华南埃迪卡拉系底部钾质斑脱岩的岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

我国华南扬子地台不同地区（湖北宜昌、安徽休宁）埃迪卡拉系底部的盖帽碳酸盐岩中均保存有浅色粘土岩层。岩石薄片和扫描电镜观察,以及X射线衍射分析表明,这些粘土岩层以伊利石和伊/蒙混层矿物为主,同时含有港湾状熔蚀石英、高温透长石及岩浆锆石等斑晶矿物。X荧光光谱仪和ICP-MS等离子质谱仪等地球化学元素分析表明,这些粘土岩层具有相似的元素组成和配分模式,以高K₂O、低TiO₂,富含Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、Y等亲石元素为特征,Al₂O₃/TiO₂、Zr/Hf 和Ti/Th 值均指示了酸性火山灰的性质,同时稀土元素配分模式与花岗岩较为相似。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,这些浅色粘土岩层是火山喷发事件形成的钾质斑脱岩。通过两处剖面的对比,可以将安徽休宁地区的钾质斑脱岩年龄限制在大约635Ma左右。岩浆判别图指示了这些钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为高钾亚碱性流纹英安岩;依据微量元素特征和构造环境判别图,初步认为原始岩浆形成于大陆弧环境。这些钾质斑脱岩在区域上的分布,表明我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉纪早期发生了广泛的火山活动,“雪球地球”事件的结束可能是导致这期以钾质斑脱岩为代表的火山喷发事件的诱因。     

钾质斑脱岩的研究进展

从矿物学、地球化学两个方面对钾质斑脱岩的研究进展进行综合评述.矿物学研究表明,钾质斑脱岩为岩浆成因,由粘土矿物与非粘土矿物组成,粘土矿物以伊-蒙混层矿物和伊利石为主,非粘土矿物包括原生斑晶矿物和次生矿物.钾质斑脱岩的矿物学研究有助于地层对比难题的解决,亦将促进古大陆再造研究.钾质斑脱岩及斑脱岩的主量元素数据统计结果显示,钾质斑脱岩以相对富钾为特征,K2O含量一般大于3.5%.微量元素数据统计表明,钾质斑脱岩的微量元素以Th、U的明显富集为特征,同时均具有负Eu异常并缺乏负Ce异常.通过对早寒武世、奥陶纪及志留纪的钾质斑脱岩的微量元素特征进行对比研究,认为不同时期钾质斑脱岩的微量元素与REE的配分模式表现出不同的特征,尤其是Nb/Y、Th/U等微量元素比值及(La/Yb)N、(La/Sm)N、(Gd/Yb)N、δEu和δCe等稀土元素参数的差异明显.经对比,初步判定滇东石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩与遵义石岩头组钾质斑脱岩可能不属于同一期火山活动的产物.     

钾质斑脱岩的研究进展

从矿物学、地球化学两个方面对钾质斑脱岩的研究进展进行综合评述。矿物学研究表明，钾质斑脱岩为岩浆成因，由粘土矿物与非粘土矿物组成，粘土矿物以伊．蒙混层矿物和伊利石为主，非粘土矿物包括原生斑晶矿物和次生矿物。钾质斑脱岩的矿物学研究有助于地层对比难题的解决，亦将促进古大陆再造研究。钾质斑脱岩及斑脱岩的主量元素数据统计结果显示，钾质斑脱岩以相对富钾为特征，K2O含量一般大于3．5％。微量元素数据统计表明，钾质斑脱岩的微量元素以，Th、U的明显富集为特征，同时均具有负Eu异常并缺乏负Ce异常。通过对早寒武世、奥陶纪及志留纪的钾质斑脱岩的微量元素特征进行对比研究，认为不同时期钾质斑脱岩的微量元素与REE的配分模式表现出不同的特征，尤其是Nb／Y、Th／U等微量元素比值及（Ia/Yb）N、（Ia／Sm）N、（G/Yb）N、δEu和δCe等稀土元素参数的差异明显。经对比，初步判定滇东石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩与遵义石岩头组钾质斑脱岩可能不属于同一期火山活动的产物。     

