颗粒级配与形状对钙质砂渗透性的影响

钙质砂是富存于热带海洋环境（包括中国南海海域）中的一种特殊岩土介质,具有不同于陆源砂的水理性质。采用传统常水头渗流试验,首先探究了不同不均匀系数和曲率系数条件下级配对钙质砂渗透性的影响。针对钙质砂的颗粒形状特性,采用扫描电镜（SEM）与图像处理技术,引入球度 和圆度X的比值 从三维空间角度上对颗粒形状进行了定量描述。并在粒径区间、相对密实度相同的条件下,通过与福建标准砂、玻璃珠进行对比试验来考察钙质砂渗透特性,从而进一步探究颗粒形状对钙质砂渗透性的影响。试验结果表明,钙质砂渗透性随着颗粒粒径不均匀系数和曲率系数的增大而增大,符合级配对一般砂土渗透性的影响规律;钙质砂颗粒形状具有较强的结构性和不均匀性,同等密实度下钙质砂的渗透性小于陆源的石英砂。本研究获得的钙质砂渗透规律对今后南海岛礁填筑和海上平台基础工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

不排水条件下钙质砂声发射试验研究

通过对钙质砂进行不排水条件下声发射试验,探讨了不同围压、剪切速率、初始孔隙比和级配下钙质砂声发射规律。试验结果表明:低围压（围压低于400 kPa）时,钙质砂声发射活动频率随着围压的升高而增加;围压增至800 kPa时,声发射活动频率有所下降。低剪切速率下,钙质砂剪切试验明显分为颗粒破碎阶段和颗粒滑移阶段,随着剪切速率增大,二者之间较模糊,不能明显区分;松散和密实状态下,钙质砂声发射活动规律相似,钙质砂声发射活动频率均高于中密状态钙质砂;级配较好的钙质砂,声发射率峰值出现在试样发生剪切破坏前;级配稍差,试样声发射率相对均匀,声发射率峰值出现在邻近试验结束时。      

软土三轴剪切蠕变试验研究及模型分析

将数字图像测量技术运用于三轴剪切蠕变试验,试验结果表明,土粒间水膜厚度对土的蠕变有很大的影响,不排水时,试样土颗粒间水膜保持不变,土的黏滞系数基本为一定值,土的流变变形较大;排水时,随着水的排出土体发生固结硬化,土颗粒间水膜变薄,土的密度增大,黏滞性增强,流变变形较小。在排水条件下,加载瞬间孔隙水压力会持续上升产生Manadei-Cryer效应,整个过程历时约10 min。随着偏应力水平的增加,试样发生鼓胀变形,进而形成剪切面发生剪切破坏;受排水路径的影响,剪切面通常位于试样偏下部位。对比数字图像测量方法和试样排水体积换算法在获得剪切应变时的试验结果,表明试验过程中试样变形的不均匀会导致排水体积换算法在计算剪切应变时产生较大误差;Singh-Mitchell模型很好地描述土的剪切流变特性,确定参数时两种方法得到的参数相差不大,偏应力水平较低时可采用排水量换算法进行确定。     

基于数字图像测量技术的砂土剪切带分析

在进行土工试验时,土样端部摩擦效应和初始缺陷都可以引起试样的不均匀变形,进而形成宏观的剪切带。基于数字图像测量技术改进了GDS多功能三轴仪,进行砂土的固结排水三轴试验,获得了试样在不同时刻的应变等值线云图和局部应力-应变全曲线,研究了试样端部的摩擦效应。结果表明,端部摩擦显著地影响试样的力学特性,对径向应变的影响可达10%。通过在砂土试样中放置粉质黏土块的方法获得了宏观不均匀土样,并测试其剪切带的形成过程。测试结果表明,试样在两种材料的界面处形成不连续刚度,引起变形的不均匀发展,进而形成宏观的剪切带而破坏。     

