Density distribution functions and correlations of earthquake parameters

The statistical analysis of the source parameters of 9 earthquake sets of different types (aftershocks, scattered events, swarms) and of different seismic regions shows that the density distribution function (ddf) of the linear dimension l of a fault is represented by a negative power law, as well as the ddf of the static stress drop σ and of the scalar seismic moment M_o. It is then suggested, and tentatively verified, that also the ddf of the root mean square ground acceleration, defined as a function of l and σ, may be represented by a negative power law and that, at least in the cases examined, it scales like the ddf of σ. It is seen that the variability of the static stress drop is significant from one region to another, as is well known, but it seems remarkable also in the same seismic region (in particular in California, σ varies by several orders of magnitude) and in the different sets of events of a given region (as observed again for California). It is hypothesized that a correlation, although weak, between the stress drop and the linear dimension of a fault exists and the analyses seem not to contradict that σ may be a decreasing function of l. Finally, it is suggested that the seismicity of a region may be represented two-dimensionally as a function of the ddf of the stress drop and of the linear dimension of a fault instead of the classic b and b_o values.     

LLSVPs与全球热点空间叠置性再分析

地震层析成像显示在非洲和太平洋之下的核幔边界处(～2800 km)存在两个大型低剪切波速省(LLSVPs),分别被命名为Tuzo和Jason,指示温度或成分的异常。前人通过研究发现,大火成岩省喷发的古位置以及现今活动热点位置多位于LLSVPs边界±10°附近。由此,基于空间相关性,将LLSVPs狭窄的边界视为地幔热柱生成区,广泛用于解释地幔柱与热点的成因。但是,将一个深度2800 km的地球物理异常与地表热点建立联系,仍存在诸多不确定性。而且LLSVPs作为全球尺度的异常区,在地表的映射范围巨大,不可避免地与大量热点存在天然的空间叠置性,这种空间关联的程度以及是否具有成因联系仍然未知。本文考虑随机状态下热点落入LLSVPs范围的概率,对全球热点与LLSVPs边界重新进行空间分析,判断两者之间的空间叠置性。统计结果显示,全球热点与LLSVPs边界的空间相关性不及预期,Tuzo和Jason之间存在较大差异,Jason与热点缺乏空间位置相关性,而Tuzo与热点空间相关性较强。热点的分布与成因可能并不完全受控于LLSVPs。研究结果对普遍认为的LLSVPs与热点分布之间的强相关性提出质疑,在具...     

Selection of shelters after earthquake using probabilistic seismic aftershock hazard analysis and remote sensing

Natural Hazards - After a major earthquake, one of the main tasks is to identify temporary shelters. In this study, we utilized probabilistic aftershock hazard analysis based on land use...     

长诏断裂带垂直运动与地震关系初探

利用跨断层短水准资料分析了长诏断裂带断层活动特征,结果表明:长诏断裂带总体活动性质基本相同,分时段活动性质有所不同。断层各段多数以压性逆断为主,不同于历史地质考察结果。此外,长诏断裂带各断裂都具有分段活动特点。     

The aftershock process and mechanisms of the May 30, 2004 Kostromskoe earthquake,Sakhalin

The results of the instrumental and macroseismic studies are reported for the tangible earthquake with intensity of up to 5–6 and amplitude of MLH = 4.8 that occurred near the western coast of Sakhalin Island. The main parameters of the Kostromskoe earthquake have been estimated in two versions: (1) based on the data from the local network of digital stations located in southern Sakhalin, and (2) from the complex of local, regional, and global observations. It has been noted that the development of the local network in southern Sakhalin allowed the seismic regime in the earthquake area to be investigated in more detail and the mechanisms of both the individual weak and group events to be derived. The acquired data on the dislocation style of the main shock and aftershocks in the days following the event were used for the geological-tectonic interpretation of the Kostromskoe earthquake.     

南北地震带大地电流分布与地震活动关系探讨

利用中国南北地震带38个固定地电场台站观测数据,研究该区大地电流场流线和电流矢量的分布特点,分析了大地电流矢量场的涡度和散度,并联系动力学机制讨论了大地电流与南北地震带的关系,探讨地震活动与电流涡度时变的对应性。这是首次应用空间密度较高的地电场台站开展这方面的研究工作。结果表明:(1)大地电流线走向和汇聚特点与构造地块的运动特点具有某种一致性,在构造边界上大地电流矢量存在汇集及分异的现象;(2)大地电流汇聚和发散等现象与断裂构造相关,一般表现为流线沿断裂带走向汇集或发散,在断裂交错地区表现出较复杂的形态;(3)大地电流场涡度分布特点可作为大构造块体运移的电性指示,涡度随时间变化可能为某种地震前兆。     