四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组钾质斑脱岩特征及其地质意义

四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩地层中斑脱岩广泛分布,蕴含着丰富的地球化学信息。开展相关矿物学（XRD）、主量元素（XRF）,以及微量元素（ICP-MS）等分析,结合野外露头观察,对四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩地层中斑脱岩进行了分析。研究结果表明：1）斑脱岩主要由伊利石、斜长石、石英等矿物组成;2）主量元素以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、K₂O 为主,其中K₂O/Na₂O介于15.54～270之间;3）微量元素富集Th、U、Pb、Zr、Hf、Ta等高场强元素（HFSE）和Rb、Cs、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损La、Ce、Sr、Sm、Eu等元素;4）稀土元素∑REE介于19.58×10^-6～383.88×10^-6之间,平均值为105.43×10^-6,LREE/ HREE介于0.74～12.67之间,平均值为3.93,总体表现为轻稀土（LREE）富集,而重稀土（HREE）亏损,轻、重稀土元素分异明显,Eu表现出一定的负异常,而Ce未出现明显异常。综合分析认为：1）四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组斑脱岩具有高钾低钠的特点,与钾质斑脱岩特征相符,且五峰组与龙马溪组斑脱岩特征相似,火山灰物质来源相近;2）原岩构造环境主要为岛弧环境,同时也存在板内环境,火山灰主要来源于北部秦岭地区;3）火山灰可以提高海洋表层初级生产力,为优质页岩有机质形成提供物质基础。     

奥陶纪-志留纪边界附近火山活动记录：来华南周缘钾质斑脱岩的信息

扬子地台内奥陶纪顶部的五峰组到志留纪底部的龙马溪组间存在着多个粘土岩层.前人研究结果认为这些粘土岩层为钾质斑脱岩,是火山喷发的凝灰质物质在海相环境沉积、蚀变的产物.这些斑脱岩广泛分布于扬子地台周缘,对理解奥陶纪-志留纪时华南所处的大地构造位置和相应的构造事件具有重要的意义.本文对采自扬子地台内湖北宜昌地区和贵州桐梓地区奥陶纪-志留纪界线剖面的斑脱岩层进行了矿物学及地球化学工作,旨在判定其形成的构造环境.矿物学研究表明上述岩石除了含有粘土矿物外,还含有石英、长石、黑云母、磷灰石、锆石等中酸性岩浆岩中的常见矿物,属典型的钾质斑脱岩.本文利用在风化过程中不活动元素对斑脱岩的原岩进行了恢复,结果也表明其原岩为中酸性火山岩,包括安山岩-英安岩-及流纹岩等.微量元素特征显示多数样品具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征,很可能与北面早古生代秦岭洋的闭合过程中的板块俯冲有关,也可能是早古生代在华南板块东南缘外侧存在的一古老洋壳向华南板块的俯冲.有一个样品(YC0711)没有Nb的负异常,但是具有明显的Ti负异常,在Th/Yb-Nb/Yb判别图上落在岛弧区附近,其原岩可能是富铌玄武岩之类的特殊岛弧岩石.火山活动的峰期为晚奥陶世赫南特阶时代,与地质历史上第二大的生物大灭绝事件同时.前人认为该生物灭绝事件与冈瓦纳冰川有关.考虑到华南以及欧洲、北美等地均出现大规模晚奥陶世-早侏罗纪钾质斑脱岩,奥陶纪-志留纪边界的火山事件是具有全球规模的,所喷发的岩石多是富含挥发份的中酸性岩,对大气圈和生物圈具有十分重要的影响,本文认为火山活动很可能是造成晚奥陶世的生物大灭绝事件和冈瓦纳冰川的主要诱导因素.     

