流域水系自动提取在西苕溪流域的应用

论述了如何基于栅格DEM自动提取流域自然水系的原理、方法和流程.以西苕溪中上游流域为例,根据DEM精度、上游集水区面积阈值和下垫面地形的不同,对所提取水系进行了比较.针对在平均地形坡度小于3°的平坦区域所提取水系与实际河网偏差较大的问题,提出了利用主干河道和平原水系数字化作为约束条件生成河网的新方法.     

不同比例尺下中国水系分维数关系研究

应用分形理论,再次验证整个中国水系及各流域水系分形特征的客观存在;通过比较1:450万及1:1200万比例尺计算的分形维值大小及变化规律,表明单一尺度的分形规律在其它尺度下依然存在;大比例尺条件下计算得到的分形维值也大,且各层次不同流域的分维值在不同比例尺条件下的变化也呈现相同的趋势,表明图源比例尺对分维计算值的影响。     

基于重心模型的湘江流域水系与城镇化时空格局演变分析

针对城镇化导致水系及其水域空间被挤占、压缩甚至吞噬的现实问题,本研究采用1995、2005和2015年3期经Google Map校准后的水系与1995—2015年城镇建成区面积数据,运用空间计量模型和重心模型研究湘江流域1995—2015年水系演变与城镇化的时空特征,分析城镇建成区面积对水系变化的影响。研究结果得出：1)湘江流域水系总体呈衰减趋势,河流趋向主干化。各水系指标均产生空间集聚,与周围邻近地区存在相似性。但水系指标的空间集聚格局演变差异显著,河网密度(Dr)、河流弯曲度(Sr)、干流面积长度比(Rm)空间格局稳定,水面率(Wp)、河流发育系数(Kw)较不稳定。高值区集中在流域中下游,低值区则集中在株洲和永州。2)Dr、Kw、Sr、Wp与城镇化重心迁移方向相背离,Rm与城镇化重心迁移方向具有统一性,城镇化在水系演变过程中主要起负向影响。研究结果有助于为城市规划与水系保护提供参考。     

融合多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法研究

由于DEM数据不包括河流、湖泊(水库)及流域边界和堤坝等信息,因此常规仅依靠DEM提取水系的方法不能反映平坦区域及受人类影响强烈区域水系的真实特征。该文建立了融合DEM、河流、湖泊水库、流域边界和堤坝等多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法,对多源信息进行栅格化,采用所提出的高程-距离函数对DEM进行校正,使得提取的数字水系与实际水系精确拟合。将该方法应用于山区太湖西苕溪流域老石坎水库及其上游集水区和平原丘陵分布区的淮河史灌河蒋家集站、梅山、鲇鱼山水库区间流域,提取的河网结构与地图信息拟合较好。     

“河流”错误辨析与试题研究

一、师生纠错 1.核心概念理解流域、水系流域又称供水区,指供给河流地表水源的地面集水区和地下集水区的总称,一般指地面集水区,相邻流域间的山岭或高地成为分水岭。流域既是一个自然区域又是一个经济区域,在进行流域开发的自然背景分析时,应紧紧围绕流域的整体性表现去分析。水系是指河流干流、支流和流域内的湖泊、     

公路网系对喀斯特流域水系结构的影响

为了定量评价公路对地表水文过程的影响,选择典型喀斯特流域,在GIS水文分析功能支持下探讨了公路网系对流域水系结构的改变。研究表明:公路代表的人类强烈扰动集中分布在水系两侧1 km范围内。叠加路网之后流域内三级以下的低级水系数量和总长度显著增加,主河道分枝能力和流域平均分枝比增大,说明路网将增大河道行洪压力,同时减弱喀斯特流域的溶蚀作用而增强流水侵蚀作用。对子流域单元的统计分析表明,路面产流强度与子流域水系长度增加量之间存在较好的线性关系。在空间上,路网增加的水系在流域出口附近的集中程度较高。公路影响抑制喀斯特地下水系的径流调蓄作用,可能导致洪水期河流洪峰提前并增大洪峰流量,从而加剧洪灾风险。     

