伽师6.4级地震前后震源区视密度变化及其构造意义

2020年1月19日新疆维吾尔自治区伽师县发生6.4级逆冲型地震,发震构造为柯坪断裂,震中位于重力监测网内部。文中首先介绍塔里木盆地西缘的重力观测网络系统的基本情况;其次结合"以场求源、场源结合"的思想,利用地震前后2013—2020年塔里木盆地西缘地区的重力重复测量数据,基于贝叶斯重力平差方法得到的点值序列和时变重力信号的场源反演方法,给出等效源反演方法的基本原理和研究区的场源监测能力,并针对实际重复重力观测数据进行测试,反演得到重力时空场源变化特征,获得了研究区地壳内部区域性重力场源动态变化及该区的地震前后多期场源视密度的结构特征;最后,结合2020年伽师6.4级地震发震构造区的重力场变化过程进行了分析和讨论。研究认为:塔里木盆地西缘的重力测网对于伽师M_S6.4地震震中周边的场源参数具有较好的分辨能力,地震前区域重力测网在2017年开始出现显著的区域性重力场变化,场源视密度呈现出与柯坪构造系一致的NEE条带特征;在地震前后,场源的视密度出现由正转负的变化过程,震后这种视密度变化与构造走向一致的特征更加明显,且扩展至整个柯坪断裂系范围,说明这些由重力监测获得的场源变化信号与此次地震事件及构造控制的场源环境变化密切相关。文中的研究方法和成果可为时变重力场源特征研究和地震重力前兆信号的分析与解释提供有重要价值的震例参考;同时,对于认识孕震区和断裂带周边的地壳构造运动模式具有重要指示意义。     

2013年芦山Ms7.0地震前重力场源变化分析

陆地重力观测获取的时变重力信号是研究地壳内部孕震区介质变化的重要依据。利用贝叶斯平差方法处理了川西地区2010—2012年的流动重力观测资料,发现相对重力仪的格值系数在两年内变化可达2×10^-4,而且仪器存在较小的非线性漂移率;重力场累积动态变化图像显示,2013年芦山MS7.0地震发生在重力梯度带零值线与龙门山断裂带交会部位附近。进一步采用等效源方法划定了测网内以雅安、康定和石棉为中心的场源分辨能力较高的区域,并反演了地震前的地壳视密度变化。场源视密度动态变化结果表明:2013年芦山MS7.0地震前2年,在龙门山断裂带的南侧和鲜水河断裂南段的东侧区域形成了范围较大的等效视密度增加区,而在小金至康定一带和都江堰周边地区也存在小规模的视密度增加。本文基于陆地时变重力测量结果反演得到芦山地震前的地壳内部等效视密度变化,可为研究壳内深部孕震环境变化特征提供参考。     

基于时变重力数据的川滇地区场源模型反演和解释

时变重力信号能反映地球内部介质迁移引起的不均衡变化, 本文利用三维欧拉反褶积方法, 通过建立合适的场源模型获得最佳反演参数, 并采用水平梯度滤波法消除部分虚假发散解, 优化反演结果。 在此基础上, 利用川滇地区2015—2019年流动重力重复观测资料, 分析了不同时空尺度的区域重力场动态变化特征, 开展对川滇地区重力变化场源特征的定性和定量研究。 结果表明: 欧拉反褶积方法能有效反演重力场变化异常的场源三维空间分布特征, 反演结果与2018年12月16日四川兴文县M_S5.7地震, 2019年6月17日长宁县M_S6.0地震及同年7月4日珙县发生的M_S5.6地震位置相对应, 揭示了区域内的构造活动特征, 为地表时变重力数据的反演和解释提供了思路和方法, 同时也对捕捉与深部构造相关的地震前兆信息、 开展强震中长期预测的应用研究具有现实意义。     