贵州早寒武世火山活动记录及其地质意义

华南下寒武统一直引起地质学家们的关注。最近,于贵州织金戈仲伍及金沙岩孔2条剖面的下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部发现数层粘土岩,采用x射线衍射分析方法（XRD）、X荧光光谱法（XRF）及电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP—MS）对其进行了矿物学和地球化学研究。矿物学分析显示所研究的粘土岩的矿物组合包括：伊利石、伊利石一蒙脱石混层矿物、蒙脱石、高岭石、石英、云母、角闪石、长石、锆石等。主量元素含量分析显示粘土岩ω（K20）介于4．05％～5．75％之间,平均值为4．76％,明显高于典型的以蒙脱石为主要矿物的斑脱岩。粘土岩的微量元素含量特征表现为：相对于地壳页岩,其亲石元素,Ih、Y、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ga、U等含量较高,亲铁元素Ni、co含量较低,火山活动产物中的标志元素As含量亦较高。球粒陨石标准化多元素蜘蛛图解显示所有粘土岩样品相对亏损Rb、Nb、Pb、Sr,相对富集Ba、U;球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图显示它们具有右倾的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损且具负Eu异常的稀土元素配分模式。矿物学及地球化学特征表明它们成因上属于由火山凝灰物质经水解、成岩及蚀变作用形成的钾质斑脱岩,代表了早寒武世时期于贵州地区发生的3期火山活动。通过Nb／Y—Zr／TiO2：图解判别,认为研究区钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆性质为中酸性岩浆;进一步通过（Y＋Nb）-Rb构造判别图解投影,获得了钾质斑脱岩的源火山喷发于板内拉张环境的地球动力学信息。由于新发现的钾质斑脱岩与华南下寒武统Ni—Mo—PGE矿床存在密切的时空联系,因此,我们认为钾质斑脱岩的发现为解释由火山作用贡献了成矿物质的矿床成因观点提供了新的研究线索。     

华南五峰组-龙马溪组与华北下马岭组的钾质斑脱岩及黑色岩系——两个地史转折期板块构造运动的沉积响应

华南奥陶—志留纪之交的五峰组—龙马溪组及华北新元古界下马岭组发现的钾质斑脱岩,都产自类似的黑色硅质-碳质页岩/板岩岩系。这两套黑色岩系与上、下地层的接触关系、岩性组成以及垂向序列所揭示的地质过程,具有良好的可对比性,都符合Ettensohn总结的黑色页岩与板块构造运动之间的成因关系模式。岩石元素地球化学研究表明,这两组不同时代的钾质斑脱岩具有相似的源岩岩浆背景,为中酸性的粗安岩-英安岩-流纹岩系列,源于同碰撞岛弧(synCOL-VA)背景的火山喷发活动,与板块边缘的俯冲碰撞密切相关。由于华南五峰组—龙马溪组内斑脱岩及黑色页岩沉积的形成与此间华夏地块与扬子地块的汇聚相关,华北下马岭组的黑色岩系与钾质斑脱岩的形成可能也和华北地块与相邻地块的碰撞相关。推测后者很可能为Rodinia超大陆或Pangea850Ma汇聚时的沉积-地层学响应。     

煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩:矿物学和地球化学研究进展

含煤地层中广泛分布的火山灰蚀变成因的高岭石黏土岩被称为Tonstein。少数情况下,煤系蚀变火山灰层的黏土矿物以蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物为主,则分别称为斑脱岩和钾质斑脱岩。尽管中外学者对煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩已有大量研究,然而,迄今为止这几个术语在定义和使用上在国内外科学界仍然存在争议。煤中火山灰的淋滤作用会对煤的地球化学组成产生重要影响。含煤地层中这类岩石因为分布广泛可以被用作等时标志层,提供地层对比的依据,其中的原生矿物还可以提供绝对年龄信息。有的碱性火山灰层具有找矿指示意义。煤中火山灰蚀变黏土岩夹矸中化学性质相对稳定的元素可以用来推断原始火山灰的组成,提供原始岩浆的成分以及区域地质历史演化方面的信息。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶纪火山活动记录:来自陕甘地区平凉组钾质斑脱岩地球化学和锆石年代学的信息

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘多个奥陶系剖面中出露多层粘土岩。研究表明,这些粘土岩层多为钾质斑脱岩,是火山喷发的凝灰质物质在海相环境下沉积、蚀变的产物,其研究对鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系年代地层格架的重新厘定和周缘火山-岩浆活动事件的确定具有重要意义。本文报道了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陕西泾阳西陵沟剖面和甘肃平凉银洞官庄剖面奥陶系平凉组钾质斑脱岩的地球化学特征和锆石U-Pb年龄。主量元素表明其源岩为中酸性岩浆,且所有样品K2O含量大于Na2O含量,显示了富钾质特征;Nb-Zr图解中样品大多落在高钾、亚碱性岩浆范围内。利用在风化过程中不活动元素对钾质斑脱岩的原岩进行了恢复,结果表明其原始岩浆为高钾亚碱性流纹英安岩和粗面安山岩。微量元素特征显示多数样品具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征。分别对上述二个剖面的4个和2个钾质斑脱岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得了变化于449±3Ma~457±3Ma范围的6组谐和年龄,据此将平凉组的沉积时代厘定为晚奥陶世桑比期-凯迪期(Sandbian-Katian)。根据钾质斑脱岩区域分布判断其源于南部北秦岭地区或/和西南部北祁连地区的火山喷发。     

