite-rich group and (5) humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. Comparing the distribution of maceral assemblages to the maceral or pre-maceral assemblages in modern tropical domed peat in Indonesia reveals many similarities. The basal section of the studied coal seams is represented typically by the humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. This section might be derived from sapric or fine hemic peat often occurring at the base of modern peats. The middle section of the seams is characterized by humotelinite-rich and humocollinite-rich groups. The precursors of these groups were hemic and fine hemic peats. The top section of the coal seams is typically represented by the humodetrinite-rich or inertinite-rich group. These groups are the counterparts of fibric peat at the top of the modern peats. The sequence of maceral assemblages thus represents the change of topogenous to ombrogenous peat and the development of a raised peat bog.A comparison between the result of detailed maceral assemblage analysis and the paleodepositional environment as established from coal maceral ratio calculation indicates that the use of coal maceral ratio diagrams developed for other coal deposits fails to deduce paleo-peat development for these young tropical coals. In particular, mineral distribution and composition should not be neglected in coal facies interpretations.     

Petrological and geochemical considerations to predict oil potential of Rajpardi and Vastan lignite deposits of Gujarat, western India

This paper entails the results of the investigations undertaken to assess the oil potential of two lignite deposits, Rajpardi and Vastan, from Gujarat, western India. They are ‘Low rank B’ type lignite. Petrographically, they are enriched in huminite and are low in liptinite and inertinite. Their elevated hydrogen content, in relation to carbon, has probably made them perhydrous in nature and oil prone. The reactivity of these coals during liquefaction has also been discussed in the light of petrofactor. Good correlation has been noticed between oil yield and conversion (r² = 0.999) in both the lignite deposits. The VRr (0.24–0.35% in both lignites), H/C atomic ratio (0.11–1.39 in Rajpardi and 1.09–1.88 in Vastan), reactive maceral content (91.6–99.8 vol % mmf in Rajpardi lignite and 75.5–99.7 vol % in Vastan lignite) and VM_daf (64.8–67.9 wt % in Rajpardi lignite and 42.1–80.0 wt % in Vastan lignite) of these lignites have a favourable range required for a coal to generate oil. Huminite is seen to play a vital role in conversion and maintains a good correlation with it. The calculations show that these lignites have a high conversion (> 95%) and oil yield (> 65%).     

Lasers in organic petrology and organic geochemistry, II. In-situ laser micropyrolysis-GCMS of coal macerals

The development and preliminary results of a novel laser micropyrolysis-gas chromatography, mass spectrometry (LMPy-GCMS) system are described. Short exposures of near-infra red (IR) laser radiation focused through a microscope's optics onto a specific, targeted maceral within a polymaceralic organic-rich shale or coal are used to release the thermal evaporation and pyrolysis products from the maceral. The products from multiple exposures on a single maceral type are collectively analyzed online using GCMS. This technique is intended to provide a means of chemically characterizing individual, microscopic organic entities (> 25 μm) in coals and shales without the need to physically separate them from each other (e.g. density gradient centrifugation) or from their mineral matrix (e.g. bulk analysis of kerogen concentrates). Molecular characterization of individual macerals is important in predicting the technological properties of coal and the petroleum generation potential of petroleum source rocks.Different macerals respond differently when exposed to focused near-IR laser radiation due to differences in their heat capacity and heat conduction. The thermal products released during irradiation of macerals (ulminite, alginite, sporinite and fusinite) representing the huminite, liptinite and inertinite maceral groups are presented. Under the appropriate heating, collecting, and trapping conditions, the thermal products liberated are considered representative of the macromolecular structure of the macerals. Structural elucidation of macerals in coals and shales could significantly benefit from concerted efforts of this and other in-situ micro-analytical techniques.     

激光荧光显微探针:方法及应用

近年来研究沉积有机物的激光诱导荧光特笥和发展基于激光的荧光显微探针技术日益受到人们的重视。采用ＦＡＭＭ－９８激光荧光显微探针研究了烃源岩显微组分。研究表明,激光荧光显微探针的微束特性使 乎可以对任何显微镜下呆辨认的有机物质颗粒进行微区分析。在激光的诱导下,所有显微组分都会产生可检测到的荧光讯号。显微组分受激光束辐照最终时刻的荧光强度（Ｆ４００）以及最终荧光强度／初始荧光强度比值（Ｆ４００／Ｆo）是     

Paleomires of Eocene lignites of Bhavnagar,Saurashtra basin (Gujarat), western India: Petrographic implications

The Tertiary basins of Gujarat have always been a potential target for their hydrocarbon resources. The lignite resources of the region have also been an important field of research. The present paper presents the results of the petrological study carried out on the lignites of the Saurashtra basin. For this purpose samples were collected from lower and upper lignite seams from the Surkha lignite mine of Bhavnagar, Saurashtra. These samples were subjected to detailed petrographic analysis (both maceral and microlithotype). The study reveals that these lignites are dominantly composed of huminite group macerals while liptinite and inertinite group macerals occur in subordinate amounts. These lignites have attained a thermal maturity up to 0.28-0.30 percent vitrinite reflectance (VRr) which classifies them as ‘low rank C’ coals. Moreover, Bhavnagar lower lignite seam shows relatively less gelification as compared to the upper seam which suffered relatively more biochemical degradation. These lignites are characterized by high gelification index (GI) and low tissue preservation index (TPI).With the help of petrography based facies models an attempt has been made to reconstruct the environment of the paleomire of these lignites.     

Lincang superlarge germanium deposit in Yunnan Province,China: Sedimentation,diagenesis,hydrothermal process and mineralization

Ｇｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏａｌｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｓｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｗｉｔｈｃｏａｌｉｆｉ－ｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｍａｎｙｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚｉｎｇｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｒｅｃｏｒｄ－ｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ,ｔｅｘ...