华南地区时变重力场建模实验和异常分析

陆面时变重力测量是监测地壳内部密度变化和物质运移的重要手段。 为确定华南时变重力观测网络的场源监测能力和重力场变化特征, 本文采用球面六面体单元构建重力场模型, 开展重力场建模实验, 对比不同建模方法与噪声条件下的局部重力场恢复效果, 并对2015—2017年来5期实测流动重力观测数据进行计算和分析。 结果表明, 最小二乘配置方法的建模效果和抗噪声干扰能力较好。 华南重力测网在地表等效可观测信号约±30×10^-8 m/s²的条件下, 场源空间分辨能力约为55 km; 实际重建的2015至2017年重力场累积变化基本趋势较一致, 重力负异常在不同时间尺度下表现为持续增强和积累, 且在局部出现正负波动的周期性变化。 本文研究结果对评价陆地重力数据质量, 指导地震重力观测网络系统改造升级, 客观地开展重力场变化解释、 分析强震孕育和物质变迁等科学问题具有重要的参考价值。     

设定场源参数的区域重力微变化特征与模型实验

流动重力测量作为地震前兆监测手段之一, 所得到的区域重力场微变化信号反映地壳内部密度变化、 地壳变形、 流体运移等信息。 采用定量化和模型化方法研究与地震孕育相关的重力场变化信号时空特征, 对于构建地震预报定量化指标体系具有重要意义。 通过设定场源参数构建了数值模型, 正演得到了多组不同场源条件下的重力场变化模型; 通过模型对比, 分析了重力变化与重力梯度变化对不同类型场源参数的关系。 研究结果表明: 重力垂直梯度变化对异常体边界比较敏感, 特对浅部异常更为敏感, 适用于圈定异常体范围。 以此为基础提出了观测系统的优化测量方案, 以及对观测精度的需求。 研究结果对于构建地震预报指标参数, 优化流动重力观测系统具有一定参考意义。     

基于欧拉反褶积方法估算华北地区重力变化的等效源参数

利用华北地区2009—2014年绝对重力与相对重力多期重复观测资料, 得到不同时空尺度的华北区域重力场动态变化图像。 采用欧拉反褶积方法, 通过对理论模型试算, 获得最优反演参数, 对引起华北地区重力场变化的场源深度和空间分布规律进行了反演计算和分析。 结果表明: 当构造指数为1时, 适合对流动重力场变化数据进行反演。 实际资料的反演结果在2009—2014年间的场源位置集中于河套断裂带。 本文研究方法可以用于重力场反演和以场求源的定量研究。 本工作为流动重力变化信号的反演和解释提供一条新思路, 也为构建地震重力预报指标体系提供了定量依据。     

辽宁地区时变重力场源变化特征分析

地震重力分析通过研究时变重力场变化获取地球内部介质物性变化信息。 采用贝叶斯重力网平差方法对辽宁地区2011—2014年共计四年7期的流动重力观测资料进行处理, 对研究区重力观测网总体监测能力做出分析, 选用欧拉反褶积对研究区的重力变化场源深度及空间分布特征进行反演和解释。 通过反演计算发现, 在2013年灯塔M_S5.1地震前沈阳—辽阳地区重力变化较大, 形成高梯度带, 反映该地区地震活动性增强; 而欧拉反褶积计算反演地下介质场源深度在10~40 km, 与地震实际发生深度相符, 且集中在断裂带附近。 本研究可为研究辽宁地区深部孕震环境特征提供一定参考。     

基于欧拉反褶积方法计算川滇交界重力变化场源特征

本文以川滇地区2012-2014年来的多期流动重力观测网络数据为基础,采用欧拉反褶积方法对引起重力变化的场源深度和空间分布规律进行了反演和解释.本文通过构建理论模型。得到了最优的反演参数,并对实际数据进行了计算和分析.结果表明:选择构造指数(SI)为1时适合对流动重力数据进行反演.实际资料的反演结果显示在2012-2014年间的重力变化场源位置更集中于垂直于昭通断裂的北西向分布,场源深度分布在30±10 km范围,形态与鲁甸地震发震构造位置相似.这可能与2014年8月3日鲁甸M_S 6.5地震前的中上地壳的深部应力场变化相关.依据本文研究结果和方法,可以开展由场至源的定量研究,为流动重力变化信号的反演和解释提供一条新思路.     