小江流域泥石流堆积扇形成的制约因素及其特征

在系统分析了各种因素对泥石流堆积扇形成影响的基础上,提出流域腹地中流域面积、沟床比降和堆积区主河河谷宽度及主河能量等因素对泥石流堆积扇发育的影响较大。结合TM卫星影象和1:5万地形图,解译了小江流域内泥石流堆积扇的范围。在此基础上,统计了流域腹地内两大重要条件-流域面积和沟床比降与堆积扇面积之间的关系。在小江流域,堆积扇的面积随流域面积的增加而增加,二者之间是正的指数关系;而堆积扇面积与沟床比降之间可用一个负的指数关系式表达。最后,堆积区特征对小江流域泥石流堆积扇的影响主要是其堆积空间限制了大型堆积扇,比如蒋家沟泥石流堆积扇的发展。     

黄土高原流域水系的HORTON级比数和分形特性

研究河道长度与江水面积关系，并将Hortoh定律和水路网分形理论应用于黄土高原的流域水系。24个流域（面积140km^2-7341km^2）沟道长度与汇水面积，幂函数关系最好（L＝aA^b)。Horton级比参数与水道级别无关，近于常数。采用几种模型计算分维值，比较国外的研究结果。不同公式计算的分维，意义不同。公式d=lnRL/lnRB表示长度分维，D＝2LnRB/LnRA代表面积分维。这些分维值，在一定程度上，可认为是常数，但并不是精确的固定值，它们都与沟谷密度无关，与沟道长度或者江水面积之间的关系不明显。     

喀斯特流域水系分形, 熵及其地貌意义

把分形理论和熵有机地结合起来，系统地研究了喀斯特流域和非喀斯特流域的干谷水系、常流水系和地下水系的分形结构及其熵的地貌意义，初步揭示了流域水系的形成与地貌发育演化之间的关系，认为仅利用水系的分维值来分析地貌演化是不够的，还应考虑流域水系的熵值变化．     

泥石流的分形特征及其意义

分析了泥石流流体和堆积物粒度分布的分形结构特征，其分维值介于２￣３之间，平均值分别为２．７１和２．６５左右。研究了泥石流沟水系的分形特征及其在不同观察尺度下分维的变化特征，结果表明，分维可作为描述泥石流粒度成分和泥石流沟水系的参数，反映了泥石流活动的形成演化特征，在此基础上，论述了分维的研究意义。     

三工河流域分布式水文模型研究

分布式水文模型及其尺度问题是当今水文学研究的前沿课题，特别是针对不同流域尺度以及适合于干旱地区的分布式模型更是研究的焦点。提出了位于干旱区巾小流域尺度的三工河流域分布式模型建立的方法．采用了半分布式网格与子流域结合的模拟计算方式．实例证明这种模型非常适合于模拟干早区融雪径流．对干旱区流域产汇流过程的研究将具有很大的推动作用。     

泥石流流域的形态特征

泥石流是特殊的流域侵蚀作用,同其他流域过程一样,密切联系着流域的形态特征.一般说来,泥石流都发生在小流域(102km2以下),而经典的流域形态研究所涉及的流域范围却达到107km2的尺度.我们想知道泥石流小流域是否具有特殊的数量特征.通过流域特征量的统计,我们看到,与一般流域相比,泥石流小流域的特征参数之间的关系形式上相同,而在数值上不同,这从一个方面肯定了流域演化存在着普遍规律(如自组织临界性),同时也证明泥石流是流域演化历史的"特殊一幕".     

Empirical models to predict the volumes of debris flows generated by recently burned basins in the western U.S.

