共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Reinhard Henkel 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):307-316
In the wake of the Reformation, the bitterest religious wars were fought on the territories of what is now Germany. It was
here, however, that the rule “cuius region, eius religio” was found as well which can be interpreted as a first step towards
religious tolerance. Germany has been characterised by a religious dualism between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant (Lutheran
and Reformed) Church since then. Both had the status of state churches until the First World War. Since then, they are still
by far the dominant religious communities in the country but they regard themselves wrongly to be Volkskirchen (people’s churches). They, as well as a number of smaller religious communities, enjoy the status of a corporation under
public law. This status includes the right to collect church tax from members through state channels. The federal German state
system is mirrored by a similar federal character of the Protestant Church, which is a union of regional churches. When Germany
was reunited in 1990, the Volkskirche principle was reintroduced in East Germany although Christians had become a minority there due to 40 years of strong influence
of Communism. Secularisation and pluralisation have changed the religious landscape in Germany especially after 1960. The
two big churches have lost large numbers of members, and new religious communities have arrived. In the light of Europe growing
together, the Protestant Church in Germany, being the largest in numbers in Europe, has initiated stronger cooperation between
the different Protestant churches in the European countries, many of which are organised as national churches. Islam has come
to Germany mainly through Turkish labour migrants. The country has only recently changed its self-perception into being a
society with a large immigrant minority, which is to stay; therefore it will certainly take some time until Muslims are fully
accommodated.
相似文献
Reinhard HenkelEmail: |
2.
Cathelijne de Busser 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):283-294
Contrary to the absence of a uniform Spanish identity (a phenomenon that is often referred to as Spain being a ‘nation of
nations’), Spain’s confessional map is remarkably homogeneous. From the beginning of its existence as a political conglomeration,
Spain has been a mono-confessional Catholic territory. Even at present, Catholicism is an intrinsic feature of Spanish society
and – though officially a secular state – of state policy. A closer look at Spain’s religious situation and its corresponding
pattern of church–state relations reveals, however, some recent cracks in the century’s old bond between Spain and Catholicism.
Particularly secularization and religious pluralism challenge Spain’s mono-confessional Catholic nature, a development that
fits well into Spain’s post-Francoist focus on Europe and European (secular) values. This paper discusses Spanish church–state
relations from the beginning of its political existence until present times. Special attention will be paid to more recent
societal developments and their impact on religious Spain and church–state relations.
相似文献
Cathelijne de BusserEmail: |
3.
Post-Bam earthquake: recovery and reconstruction 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
This paper gives a brief explanation of the earthquake in Bam. It also reports on the rescue and relief operations, including
the construction of emergency shelters and temporary housing, and on the country’s plan for the reconstruction of the city,
which includes debris removal, the rebuilding of rural and urban residential and commercial units, the reconstruction of state
and public buildings and public facilities such as schools, rural and urban water aqueducts and grids, the construction of
a sewage system, power network and telecommunication system, the provision of water to orchards and farmlands, the renovation
of industries and the revival of the cultural heritage, particularly the historical Bam citadel, among others. We also report
briefly on the effect of the Bam earthquake on the Iran Earthquake Risk Reduction Strategy and actions.
相似文献
Mohsen Ghafory-AshtianyEmail: |
4.
Sex offenders are currently a major focus of crime control policies at the local, regional, state and federal levels throughout
the United States. In part, the perceived threat of offender recidivism has motivated legislators to launch stringent community
notification programs and to establish spatial restriction zones (SRZs) around schools, daycare facilities and public parks.
The purpose of these restriction zones is to help protect children and minimize their exposure to convicted sex offenders
living in the community. In addition to the concern that the implementation of SRZs dramatically reduces viable housing options
for registered sex offenders, there are concerns that offenders will be forced to reside in socially disorganized areas that
may encourage recidivism. The purpose of this paper is to explore the demographic and socioeconomic differences between areas
inside and outside SRZs. Implications of these results for sex offender policies are discussed.
相似文献
Tony H. GrubesicEmail: |
5.
Spatial and temporal knowledge representation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Antony Galton 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):169-187
Knowledge Representation (KR) originated as a discipline within Artificial Intelligence, and is concerned with the representation
of knowledge in symbolic form so that it can be stored and manipulated on a computer. This article surveys that part of KR
that is concerned with the representation of space and time, with particular reference to the use of such representations
in geographical information science.
相似文献
Antony GaltonEmail: |
6.
Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):341-355
According to Madeley’s (2003) comparative framework of state–church relations in Europe, Poland is part of the historic Northeast-Southeast multi-confessional
culture belt. The aim of this paper is to analyse the historic relationships between the Polish state and church in relation
to this framework with special attention to the post-Second World War period and to the consequences for the Polish religious
landscape. In contrast to the multi-confessionality of the historic Polish polities, after the Second World War Poland became
a mono-confessional, Roman-Catholic country. Territorial changes, the resettlement of people and the annihilation of the Jewish
population by the Nazis were responsible for this religious homogenisation. Consequently, the relationship between state and
church was almost completely confined to the relationship with the Roman-Catholic Church. During the 45 years of communist
dominance, that church became the largest public organisation independent of the state authorities and played the most important
role in the struggle against the ‘atheisation’ of Polish society as a consequence of the strong support for the church by
the majority of people. The post–1989 period is characterised by a liberalisation towards non-Catholic religious communities
and – after an initial reluctance – a positive attitude of the Polish Roman-Catholic Church (strongly supported by the Polish
Pope John Paul II) towards the Polish membership of the European Union.
相似文献
Elżbieta Bilska-WodeckaEmail: |
7.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |
8.
Melt inclusion formation mechanisms and compositional effects in high-An feldspar and high-Fo olivine in anhydrous mafic silicate liquids 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Important aspects of melt inclusion formation and potential compositions effects have been addressed through a series of experiments using anorthite/fosterite saturated anhydrous mafic liquids. Experimental charges were cooled from 1,300 to 1,230 and 1,210°C at rates of 1–10°/min followed by 0–24 h isothermal periods. Hopper and skeletal crystal morphologies with variable degrees of completeness developed during the cooling period. Planar overgrowth of these textures during isothermal periods led to the formation of inclusions, the majority of which formed after 6 h of isothermal run time. We suggest that the change in morphologies is related to a decrease in growth rates and changes in dominant growth mechanisms. In general, inclusion compositions were uniform and similar to the host glass, indicating that with the isothermal times required for most inclusions to form, a boundary layer was not entrapped that could be detected within the limits of our analyses.
相似文献
Edward KohutEmail: Phone: +1-541-7373023Fax: +1-541-7371200 |
Roger L. NielsenEmail: Phone: +1-541-7371235 |
9.
Space Physics Interactive Data Resource—SPIDR 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mikhail Zhizhin Eric Kihn Rob Redmon Dmitry Medvedev Dmitry Mishin 《Earth Science Informatics》2008,1(2):79-91
SPIDR (Space Physics Interactive Data Resource) is a standard data source for solar-terrestrial physics, functioning within
the framework of the ICSU World Data Centers. It is a distributed database and application server network, built to select,
visualize and model historical space weather data distributed across the Internet. SPIDR can work as a fully-functional web-application
(portal) or as a grid of web-services, providing functions for other applications to access its data holdings.
相似文献
Mikhail ZhizhinEmail: |
10.
Anthony John Christopher 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):123-136
The pattern of Church of England dioceses has evolved over a period of 1,400 years. It reflects the practical response of
the Church to the changing political and demographic patterns of the country. No ideal size and form of diocese was ever devised
and few systematic attempts were made to achieve a degree of equity between them. The constitutional link between state and
church has inhibited change for the last 80 years, although society has changed significantly. Nevertheless, rapid constitutional
reforms, especially in the House of Lords, may be reflected in ecclesiastical reorganisation of the dioceses.
相似文献
Anthony John ChristopherEmail: |
11.
This paper describes an application of the geographic information system (GIS) technology to a ground stability assessment
in the karst area of Dzerzhinsk, Russia. In the stability analysis, the groundwater level changes in the karst aquifer could
cause suffosion sinkholes when the gravitational force was greater than the soil strength. The GIS technology was used to
combine various data and to delineate the zones of potential gravitational collapse and suffosion collapse in the area.
相似文献
V. V. TolmachevEmail: |
12.
Igor Vojnovic 《GeoJournal》2007,69(4):271-300
Throughout the 20th century, government in the U.S. has gone through significant changes; initially responding to the disorder
of early capitalism, and later, to the economic crisis of the 1970s. This article will explore the changes in the U.S. political
landscape over the last century, as well as the recent rise of neo-liberalism. In addition, with the analysis of the model
laissez-faire municipal government, the City of Houston, the article will illustrate how the basic weaknesses of neoliberalism
at the national level are also evident at the local scale of government.
相似文献
Igor VojnovicEmail: |
13.
Military activities have produced contaminated environments at many sites around the world. This contamination and the associated
health risks play a large role in how these places can be redeveloped after military use. In this essay we focus on the island
of Vieques, Puerto Rico which was used as a bombing range by the US military for six decades until 2003. We examine the ways
different groups of people perceive this formerly militarized landscape and the ways that these perceptions legitimatize certain
redevelopment options over others. Through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and an analysis of textual
materials we found that many local residents view the island as suffering from severe contamination while the large number
of visitors, tourism promoters and North Americans now flocking to the post-militarized Vieques view it quite differently.
These perceptions of purity and contamination, affected by different knowledges of the island’s history, have led to differing
valuation of the landscape and contentious economic, political, and cultural battles over an island often labeled “natural”
despite a history of military use and social exclusion.