走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异

以玉树地震滑坡为实例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、水系、地层岩性、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)8个因子,以地震滑坡面积百分比(LAP)与滑坡点密度(LND)为指标,研究走滑断裂型地震诱发滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异。在分析这些影响因子的断裂两盘的差异的基础上,基于LAP与LND两个指标详细分析断裂两盘每个因子内部级别滑坡发育的情况。结果表明,总体上北盘的滑坡较南盘发育,除了个别因子级别内南北盘滑坡差别较大外,大部分表现为南北盘滑坡分布情况类似。总之,玉树地震滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布基本类似,只是在某些因子分级内存在一定的差异。     

走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异

以玉树地震滑坡为实例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、水系、地层岩性、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)8个因子,以地震滑坡面积百分比(LAP)与滑坡点密度(LND)为指标,研究走滑断裂型地震诱发滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异。在分析这些影响因子的断裂两盘的差异的基础上,基于LAP与LND两个指标详细分析断裂两盘每个因子内部级别滑坡发育的情况。结果表明,总体上北盘的滑坡较南盘发育,除了个别因子级别内南北盘滑坡差别较大外,大部分表现为南北盘滑坡分布情况类似。总之,玉树地震滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布基本类似,只是在某些因子分级内存在一定的差异。     

基于煤岩层与断层空间关系的防隔水煤岩柱优化计算

近断层煤层开采时,防隔水煤岩柱的正确留设是防止断层突水事故的重要措施。山东济宁三号煤矿123_上01(南)工作面西邻的F8断层落差较大,可能会沟通底部奥陶系灰岩(简称奥灰)含水层,为确保工作面安全回采,需要进行F8断层防隔水煤岩柱尺寸计算。考虑煤岩层真实产状、断层面与煤层产状的空间关系和底板承压水威胁,对《煤矿防治水细则》中断层导水条件下的防隔水煤岩柱尺寸计算方式进行改进,推导出水位到安全防隔水煤岩柱宽度(H_a)在断层面垂足处的水头高度计算公式及改进后的断层防隔水煤岩柱尺寸计算公式。对比计算结果发现:《煤矿防治水细则》原有计算公式在将煤岩层理想化为水平岩层,且取偏小的煤层底板水压值计算的情况下,计算出的F8断层煤岩柱尺寸为112 m,改进公式的计算结果为128.5 m。因改进公式考虑了实际煤岩层产状及与断层面空间关系,且水压取值位置准确,计算结果更为精确,将为矿井安全回采提供更为科学的参考依据。      

汶川Mw 7.9级地震同震断层陡坎类型与级联破裂模型

2008年5月12日,汶川Mw7.9级地震在青藏高原东缘沿龙门山逆冲断裂带中段形成了两条NE向和一条NW向逆冲走滑型地表破裂。依据同震地表陡坎形态特征,将其分为8种类型:逆断层陡坎、上盘垮塌陡坎、挤压推覆陡坎、右旋挤压推覆陡坎、断层相关褶皱陡坎、后冲挤压陡坎、上冲叠覆陡坎和局部正断层陡坎。汶川地震所形成的同震地表破裂主要由以逆冲为主的映秀破裂段和兼具逆冲、右旋走滑的北川破裂段两部分组成,这两个破裂段分别对应于Mw7.8与Mw7.6级地震事件;它们还可进一步细分为分别对应于Mw7.5、Mw7.7、Mw7.0和Mw7.5等4个次级事件的4个次级破裂段。这些次级破裂段的级联破裂可以用来解释为什么汶川地震的持续时间长达110 s。余震震源机制分析结果表明,发震断层的倾角随深度的增加而变缓,且从西南向北东逐渐变陡可以用来解释走滑分量增加的成因。此次大地震还表明,沿青藏高原东缘地形抬高的主要驱动力可能是地壳挤压缩短,而不一定是下地壳物质流动和膨胀引起上地壳的隆升。     

考虑围岩流变特性的地震尖点型突变模型

考虑到断层两盘围岩的粘弹性和断层的应变弱化,建立了断层地震的简化力学模型,首先证明了该模型对应于尖点突变,后利用尖点突变理论研究地震的非稳定机制,阐明只有当外界对系统输入足够的能量,且刚度比小于１时,系统内的能量才能迅地转移与释放,引起地震。而孕震时间既与远场位 关又与围岩的粘弹性性质有关。     

Simultaneous inversion of the aftershock data of the 1993 Killari earthquake in Peninsular India and its seismotectonic implications