南大巴山东段上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组钾质斑脱岩锆石U- Pb年龄及其构造意义

奥陶系-志留系之交的钾质斑脱岩分布范围广,发育层位多,是研究该时期地层年代学、事件地层对比、生物大灭绝和冰期事件及源区构造背景分析的理想对象。本文对南大巴山东段鄂渝交界上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组地层中的斑脱岩开展了锆石U-Pb测年,栗子坪剖面(LZP)黑色泥岩中钾质斑脱岩获得了447.9±2.9Ma年龄,燕子剖面(YZ)黑色硅质岩中钾质斑脱岩年龄为450.9±1.6Ma,间接地限定和约束了地层的沉积年龄。岩石地球化学特征显示,燕子剖面斑脱岩SiO_2为53.61%～56.34%,而栗子坪剖面SiO_2为35.56%～43.81%,其低值可能与高铁含量和高烧失量有关;K_2O含量为5.61%～5.47%,且K_2ONa_2O,属钾质斑脱岩。燕子剖面和栗子坪剖面钾质斑脱岩稀土元素含量变化较大,前者ΣREE为46.48×10~(-6)～73.70×10~(-6),平均值63.08×10~(-6),后者ΣREE介于113.34×10~(-6)～356.98×10~(-6)之间,平均值164.08×10~(-6),LREE/HREE和La_N/Yb_N均显示轻、重稀土元素分异不太明显,轻稀土轻微富集的特点;两者均具有明显的Eu负异常,Ba、U、Nb和Ti微量元素分异明显,前者微量元素明显亏损Nb、Ta和Ti(TNT异常)。原岩恢复结果表明LZP钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为过碱性粗面安山岩,YZ钾质斑脱岩为高钾碱性流纹岩,表明两者可能属不同期次或不同来源的岩浆岩。构造背景判别图解显示,LZP样品主要落入板内花岗岩内;YZ样品落在火山弧花岗岩/同碰撞花岗岩内。结合大巴山区域地质构造背景,笔者认为～450.9Ma钾质斑脱岩可能与古秦岭洋壳向北的俯冲有关,其火山凝灰质可能源自沿古秦岭洋盆北缘的火山弧喷发;～447.9Ma钾质斑脱岩与板内拉张有关,火山物质可能主要以板内火山喷发为主。     

Mineralogy,major and trace element geochemistry of riverbed sediments in the headwaters of the Yangtze,Tongtian River and Jinsha River

We collected riverbed sediments of the headwaters of the Yangtze River (Chumaer River, Tuotuo River, Gaerqu River and Buqu River), Tongtian River and Jinsha River (HTJR) flowing on the eastern Tibetan Plateau and analyzed their mineralogical features, major and trace element contents. The results show: (i) very poor correlations of Na₂O, K₂O, CaO, Ba, and Sr to SiO₂, LREE to Th, HREE to Hf, and Ta/La to Ti, and characteristics of Eu anomaly (the ratios of (Eu/Eu^*)_N range from 0.60 to 0.83 with an average value of 0.71) all indicate that the Jinsha River sediments have not undergone much mineralogical sorting; (ii) illite and chlorite are predominant clay minerals, and quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite, and K-feldspar are prevailing non-clay minerals. The characteristics of mineral assemblage indicate relatively weak chemical weathering degree in these river basins; (iii) very high contents of Fe₂O₃, MgO, TiO₂, Sc, V, Cr, Co, and Ni at Panzhihua mainly result from the huge-sized V–Ti magnetite deposits occurred in layered gabbroic intrusion; and (iv) the chemical alteration index (CIA) in the HTJR ranges from 46.5 to 69.2 and with an average value of 60.5 which indicates relatively weak weathering degree.     