南海钙质砂宏细观破碎力学特性

针对取自我国南部某海域的钙质砂样本,做了以下两方面工作：一是通过电子显微镜获取了钙质砂颗粒的几何投影图像,利用图像处理技术对图形进行黑白二值化处理,获取单元颗粒形状轮廓边界,使用圆度和粗糙度2个参数对钙质砂的颗粒形状进行定义和量化。二是通过不同围压下的三轴固结排水剪切试验及试验前后的颗分测量对比,研究了颗粒破碎对钙质砂的变形、强度、能量耗散等特性的影响。研究表明,大粒径钙质砂（粒径大于2.0 mm）和小粒径钙质砂（粒径小于0.5 mm）形态比较接近圆形、颗粒表面相对光滑;相比而言,中间粒径（粒径介于0.5～2.0 mm之间）钙质砂形状较不规则,表面棱角较多。钙质砂在三轴排水剪切过程中发生颗粒破碎,试样向着级配均匀的方向发展。随着初始围压的增大,颗粒破碎程度加大,土样整体剪胀趋势减小,而破碎引起的能量耗散增加。而在高围压（初始围压为600 kPa）剪切过程中,仅考虑摩擦耗散,以及同时考虑摩擦、体积耗散两种情况下,计算得到的最大颗粒破碎耗散分别可达土样总输入塑性功的25%和18%。     

黄河冲积粉土的密实度及含水率对力学性质影响

为研究黄河冲积粉土的工程力学特性,评价粉土路基的稳定性,通过室内试验,分析了粉土作为路基填料的基本物理力学性质,对比研究了不同密实度、含水率下粉土的强度与变形性状。研究表明,黄河冲积粉土的颗粒级配不良,难于压实,压实后空气体积率较大。最优含水率条件下,压实系数为0.90的粉土变形为软化型,随着含水率增加,试样的变形性状逐渐由软化型转变为硬化型,尤其围压高、含水率大时,塑性剪切位移更大;压实系数不超过0.85、含水率不低于最优含水率的试样,变形均为硬化型。压实粉土的黏聚力随压实系数减小或含水率增加显著降低,而内摩擦角的变化不大。压实粉土易产生湿化变形,土体的压实系数对变形量影响显著。     

扭剪荷载作用下饱和南京砂不排水特性试验研究

通过空心圆柱扭剪仪对不同相对密实度的饱和南京砂分别进行了单调扭剪不排水、排水试验以及循环扭剪不排水试验。试验结果表明:在单调扭剪试验中,试样相转换线的位置与排水条件无关,但相对密实度较大试样的相转换线斜率小于相对密实度较小的试样。在循环扭剪不排水试验中,对于相对密实度较小的试样,当其有效应力路径接近单调扭剪荷载作用下具有相同初始条件试样的相转换线时,孔压急剧增加,扭剪应变迅速增大,试样出现不稳定现象,随后发生初始液化;对于相对密实度较大的试样,当其有效应力路径接近单调扭剪荷载作用下试样的相转换线时,试样出现循环活动现象,随着循环扭剪荷载的继续施加,有效应力路径表现为以破坏线为边界且呈"蝴蝶"形状的一系列重叠的回滞环,此时孔压在某一常值上下波动,累积孔压不再增加。具有相同初始条件的试样在循环和单调扭剪荷载作用下得到的相转换线几乎相同,这一规律不受相对密实度的影响。     

颗粒形状对粗粒土剪切变形影响的细观研究

颗粒形状是影响粗粒土密实度、力学与渗流等特性的主要因素之一。为了分析颗粒形状对粗粒土剪切特性的影响,采用离散元法生成4种不同形状的颗粒组,进行粗粒土直剪试验模拟与剪切宏细观响应研究,得出了颗粒形状对剪应力-剪位移、体应变-剪位移的影响,分析了粗粒土剪切应力、应变特性与剪胀特性。通过分析剪切带厚度、颗粒旋转量值、平均接触数、孔隙率及接触力系等宏细观参量的演化规律,研究颗粒形状在宏细观尺度上对粗粒土的影响。研究表明:异形颗粒间的咬合自锁作用大于纯圆颗粒,试样的抗剪强度有随形状系数的减小而增大的趋势。试样颗粒在外荷载作用下发生运动,应变主要表现在颗粒运动剧烈、剪胀幅度较大的剪切带内。颗粒形状系数F减小,试样的初始平均接触数增加,内摩擦角φ增大,剪切带内孔隙率增量越大,剪胀幅度越大。剪切过程中强力链聚集于剪切带内并起骨架作用,随着形状系数的减小,力链长度在0～5所占百分比呈增大趋势;剪切带内强力链的数目随着形状系数的减小而增加,峰值含量在30%～35%之间。     