陆地高精度重力观测数据的应用研究进展

陆地重力观测相较于航空和卫星重力观测,距离场源更近,观测精度相对较高,其静态异常和时变数据已广泛应用于研究多种地球动力学问题.21世纪以来,绝对重力观测技术发展迅速,陆地观测网络日益完善,高精度陆地重力观测数据产品逐渐丰富,基于这些产品的大地测量和地球物理研究不断取得新进展.本文总结了近十几年来高精度陆地重力观测数据在大地测量和地球物理领域的应用进展情况,包括基于重力异常数据构建重力场和大地水准面模型、建立地壳物性结构模型、反演Moho界面形态和估计岩石圈有效弹性厚度,以及利用时变重力数据构建时变重力场模型、探测微弱动力学信号、估计地壳构造变形速率和分析与火山、地震过程的可能关联,最后探讨分析了陆地重力测量的未来发展趋势,可为中国大陆重力观测系统建设与发展规划提供参考.     

2017年九寨沟地震前重力场异常特征提取

2017年8月8日九寨沟发生7.0级地震,此次地震发生在塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂附近,震源机制为走滑型。重力场静态异常和动态异常变化可为研究深地壳结构性质提供重要的物理场信息。本文利用WGM计算的布格重力异常数据及实测流动重力数据进行小波多尺度分解,分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,WGM布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致,通过对比分析发现,九寨沟地震发生在区域重力场的四象限分布中心位置,不同时空尺度的重力场变化对于深入认识潜在地震危险性趋势具有一定的科学意义。     

松辽盆地北部布格重力异常场源分布

基于不同场源频谱成分的不同,研究松辽盆地北部布格重力异常的场源分布特征。利用匹配滤波方法计算松辽盆地北部布格重力异常的不同场源平均深度,将其分为浅源场、中源场和深源场,并推测松辽盆地北部的地壳有3层结构。浅源场产生的重力异常大,对重力勘探贡献最大;中源场和深源场的重力异常都比较小,但两者有极好的继承性。有了场源的平均深度,利用Parker迭代反演法计算上地壳与中地壳之间的界面起伏,在该界面上可看到松辽盆地北部的“隆起区-沉积盆地-隆起区”的构造特征。     

APPLICATION OF 3D HIGH PRECISION GRAVITY METHOD TO THE EXPLORATION OF DEEP BURIED HILL

Due to the influence of volcanic rock or weathering crust coverage, the quality of deep seismic data is often not reliable and it is difficult to identify small deep buried hill structure beneath the cover. However, the gravity exploration technology can use the remarkable density differences between the object and the overlying strata to identify this special geological reservoir. Although recently several rounds of seismic exploration have been carried out in Raoyang depression, Huabei Oilfield, North China to determine the existence of Hu 8 north deep buried hill, whether the buried hill really exists or not as well as its scale is still in controversial. In this paper, based on the information of seismic data and formation density, deep processing of 3D high precision ground gravity data has been carried out for 3D forward and inversion computation. The dimensional gravity forward calculation results show that the density of the deep anomaly body forms a relatively low gravity anomaly in the earth's surface. By using the potential processing method of vertical second derivative, and sliding filtering, the residual anomaly is separated from regional or background field, which illustrates the existence of a local high gravity anomaly at Hu 8 north area. According to the amplitude of residual gravity anomaly and formation density difference modeling, through a number of 3D forward calculations and 3D inversion of gravity data, the existence of Hu 8 north buried hill and its possible scale are basically determined. The results prove that the 3D high precision gravity method is effective in determining the deep buried hill structure in case that seismic data is not reliable.     