Recently burned basins frequently produce debris flows in response to moderate-to-severe rainfall. Post-fire hazard assessments of debris flows are most useful when they predict the volume of material that may flow out of a burned basin. This study develops a set of empirically-based models that predict potential volumes of wildfire-related debris flows in different regions and geologic settings.The models were developed using data from 53 recently burned basins in Colorado, Utah and California. The volumes of debris flows in these basins were determined by either measuring the volume of material eroded from the channels, or by estimating the amount of material removed from debris retention basins. For each basin, independent variables thought to affect the volume of the debris flow were determined. These variables include measures of basin morphology, basin areas burned at different severities, soil material properties, rock type, and rainfall amounts and intensities for storms triggering debris flows. Using these data, multiple regression analyses were used to create separate predictive models for volumes of debris flows generated by burned basins in six separate regions or settings, including the western U.S., southern California, the Rocky Mountain region, and basins underlain by sedimentary, metamorphic and granitic rocks.An evaluation of these models indicated that the best model (the Western U.S. model) explains 83% of the variability in the volumes of the debris flows, and includes variables that describe the basin area with slopes greater than or equal to 30%, the basin area burned at moderate and high severity, and total storm rainfall. This model was independently validated by comparing volumes of debris flows reported in the literature, to volumes estimated using the model. Eighty-seven percent of the reported volumes were within two residual standard errors of the volumes predicted using the model. This model is an improvement over previous models in that it includes a measure of burn severity and an estimate of modeling errors. The application of this model, in conjunction with models for the probability of debris flows, will enable more complete and rapid assessments of debris flow hazards following wildfire.     

Morphometric Controls and Basin Response in The Cascade Mountains

Morphometric variables associated with 36 debris torrent, 78 snow avalanche, 45 composite debris torrent and snow avalanche and 14 streamflow basins in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern British Columbia, Canada are examined. The results show significant statistical differences in top and bottom elevations, relief, channel length and gradient, basin area, fan gradient and area, and basin ruggedness between snow avalanche basins and the two basin types affected by debris torrents, reflecting the very different nature of these processes. Only top and bottom elevations and fan area differ significantly between debris torrent and debris torrent-snow avalanche basins, implying that the latter are probably debris torrent basins in origin. As many as six morphometric variables are significantly different between streamflow basins and the other basin types, allowing the former to be differentiated despite their small, steep character. Discriminant analysis indicates that bottom elevation and channel or path gradient are the best variables for classifying the four basin types by process. Generally strong correlations exist between basin area on the one hand and relief, channel length and channel gradient on the other in debris torrent, debris torrent-snow avalanche, and streamflow basins. Fan gradient and area are, however, weakly or modestly correlated with basin area or ruggedness. No such morphometric relations are present in snow avalanche basins. The results of this study also indicate that in debris torrent-prone basins the fan gradient and Melton's R have identifiable lower thresholds while basin area has an upper threshold, but use of these thresholds for identification of debris torrent hazard is complicated by overlapping thresholds for streamflow basins.     

基于不同DEM数据源的数字河网提取对比分析——以韩江流域为例

基于HYDRO1K、SRTM3和ASTER GDEM三种DEM数据,利用BTOPMC地形子模型提取韩江流域河网,并作对比分析。结果表明:①SRTM3提取的河网精度最高,HYDRO1K相对最低。②DEM的垂直精度对提取的河网精度起控制作用。ASTER GDEM的水平分辨率较高,但垂直精度不如SRTM3,因而提取的河网精度不如SRTM3。③HYDRO1K提取大尺度流域河网具有一定的精度,但在地势平坦区域的效果较差,HY-DRO1K不宜用来提取小尺度流域河网。④由DEM提取的数字河网精度与当地的地面坡度以及处理DEM的填洼算法有关。     

The morphometric and stratigraphic framework for estimates of debris flow incidence in the North Cascades foothills, Washington State, USA