相似文献
Jeffrey Sasha DavisEmail: |
14.
The aim of this paper is to use an economic framework to derive decision making rules for river basin management with a focus on groundwater resources. Using an example from northern Nigeria, the paper provides an example of how decision making for sustainable water resources management may be facilitated by comparing net benefits and costs across a river basin. It is argued that economic tools can be used to assess the value of water resources in different uses, identify and analyze management scenarios, and provide decision rules for the sustainable use and management of surface and ground water resources in the region.
相似文献
Gayatri AcharyaEmail: |
15.
The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic
oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs
create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood
of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures
failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for
“normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community
may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter
design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and
sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in
a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
16.
Explaining foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. with spatial models: a liberal spatial perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines the effect of economic interdependence, intergovernmental organizations, political freedom, and spatial relationship on foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. from 1980 to 2000. Spatial perspective is largely missing in the mainstream international theories. Spatial relationship has three measures: spatial proximity measured as distance, spatial dependency measured as neighborhood effect, and spatial heterogeneity measured as regional effect. We found that the effect of economic interdependence is directional. The U.S. sensitivity to foreign trade rather than foreign sensitivity to trade with the U.S. explains much of the variation in the foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. Spatial effect is mainly manifested as spatial dependency; the effects of geographic proximity and geographic regions on foreign diplomatic presence are, however, mild. Spatial dependency in the variation of foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. could not be well explained by the liberal perspective without using the spatial model.
相似文献
Lin Liu ([Summer Visiting Professor])Email: |
17.
Predicting environmental conditions to minimise salt damage at the Tower of London: a comparison of two approaches 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clifford A. Price 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):369-374
The paper compares the results of two studies of salt damage at the Wakefield Tower, Tower of London. The first, in 1993,
was based on semi-quantitative salt analysis and hygroscopicity measurements. The second was based on quantitative analysis
and a thermodynamic model, ECOS. Both studies aimed to predict environmental conditions that would minimise salt damage to
the interior stonework. Their predictions are markedly different, and this paper examines the reasons for the differences.
It is shown that hygroscopicity alone is not a reliable indicator of crystallisation from mixed salt solutions.
相似文献
Clifford A. PriceEmail: |
18.
Managing for sustainability in an arid climate: lessons learned from 20 years of groundwater management in Arizona,USA 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
Substantial progress has been made within central Arizona in moving towards a more sustainable water future, particularly in transitioning the urban demand from a primarily nonrenewable groundwater-based supply to increasing dependence on the Colorado River, Salt River and effluent. Management efforts include a wide range of regulatory and voluntary programs which have had mixed success. The Department of Water Resources has learned a number of key lessons throughout the years, and this paper attempts to establish the water management context and identify those lessons for the benefit of others who may want to evaluate alternative approaches to groundwater management. Themes to be discussed include evaluating water management approaches in a public policy context, the effectiveness of alternative management approaches and the relative merits of regulatory vs. nonregulatory efforts, and the importance of high-quality data in making management decisions.
相似文献
James M. HolwayEmail: |
19.
Ramadan and Bussorah Street: the spirit of place 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rahil Ismail 《GeoJournal》2006,66(3):243-256
The presence of ‘seasonal spaces’ such as the Ramadan-related activities associated with Bussorah Street, Singapore, during
the holy Muslim month of Ramadan surfaces significant issues on the convergence and management of identity, heritage, space
and conservation important to all Singaporeans. Conservation projects to ‘prettify’ or commodify the historic district of
Kampong Glam, which contains Bussorah Street had to be revised to include the local tradition of the Ramadan food bazaar but
at the adjoining Kandahar Street. Undoubtedly, what is being underlined by this seasonal space is the affirmation of identity,
the reclamation of space and the possibility for improved management and economic viability of the Kampong Glam district.
However, as stressed in the paper, that while the spirit of Bussorah Street can be construed as forms of spatial or cultural
resilience, the new Malay Heritage Centre (Taman Warisan Melayu) located in the district acts as a strong reminder that, ultimately,
‘seasonal spaces’ are still subjected to the calculated considerations of the Singapore urban planners or the governing elite
with significant implications for those with strong ethnic and religious connections with the area and its Islamic heritage.
相似文献
Rahil IsmailEmail: |
20.
The advent of the Virtual Observatory has begun an evolution in the space physics data environment. A number of nascent and
discipline specific Virtual Observatories have started to emerge with an emphasis on data search and retrieval. As this new
data environment takes shape an emphasis will be placed on interdisciplinary communication in attempts to address large scale
and global problems. To this end we formulate the development of a query language to facilitate Virtual Observatory to Virtual
Observatory communication. Furthermore, we outline the goals of such a language, how it would work and how existing community
efforts can be leveraged to speed the development of this query language.
相似文献
T.W. NarockEmail: |