Cryptic sediment-hosted critical element mineralization from eastern Yunnan Province,southwestern China: Mineralogy,geochemistry, relationship to Emeishan alkaline magmatism and possible origin

A previous study briefly described the occurrence of a new type of Nb(Ta)-Zr(Hf)-REY-Ga (REY: rare earth elements and yttrium) polymetallic mineralization in eastern Yunnan, southwest China. In this paper, the mineralogical and geochemical features have been further advanced through a study of two regionally extensive and relatively flat-lying mineralized layers from No. XW drill core. The layers are clay-altered volcanic ash and tuffaceous clay, and are dominated by clay minerals (mixed layer illite/smectite, kaolinite, berthierine, and chamosite); with lesser amounts of quartz and variable amounts of anatase, siderite and calcite; along with trace pyrite, barite, zircon, ilmenite, galena, chalcopyrite, and REE-bearing minerals. The mineralized samples have higher Al₂O₃/TiO₂ values (13.7–41.4) and abundant rare metal elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, REE, Ga, Th, and U) whereas less mineralized samples are rich in V, Cr, Co, and Ni and have lower Al₂O₃/TiO₂ values (2.32–7.67). The mineralized samples also have strong negative δEu in chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Two processes are most likely responsible for the geochemical and mineralogical anomalies of the mineralized samples: airborne volcanic ash and multi-stage injection of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. Based on paragenetic analysis, this polymetallic mineralization is derived from the interaction between alkaline volcanic ashes and subsequent percolation of low-temperature fluids. The intense and extensive alkaline volcanism of the early Late Permian inferred from this study possibly originated from the coeval Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP). This unique Nb(Ta)-Zr(Hf)-REE-Ga mineralization style has significant economic and geological potential for the study of mineralization of the lowest Xuanwei Formation.     

川南马边上奥陶统—下志留统黑色页岩铂族元素地球化学特征及成因分析

通过野外地质调查资料、X衍射、主量及铂族元素测试分析,研究川南马边地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩的矿物学、主量元素地球化学特征和铂族元素组成特征。川南马边长河碥五峰-龙马溪组页岩有机碳TOC平均含量为2.47%;矿物成分主要由石英和黏土矿物两大类构成,石英平均含量37.95%,黏土矿物平均含量为40.2%;页岩SiO₂平均含量为52.90%,Al₂O₃平均含量为11.47%;铂族元素总量在1.5～11.9 ng/g之间,平均值为5.16 ng/g。川南马边地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩铂族元素均以Pt与Pd含量高为特征,其中Pd平均含量为3.15 ng/g,Pt平均含量为1.48 ng/g。铂族元素碳质球粒陨石配分模式为Pt-Pd型,Pd含量约为Pt含量的2.12倍。剖面中富有机质页岩比贫有机质页岩更加富集铂族元素,铂族元素的富集可能与生物活动有关;黏土矿物含量与铂族元素含量呈负相关关系,铂族元素并未呈吸附态吸附在颗粒表面,黏土矿物的增加反而稀释了铂族元素含量。川南马边长河碥五峰-龙马溪组铂族元素并非来源于地外物质,可能来自地幔,且发生了明显分异,其富集程度在正常海洋沉积物范围内。     

Ordovician K-bentonites in the upper-plate active margin of Western Gondwana, (Famatina Ranges): Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance

Numerous, thin-bedded, tabular pale-yellowish clay bands are interlayered with black shales in a biostratigraphically constrained Early Ordovician volcano-sedimentary succession at Famatina, western Argentina. This region was part of a fairly continuous upper-plate, convergent volcanic chain that fringed western Gondwana. Mineralogy on both clay and non-clay fractions, whole rock chemistry and field observations on these distinctive event-beds indicate that they originated as relatively coarse fallout tephras, altered first into bentonites and later, through burial metamorphism, into K-bentonites (metabentonites). These tephras were deposited as single crystals and glassy dust or pumiceous fragments in a restricted subtidal environment. The region of Famatina has previously been inferred as the source of abundant distal K-bentonites recorded in the adjacent lower-plate allochthonous Precordillera terrane. However, these K-bentonites within the proximal arc site were unknown and rather unexpected since they are generally better preserved like distal deposits, associated either with central vent plinian–ultraplinian eruptions or with accompanying co-ignimbrite ash clouds. Their chemistry and comparison with those K-bentonites in the Precordillera allow tracing an evolution from volcanic arcs into continental crust. K-bentonites described in this paper are much older than those recorded in the adjacent Precordillera terrane and seem to be associated with a first eruptive period along western Gondwana that has no counterpart in the Argentine Precordillera, suggesting a significant longitudinal separation between these two regions by the Early Ordovician.     