粗粒土三轴试验数值模拟与试样颗粒初始架构初探

试样颗粒初始架构是粗粒土室内三轴试验中一个难以人为控制的因素。基于元胞自动机方法,结合粗粒土的室内三轴试验开发了能制备不同颗粒初始架构粗粒土试样的HHC-CA模型,该模型制备的粗粒土试样表征了粗粒土各粒组分布的不均匀性和随机性,再借助FLAC3D进行粗粒土三轴数值模拟试验,并探讨了试样剪切带内的砾石含量和试样砾石含量对内摩擦角的影响。数值模拟结果表明,同一粒径级配下,粗粒土的内摩擦角值与剪切带内的砾石含量呈增函数关系;试样砾石含量的增加可能会出现内摩擦角减小的现象,但同一粒径级配下的内摩擦角均值随试样砾石含量的增加而明显增大。     

细颗粒组分含量对钙质砂抗剪强度的影响

由于吹填过程的水力分选作用钙质砂土地基颗粒分布不均匀,容易形成分布不均、形态各异的以不同细粒含量的粉细砂层为主的细粒汇集层,引起钙质砂土地基承载力和不均匀沉降问题。开展不同细粒含量的粉细砂三轴固结排水剪切试验,分析细粒含量对钙质砂土力学特性的影响。研究结果表明,（1）当细粒含量增加时相同围压下土样剪胀性逐渐减弱,且峰值偏应力也逐渐减小;（2）各组试样干密度为1.40 g/cm3状态下各含量粉细砂均表现出应变软化特征,当细粒含量为10%时粉细砂土体强度稳定性最差,之后稳定性随细粒含量增加而逐渐增大;（3）钙质细砂由于颗粒咬合作用,具有表观黏聚力,当细粒含量小于40%时,随着细粒含量增加,颗粒之间的咬合作用显著降低,表观黏聚力线性减小。研究成果可为粉细砂层的地基处理及边坡稳定分析提供参考。     

颗粒级配对粗粒土强度与变形特性影响的研究

采用三维颗粒流软件PFC3D的内置FISH语言,进行二次开发,模拟粗粒土级配,建立一个研究高铁填方路基粗粒土变形特性的颗粒流模型。通过粗粒土三轴试验,标定了表征粗粒土细观力学性质的模型参数,并验证了模型的有效性。考虑粗粒土曲率系数和不均匀系数对颗粒级配的影响,模拟并研究了5种不同级配下粗粒土在3种不同围压下的变形特性。试验结果表明,曲率系数对粗颗粒土变形特性影响较大,当其有效粒径与中值粒径及限制粒径的差距过大时,粗粒土中颗粒填充及致密性将变差,变形增大,强度降低。以较大曲率系数与较大不均匀系数组合的粗粒土受力性能较好,但此种级配的粗粒土压缩性大。级配良好且不均匀系数较大,其应力链分布越均匀,颗粒的挤压效果越显著,力的传递和分配也越均匀。     

Experimental Study of Undrained Shear Strength of Silty Sand: Effect of Fines and Gradation

Two strong earthquakes occurred in the region of Chlef (north western part of Algeria) during the last century. From the geological context, there were several great masses of sandy soil ejections on to the ground surface level and severe damages to civil and hydraulic structures. These damages were due to the soil liquefaction phenomenon. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to study the effect of low plastic fines and gradation characteristics on the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) response of sand-silt mixture samples. For this purpose, a series of undrained monotonic triaxial tests were carried out on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0 to 50?% at two initial relative densities (D_r?=?20 and 91?%). The initial confining pressure was kept at 100?kPa. The evaluation of the data indicates that the undrained shear strength at the peak (q_peak) can be correlated to the undrained residual strength (S_us), the excess pore pressure (Δu), the fines content (F_c) and the intergranular void ratio (e_s). The test results indicate also that the undrained shear strength at the peak decreases with the increment of the coefficient of uniformity and fines content as well as with the decrement of the mean grain size in the range of 0–50?% fines content for both relative densities (D_r?=?20 and 91?%).     