Active debris flow fans in the North Cascade Foothills of Washington State constitute a natural hazard of importance to land managers, private property owners and personal security. In the absence of measurements of the sediment fluxes involved in debris flow events, a morphological-evolutionary systems approach, emphasizing stratigraphy, dating, fan morphology and debris flow basin morphometry, was used. Using the stratigraphic framework and 47 radiocarbon dates, frequency of occurrence and relative magnitudes of debris flow events have been estimated for three spatial scales of debris flow systems: the within-fan site scale (84 observations); the fan meso-scale (six observations) and the lumped fan, regional or macro-scale (one fan average and adjacent lake sediments). In order to characterize the morphometric framework, plots of basin area v. fan area, basin area v. fan gradient and the Melton ruggedness number v. fan gradient for the 12 debris flow basins were compared with those documented for semi-arid and paraglacial fans. Basin area to fan area ratios were generally consistent with the estimated level of debris flow activity during the Holocene as reported below. Terrain analysis of three of the most active debris flow basins revealed the variety of modes of slope failure and sediment production in the region.Micro-scale debris flow event systems indicated a range of recurrence intervals for large debris flows from 106−3645 years. The spatial variation of these rates across the fans was generally consistent with previously mapped hazard zones. At the fan meso-scale, the range of recurrence intervals for large debris flows was 273−1566 years and at the regional scale, the estimated recurrence interval of large debris flows was 874 years (with undetermined error bands) during the past 7290 years. Dated lake sediments from the adjacent Lake Whatcom gave recurrence intervals for large sediment producing events ranging from 481−557 years over the past 3900 years and clearly discernible sedimentation events in the lacustrine sediments had a recurrence interval of 67−78 years over that same period.     

The impact of resolution on the accuracy of hydrologic data derived from DEMs

1 Introduction Automated extraction of drainage features from DEMs is an effective alternative to the tedious manual mapping from topographic maps. The derived hydrologic characteristics include stream-channel networks, delineation of catchment boundaries, catchment area, catchment length, stream-channel long profiles and stream order etc. Other important characteristics of river catchments, such as the stream-channel density, stream-channel bifurcation ratios, stream-channel order, number…     

Relief-rejuvenation and topographic length scales in a fluvial drainage basin, Napf area, Central Switzerland

This paper explores how, and to what extent, a phase of relief-rejuvenation modifies the mode of surface erosion in an approximately 63 km² drainage basin located at the northern border of the Swiss Alps (Luzern area). In the study area, the retreat of the Alpine glaciers at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) caused base level to lower by approximately 80 m. The fluvial system adapted to the lowered base level by headward erosion. This is indicated by knickzones in the longitudinal stream profiles and by the continuous upstream narrowing of the width of the valley floor towards these knickzones. In the headwaters above these knickzones, processes are still to a significant extent controlled by the higher base level of the LGM. There, frequent exposure of bedrock in channels and especially on hillslopes implies that sediment flux is to a large extent limited by weathering rates. In the knickzones, however, exposure of bedrock in channels implies that sediment flux is supply-limited, and that erosion rates are controlled by stream power.The morphometric analysis reveals the existence of length scales in the topography that result from distinct geomorphic processes. Along the tributaries where the upstream sizes of the drainage basins exceed 100,000–200,000 m², the mode of sediment transport and erosion changes from predominantly hillslope processes (i.e., landsliding, creep of regolith, rock avalanches and to some extent debris flows) to processes in channels (fluvial processes and debris flows). This length scale reflects the minimum size of the contributing area for channelized processes to take over in the geomorphic development (i.e., threshold size of drainage basin). This threshold size depends on the ratio between production rates of sediment on hillslopes, and export rates of sediment by processes in channels. Consequently, in the headwaters, erosion rates and sediment flux, and hence landscape evolution rates, are to a large extent limited by weathering processes. In contrast, in the lower portion of the drainage basin that adjusts to the lowered base-level, rates of channelized erosion and relief formation are controlled mainly by stream power. Hence, this paper shows that base-level lowering, headward erosion and establishment of knickzones separate drainage basins in two segments with different controls on rates of surface erosion, sediment flux and relief formation.     

基于DEM的复杂地形流域特征提取

利用流域数字高程模型(DEM)构建数字水系模型并提取流域水系特征是分布式水文过程模拟的重要前提。提出了面向分布式水文过程模拟和流域特征提取的数字水系模型,并针对现有方法对复杂地形DEM中含有的平地、洼地及其嵌套情形的处理不足,提出了栅格水流分类、填洼分类与归并及有效填平处理、河谷平地的出流代价法构建栅格流向和流序等新的处理方法,并在开发的软件系统得到实现。使用该方法创建的黄土岭流域数字水系模型和提取的水系等流域特征结果表明:本文方法可有效应对复杂地形流域的处理,提取的流域水系特征与实际自然水系比较吻合,能够有效地消除现有方法在地形平坦区域容易产生的平行河道、奇异河道、河道变形等不足。