Chronology and Geochemistry of Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Linjiang Area,Jilin Province and their Tectonic Implications

Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical analytical results are presented for the volcanic rocks of the Naozhigou, Ergulazi, and Sidaogou Formations in the Linjiang area, southeastern Jilin Province to constrain the nature of magma source and their tectonic settings. The Naozhigou Formation is composed mainly of andesite and rhyolite and its weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for 13 zircon grains is 222±1 Ma. The Ergulazi Formation consists of basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, and andesite, and six grains give a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 131±4 Ma. The Sidaogou Formation consists mainly of trachyandesite and rhyolite, and six zircon grains yield a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 113±4 Ma. The volcanic rocks have SiO2=60.24%–77.46%, MgO=0.36%–1.29% (Mg#=0.32–0.40) for the Naozhigou Formation, SiO2=51.60%–59.32%, MgO=3.70%–5.54% (Mg#=0.50–0.60) for the Ergulazi Formation, and SiO2=58.28%–76.32%, MgO=0.07%–1.20% (Mg#=0.14–0.46) for the Sidaogou Formation. The trace element analytical results indicate that these volcanic rocks are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), relative depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs, Nb, Ta, and Ti), and negative Eu anomalies. Compared with the primitive mantle, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Linjiang area have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7053-0.7083) and low εNd(t) values (?8.38 to ?2.43), and display an EMII trend. The late Triassic magma for the Naozhigou Formation could be derived from partial melting of a newly accretional crust with the minor involvement of the North China Craton basement and formed under an extensional environment after the collision of the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton. The Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks for the Ergulazi and Sidaogou Formations could be formed under the tectonic setting of an active continental margin related to the westward subduction of the Izanagi plate.     

Effects of grain size distribution on mineralogical and chemical compositions: a case study from size‐fractional sediments of the Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River)

The influence of hydrodynamics on the chemical composition of sediments is based on the uneven distribution of element abundances in different size fractions. In this study, 72 size‐fractional sediments from the Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) riverbeds were measured with XRD, SEM, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The analysis results show that the mineral and chemical characteristics change with grain size in the Huanghe and Changjiang sediments. According to the principal components analysis, three independent geochemical factors were found. The first factor elements, Zr, Hf, Th, U, Y, La and TiO₂ are influenced by the existence of heavy minerals. The second factor elements, Al₂O₃, alkalis, alkaline earth (excluding Ca and Sr) and most of the transitional metals are dominated by clay minerals. The third factor group includes Ca and Sr, which were controlled by calcium‐bearing mineral contents and chemical weathering intensities. The various grain size distributions greatly affect the mineralogical and chemical compositions of bulk sediments. Compared to other size fractions, the 5–6PHI size fractions of the Huanghe and Changjiang sediments have special mineralogical and chemical compositions, and intermediate volume percentages. Weight or volume percentage of each size fraction may be more suitable than mean grain‐size of the bulk sediment to elucidate the grain size effects. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values increase steeply with decreasing grain size, while Weathering Index of Parker (WIP) values are relatively stable. Because of the big influence of the abundance of clay minerals on CIA values, it is questionable to use CIA as a proxy of weathering intensity. Considering the clay mineral effects, stability in values and heterogeneous material properties, WIP has the potential to indicate the chemical weathering intensity of sediments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川万州中侏罗统上沙溪庙组粘土岩中火山灰的岩矿和地球化学证据

四川盆地东北缘万州地区中侏罗世上沙溪庙组产出稳定层状浅色粘土岩。利用X射线、X荧光光谱、等离子光谱（ICP）等方法对矿物成分、常量、微量和稀土元素进行了测试分析,粘土岩主要矿物为蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石。通过与澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩（PAAS）、北美平均页岩（NASC）、地壳粘土岩背景值以及其它具有代表性岩石的对比发现,本区粘土岩微量元素具有明显的低V,低Ti和低铁族元素的特点,高Al2O3／TiO2比值和低Ti／Th比值特征显著,某些层位具有明显的Eu负异常。推断本区粘土岩沉积物源具有火山灰和陆源碎屑的二元混合成因,各层位成分的差异显示了不同沉积时间内二者的混合比例发生变化。区域对比和地球化学资料显示火山灰可能来自于西部600km远的特提斯洋岛弧火山。