初始组构各向异性对砂土力学特性及临界状态的影响

采用离散元方法,利用半径扩展法和重力沉积法分别生成具有初始各向同性和各向异性内结构的试样,并开展三轴不排水压缩和拉伸试验,研究不同制样方法产生的初始各向异性对砂土宏微观力学特性及其临界状态的影响。运用组构张量对砂土的各向异性进行量化,分析不同初始组构各向异性对组构张量演化的影响并确定了组构张量的临界值。试验结果表明：初始组构各向异性对试样的剪胀性有重要影响,由于受重力影响形成初始各向异性,其各向异性程度越大、组构方向与加载方向越一致,剪胀性越显著;初始组构各向异性对试样的临界状态没有影响,砂土的组构张量具有唯一的临界状态值。     

Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Unsaturated Silty Sand in Constant Equivalent Granular Void Ratio

In this paper effect of fine mineralogy on mechanical behavior of unsaturated silty sand in different fine contents and divers confining pressure has been studied. All samples were molded with constant equivalent granular void ratio well-known parameter already proposed for characterizing silty sand behavior in saturated state. This manner of study allow to investigate also the validity of equivalent granular void ratio concept in unsaturated state. For this purpose, a series of triaxial tests were performed on the sand specimens with different percentages of silt in the undrained saturated (CU) and unsaturated (CW) conditions. The results showed that the material types and aggregate distribution of the fines have enormous effects on the silty sand behavior. In addition, the shear strength in the unsaturated specimens changed as a function of the initial applied matric suction. A fewer performance of equivalent intergranular void ratio in the case of unsaturated state in comparison of saturated states was observed.

     

An enhanced constitutive model for crushable granular materials

Studies in the past have tried to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of granular materials by proposing constitutive relations based on a common assumption that model parameters and parameters describing the properties, including gradation of individual grains are inevitably linked. However successful these models have proved to be, they cannot account for the changes in granular assembly behaviour if the grains start to break during mechanical loading. This paper proposes to analyse the relation between grading change and the mechanical behaviour of granular assembly. A way to model the influence of grain breakage is to use a critical state‐based model. The influence of the amount of grain breakage during loading, depending on the individual grain strength and size distribution, can be introduced into constitutive relations by means of a new parameter that controls the evolution of critical state with changes in grain size distribution. Experimental data from a calcareous sand, a quartz sand, and a rockfill material were compared with numerical results and good‐quality simulations were obtained. The main consequences of grain breakage are increased compressibility and a gradual dilatancy disappearance in the granular material. The critical state concept is also enriched by considering its overall relation to the evolution of the granular material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of Static Liquefaction Characteristics of Saturated Loose Sand Through the Mean Grain Size and Extreme Grain Sizes

Liquefaction of soils is a natural phenomenon associated with a dramatic loss of the soil shear strength in undrained conditions due to a development of excess pore water pressure. It usually causes extensive damages to buildings and infrastructures during earthquakes. Thus, it is important to evaluate extent of influential parameters on the liquefaction phenomenon of soils in order to clearly understand the different mechanisms leading to its triggering. The soil gradation is one of the most important parameters affecting the liquefaction phenomenon. In this context, a series of undrained compression triaxial tests were carried out on eighteen natural loose (Dr = 25%) sandy samples containing low plastic fines content of 2% (I_p = 5%) considering different extreme sizes (1.6 mm ≤ D_max ≤ 4 mm and 0.001 mm ≤ D_min ≤ 0.63 mm) and two mean grain size ranges (0.25 mm ≤ D₅₀ ≤ 1.0 mm) and (1.0 mm ≤ D₅₀ ≤ 2.5 mm). The initial confining pressure for all tests was kept constant (P′_c = 100 kPa). The obtained test results indicate that the mean grain size (D₅₀) and extreme grain sizes (D_max and D_min) have a significant influence on the undrained shear strength (known as liquefaction resistance) and appear as pertinent factors for the prediction of the undrained shear strength for the soil gradation under study. The undrained shear strength and the excess pore water pressure can be correlated to the extreme grain sizes (D_max and D_min) and the mean grain size (D₅₀) of tested wet deposited samples.     