鄂尔多斯南缘地区重力变化场源特征

以鄂尔多斯南缘地区布格重力异常数据及2014—2017年相对重力观测数据为基础,采用欧拉反褶积方法,对引起重力变化的场源深度进行反演,并对空间分布规律予以解释。通过构建理论模型,反演得到最优模型参数,并对实际数据进行计算和分析。为了减弱和消除欧拉解的发散性,利用水平梯度滤波法优化反演结果。结果表明:①构造指数为1时,适合对相对重力数据进行反演,当滑动窗口选择4—8倍测点间距时,可以获得较为可靠的场源参数;②在主要断裂附近,不同时间尺度的场源呈较好的一致性特征;③引起重力变化的场源深度集中在10—30 km,与鄂尔多斯南缘地区的震源深度基本一致;④不同时间尺度的场源位置相对分散,表明引起重力变化的物质流动具有随机性和波动性。     

滇西地壳三维密度结构及其大地构造含义

重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是地球物理的重要目标和任务,其关键技术是密度反演.本文对滇西地区重力异常进行了多尺度密度反演,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,取得区域地壳多个深度上的密度扰动图像.滇西上地壳高密度扰动出现在扬子克拉通内部和西缘,以及澜沧江断裂带西缘,后者对应昌宁—勐连蛇绿混杂岩带及岛弧岩浆岩带.上地壳低密度异常主要反映西昌裂谷带和高黎贡—腾冲一带的岩浆房,和兰坪—思茅盆地中的坳陷带指示钾盐等沉积矿产目的层较厚的区段.滇西上地壳和中地壳出现三条低密度扰动带,与三期大陆碰撞带的吻合.大部分6级以上地震分布在低密度异常区或它们的边缘,只有在西昌—元古谋裂带才分布在高密度异常区.克拉通内部古裂谷带地震可分布在高密度异常区.在26°N线以南下地壳为高密度区,以北为低密度区.因此,26°N线的一个属性是下地壳密度差异分界线.滇西由北向南地壳加厚缩短的程度是逐渐变弱的,在26°N线以南,南北向的地壳加厚缩短就不明显了.高黎贡走滑剪切带、澜沧江走滑剪切带、红河走滑剪切带在滇西中地壳密度扰动平面图中表现为密度急变的梯度带.表明这三条主要的走滑剪切断裂带都穿过中地壳并可能延深到下地壳.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTI-SCALE GRAVITY FIELD VARIATION AND SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

As the most basic geophysical field, the earth gravity field has achieved wide attention, and its spatial anomaly characteristics and dynamic variation can provide important scientific basis for studying the internal structure and dynamics of the Earth. Based on the mobile gravity observation data of the southeastern Tibetan plateau from 2013 to 2016, the dynamic variation tendency and anomaly characteristics of the regional gravity field in different temporal resolutions are obtained before and after the Ludian and Jinggu earthquakes in the study area respectively. The method of wavelet multi-scale decomposition is used to analyze the relationships of gravity field variation with the earth movement, material density change, and strong earthquake preparation. The deep material variation, dynamic process and the mechanism of earthquake inoculation in the southeastern Tibetan plateau are further discussed. Results indicate that the gravity field variation in the source region before the Ludian and Jinggu earthquake respectively is characterized by obvious positive and negative anomalous transition zone and gradient zone that are consistent with the direction of fault tectonics, suggesting the strong crustal movement and mass migration during the earthquake incubation period. The result of wavelet multi-scale decomposition of the gravity field during the period from September 2013 to April 2014 shows that the gravity field variation at different depth and space scale in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau is significantly correlated with seismic distribution and the location of active fault zone. This indicates that the earthquake inoculation in the study area is closely related to the fault movement and the distribution of material density in the crust and upper mantle, which may be affected by the complex deep dynamic process of the material migration in the crust and mantle. The characteristic that strong earthquakes always occur near positive and negative anomaly transition zones and gradient zones of gravity field change is preliminarily explained, based on the dynamic process of material migration in the crust and upper mantle of the southeastern Tibetan plateau. The research results of this paper have some reference value to the study on the earth movement and seismogenic mechanism.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF SATELLITE GRAVITY FIELD AND SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM IN THE LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE

Longmenshan fault zone is a famous orogenic belt and seismic zone in the southeastern Tibetan plateau of China. The Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008 and the Ya'an M_S7.0 earthquake on April 20, 2013 occurred in the central-southern part of Longmenshan fault zone. Because of its complex geological structures, frequent earthquakes and special geographical locations, it has attracted the attention of many scholars around the world. Satellite gravity field has advantages in studying gravity field and gravity anomaly changes before and after earthquake. It covers wide range, can be updated regularly, without difficulty in terms of geographical restrictions, and is not affected by environmental factors such as weather, terrain and traffic. Therefore, the use of high-precision Earth satellite gravity field data inversion and interpretation of seismic phenomena has become a hot topic in earth science research. In order to understand satellite gravity field characteristics of the Longmenshan earthquake zone in the southeastern Tibetan plateau and its seismogenic mechanism of earthquake disasters, the satellite gravity data was used to present the terrain information of the study area. Then, by solving the regional gravity anomaly of the Moho surface, the crustal thickness of the study area was inverted, and the GPS velocity field data was used to detect the crustal deformation rate and direction of the study area. Combining the tectonic setting of the Longmenshan fault zone and the existing deep seismic sounding results of the previous researchers, the dynamic characteristics of the gravity time-varying field after the earthquake in the Longmenshan earthquake zone was analyzed and the mechanism of the earthquake was explored. The results show that the eastward flow of deep materials in the eastern Tibetan plateau is strongly blocked at the Longmenshan fault zone. The continuous collision and extrusion process result in a "deep drop zone" in the Moho surface, and the long-term stress effect is conducive to the formation of thrust-nappe and strike-slip structures. The Longmenshan earthquake zone was in the large-scale gradient zone of gravity change before the earthquake, the deep plastic fluid material transport velocity differed greatly, the fluid pressure was enhanced, and the rock mechanical strength in the seismic source region was weakened, which contributed to the intrusion of crustal fluid and the upwelling of the asthenosphere. As a result, the continuous accumulation of material and energy eventually led to continuous stress imbalance in the deep part and shear rupture of the deep weak structure, causing the occurrence of the thrust-nappe and strike-slip earthquake.     

THE DEPTH OF MOHO INTERFACE AND CRUSTAL THICKNESS IN SICHUAN-YUNNAN REGION,CHINA

By using moving average method to separate Bouguer gravity anomaly field in Sichuan-Yunnan region, we got the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field which reflects the undulating of Moho interface. The initial model is obtained after seismic model transformation and elevation correction. Then, we used Parker method to invert the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field to obtain the depth of Moho interface and crustal thickness in the area. The results show that the Qinghai-Tibet block in the northwest of the study area deepens and thickens from the edge to the interior, with the depth of Moho interface and the crust thickness of about 52~62km and 54~66km, respectively. The depth of Moho interface in Sichuan Basin is about 38~42km. In Sichuan-Yunnan block, the depth of Moho interface is about 42~62km from southeast to northwest. Beneath the West Yunnan block, west of the Red River fault zone, the Moho depth is about 34~52km from south to north. The Longmen Mountains and Red River fault zone are the gradient zone of the Moho depth change. Along the Red River fault zone, the depth difference of Moho interface is increasing gradually from north to south. No obvious uplift is found on the Moho interface of Panzhihua rift valley. The depth of Moho interface distribution in Sichuan and Yunnan is obviously restricted by the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate and the lateral subduction of the Indo-China peninsula. The mean square error of the depth of Moho interface is less than 1.7km between the result of divisional density interface inversion and artificial seismic exploration. At the same time, we compared the integral with divisional inversion result. It shows that:in areas where there is obvious difference between the crust velocity and density structure in different tectonic blocks, the use of high resolution seismic exploration data as the constraints to the divisional density interface inversion can effectively improve the reliability of inversion results.