The aftershock sequence of the September 30th, 1993 Killari earthquake in the Latur district of Maharashtra state, India, recorded by 41 temporary seismograph stations are used for estimating 3-D velocity structure in the epicentral area. The local earthquake tomography (LET) method of Thurber (1983) is used. About 1500P and 1200S wave travel-times are inverted. TheP andS wave velocities as well asV _P/V_Sratio vary more rapidly in the vertical as well as in the horizontal directions in the source region compared to the adjacent areas. The main shock hypocentre is located at the junction of a high velocity and a low velocity zone, representing a fault zone at 6–7 km depth. The estimated average errors ofP velocity andV _P/V_Sratio are ±0.07 km/s and ±0.016, respectively. The best resolution ofP and S-wave velocities is obtained in the aftershock zone. The 3-D velocity structure and precise locations of the aftershocks suggest a ‘stationary concept’ of the Killari earthquake sequence.     

长白山地区水热蚀变分布与主要断裂带的空间关系

基于Landsat8 OLI数据,针对长白山地区综合使用比值法和主成分分析法提取水热蚀变信息,提取精度经野外验证为83.3%。利用等距分区加权叠加分析的统计方法对该地区水热蚀变分布和主要断裂带的空间关系进行了定量分析。研究结果表明水热蚀变的强度与该区域距断裂带的距离呈现负相关。新形成的断裂带附近以及断裂带的交汇处水热蚀变强度较大。     

汶川地震断裂带结构特征与龙门山隆升的关系

2008年汶川地震(MW7.9)发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带上,并沿映秀-北川断裂和灌县-安县断裂分别产生约270km和80km的不同性质的地表破裂带。断裂岩是断裂活动的产物,是断裂带的物质组成,其结构特征记录了断裂活动演化的历史。本文以汶川地震发震断裂映秀-北川断裂带中虹口八角庙地区地表露头和汶川地震科学钻探一号孔(WFSD-1)岩心为主要研究对象,通过详细的野外调研、显微结构及XRD分析等,识别出映秀-北川断裂带由五个次级单元组成,分别为:碎裂岩带、黑色断层泥和角砾岩带、灰色断层角砾岩带、深灰色断层角砾岩带以及断层泥和角砾岩带。断裂岩组合显示映秀-北川断裂带具有多核断裂结构特征。映秀-北川断裂带在地表出露的宽度约为240m,岩心中厚度约为105m,碎裂岩、断层角砾岩、断层泥在地表及岩心中均发育,而假玄武玻璃仅在地表碎裂岩部分出现。汶川地震主滑移带斜切了映秀-北川断裂带,不完全沿袭古地震滑移带,暗示汶川地震断裂带与映秀-北川断裂带可能不是同一个断裂体系。通过断裂岩的研究确定了映秀-北川断裂带存在着摩擦熔融、热增压、动态润滑和机械润滑等多种断裂滑移机制。低温热年代学的研究推断映秀-北川断裂带的形成时代为15～10Ma,自形成以来,映秀-北川断裂带的长期活动控制着龙门山的快速隆升。断裂带五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构带,可能与龙门山不同的隆升速率期有着一定的联系。     

台湾活断层研究与地震预测现况

<正>台湾海峡及福建被认为是地震极稀少的地区,但考察史料却可发现,公元1604年在泉州外海发生过震级达8.0的大地震。河北省唐山市附近也是地震极稀少的地区,但却在1976年发生了震级达7.6的大地震,造成重大灾害。这种地震的发生很难被掌握,因此,地震预测研究在近30年来倍受瞩目。     

Investigation of earthquake recurrence networks: the cases of 2014 and 2015 aftershock sequences in Ionian Islands,Greece

Natural Hazards - The investigation of earthquake recurrence networks that were constructed from two aftershock sequences in Greece, is performed, aiming to detect whether the structure of networks...     

中国航磁异常特征与铁矿床空间分布关系

中国航磁调查已基本覆盖全国,尤其是近二十年来开展了大面积1∶5万高精度航磁调查,为铁矿的成矿规律研究及找矿预测提供了重要的基础数据。文章基于全国航磁编图（1∶100万）和大比例尺（≥1∶5万）航磁数据集,开展区域、矿集区、矿床3个不同尺度的研究,旨在总结4种主要类型铁矿在区域和局部磁场上的响应模式,指导找矿应用。研究表明,不同类型的铁矿在区域磁场上呈现出不同的特征,沉积变质型铁矿主要位于条带状磁异常边部负背景场中的局部高磁异常,岩浆型铁矿主要位于线性磁异常带,接触交代-热液型铁矿（矽卡岩型）主要沿带状或等轴状磁异常边缘分布,火山岩型铁矿通常沿带状磁异常分布。不同的区域磁异常特征通常反映了特定的控矿要素,主要刻画了火山-沉积建造、基性-超基性杂岩、中酸性侵入岩、火山岩由浅部至深部的分布特征,为成矿地质背景研究提供了大量深部信息。岩浆活动强烈的构造带,会导致地壳内基底隆起和较高的地温梯度,呈现出磁性基岩深度和居里面深度较浅的特征,有利于铁矿物的富集成矿。大比例尺航磁资料（≥1∶5万）大都能够直接反映矿体或含矿地质体的特征,磁异常都对应了铁矿体或矿化的中心,但矿体的规模、产状、埋深、品位等特征的变化都会造成磁异常幅值、形状、大小的变化,通过约束条件下2D和3D正反演计算获得深部矿体或含矿地质体的特征,对找矿勘查最具指导意义。概括来讲,中小比例尺航磁资料主要用于成矿地质背景研究,分析成矿控矿要素,达到区域成矿预测的目的。大比例尺航磁资料可用于隐伏矿体或含矿地质体预测,建立深部矿体或含矿地质体二维或三维模型,指导勘探工作。     