连云港软黏土的不排水强度试验研究

对连云港软黏土不扰动样和重塑样进行三轴CU对比试验研究。结果表明,不扰动样的不排水强度包线是由以屈服压力为界的双折线组成,而重塑样的不排水强度包线可以用通过圆点的直线表示。屈服前阶段,不扰动样由于受结构性影响产生的抵抗作用,其不排水强度包线高于重塑样;屈服后阶段,不扰动样的不排水强度包线介于具有不同初始含水率的重塑样的包线之间。通过对比分析,发现不扰动样与重塑样的不排水强度包线存在差异的主要原因是由于试样的不同初始含水率引起的。不扰动样在屈服后阶段的含水率变化规律与不排水强度增长规律与重塑土相一致,采用Burland提出的孔隙指数Iv,可将不同初始含水率重塑样及屈服后阶段不扰动样的压缩性状较好地归一化。     

Description of deformation process in inherently anisotropic granular materials

The main focus in this work is on modeling of mechanical response of granular materials that display inherent anisotropy. Both the experimental and numerical investigations are described. First, the results of direct shear as well as drained/undrained triaxial tests that involve crushed limestone with elongated angular‐shaped particles are reviewed. Afterward, a mathematical framework is presented for modeling of elastic/ inelastic deformation that incorporates the multi‐laminate approach. The deformation is monitored on a set of randomly oriented planes, and the formulation incorporates the thickness of the shear band that is associated with sliding/separation process. A systematic procedure for identification of material functions/ parameters is outlined that is based on the results of direct shear tests, and the framework is later applied to simulate the behavior under triaxial conditions. The results of numerical simulations are compared with the experimental data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同密度粗粒料强度特性的大型真三轴试验

干密度对粗粒料的强度特性有重要影响,特别是三维应力状态下影响更为显著。通过不同密度粗粒料大型真三轴等小主应力等中主应力系数（b=0.25）加载试验和大三轴试验研究了干密度对粗粒料强度特性的影响。结果表明,大型真三轴试验的应力曲线基本呈爬升型,高于和陡于大三轴应力曲线,表现出较强的硬化性;粗粒料强度基本随初始干密度的增大或小主应力的增大呈线性增大;大型真三轴试验强度比大三轴试验强度增大20%～97%,且小主应力越小,强度增大幅度越大;令粗粒料黏聚力为0,则内摩擦角随初始干密度的增大基本呈线性增大,随小主应力的增大而减小;破坏应力比随初始干密度的增大呈线性增大,随小主应力的增大而呈线性减小,大型真三轴试验的破坏应力比小于大三轴试验的破坏应力比。     

基于分形理论的堆石料级配优化研究

建立颗粒粒径的质量分布分形模型,收集不同堆石坝工程32条堆石料级配曲线,统计分形维数D的分布特性。各堆石坝工程堆石料级配具有良好的分形特性,可考虑将D作为反映和描述堆石料级配特性的新指标,D在2.348～2.699之间,大多数堆石料的分形维数在2.6左右。以古水垫层料为研究对象,设计了6组不同分形维数的级配曲线,采用随机颗粒不连续变形方法（SGDD）研究不同分形维数对堆石料压实性能和宏细观力学特性的影响。分形维数从2.0到2.8,孔隙比呈先减后增趋势,在D =2.7时压实性能最优,而力链的非均匀程度随分形维数的增大而增大。综合考虑试样压实性和力链的非均匀程度,确定D =2.7时的级配为优化级配。