High precision slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake inferred from tsunami waveforms: Possible slip on a splay fault

Inversion of tsunami waveforms is a well-established technique for estimating the slip distributions of subduction zone earthquakes, with some of the most detailed results having been obtained for earthquakes in the Nankai Trough, SW Japan. The present study, although it uses a method and tsunami waveform data set almost identical to previous study, aims to improve on previous work by using a more precise specification of initial conditions for the calculation of tsunami Green's functions. Specifically, we incorporated four improvements in the present study: (1) we used a realistic plate model based only on seismic survey results, and assumed it to be the fault plane of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake; (2) the smallest subfaults consistent with the long wavelength approximation were used in the tsunami inversion analysis; (3) we included the effect of horizontal displacement of the ocean bottom on tsunami generation; and (4) we performed a checkerboard resolution test. As obtained in previous studies, a zone of high slip (> 2.0 m) was resolved off the Shima Peninsula. However, the more precise calculation of tsunami Green's functions has revealed additional detail that was not evident in previous studies, which we demonstrate is resolvable and correlates with the position of known faults in the accretionary prism. While there was little or no slip near the trench axis in the eastern part of the rupture zone, there was up to 1.5 m of slip resolved within 30 km of the trough axis in the western part, along the coast of the Kii Peninsula. This troughward slip zone coincides with the position of a large splay fault mapped in multichannel reflection surveys. Furthermore, it is also clear that the upper edge of the Enshu fault off Shima and Atsumi peninsulas is consistent with the up-dip limit of slip in the eastern part of our model. We tested the possibility that slip occurred on the former splay fault instead of on the plate interface during the 1944 Tonankai earthquake, and find that slip on this splay fault is also consistent with the data, although we cannot distinguish whether slip was dominant on the splay fault or on the plate interface. We further suggest that the position of the Enshu fault may be determined by the subduction of topographic highs, and that such faults may have an important influence on the up-dip rupture limit of the 1944 Tonankai and, potentially, other subduction zone earthquakes.     

龙门山汶川-茂县断裂带的岩石磁学特征及其地震作用的指示意义

汶川-茂县断裂带是龙门山后山断裂,是松潘-甘孜褶皱带与龙门山断裂带之间的边界断层,然而,在2008年M_W 7.9级汶川大地震中并没有发生破裂。同时,汶川-茂县断裂带在汶川地震之前是否发生过历史大地震仍缺少确切的证据。这不仅制约着汶川地震发生机制的认识,而且还影响对龙门山形成演化过程的理解。因此,确定汶川-茂县断裂带的断裂作用环境对于认识龙门山断裂带的地震发生机制至关重要。断裂岩的岩石磁学可以有效地揭示断裂带的物理和化学环境。本文以汶川-茂县断裂带北部地表露头的断裂岩为研究对象,通过岩石磁学研究,并结合显微结构观察和地球化学分析,探讨汶川-茂县断裂带的断裂作用环境。断层泥和断层角砾岩最大磁化率值分别约为围岩的30倍和15倍,具有高磁化率值特征。断层泥的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、针铁矿;断层角砾岩的主要载磁矿物为磁黄铁矿、针铁矿。断层泥的高磁化率值异常的主要原因是围岩中的含铁矿物在地震摩擦热和流体作用下新生成磁铁矿和磁黄铁矿。断层角砾岩的高磁化率值异常是围岩在含有大量硫元素的低温热液流体作用下生成了磁黄铁矿。大量针铁矿指示了震后期还原性的低温热液流体作用。断裂岩的高磁化率值异常和新生磁铁矿指示了汶川-茂县断裂带曾经发生了摩擦热温度>500℃的大地震活动,发震和震后期均为还原性的硫元素含量较高的低温热液流体环境。