西昌卫星发射场大-暴雨的预报集成

综合集成是提高预报产品应用效能的一种有效的方法,将集对分析中的联系度概念用于西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报综合集成,首先对大-暴雨天气过程进行分型,确定国家气象中心T213模式预报、西昌发射场降水模式的客观预报、预报员经验预报与西昌发射场大-暴雨过程的联系度,用权重法将大-暴雨预报进行集成,从而给出集不同预报于一体的西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报集成方法.     

西昌卫星发射场大-暴雨的预报集成

综合集成是提高预报产品应用效能的一种有效的方法，将集对分析中的联系度概念用于西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报综合集成，首先对大-暴雨天气过程进行分型，确定国家气象中心T213模式预报、西昌发射场降水模式的客观预报、预报员经验预报与西昌发射场大-暴雨过程的联系度，用权重法将大-暴雨预报进行集成，从而给出集不同预报于一体的西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报集成方法。     

用T213产品动力过程相似释用法制作暴雨预报

用MICAPS平台中的T213产品场与暴雨发生的初始、中间、结束过程相对应的三维空间物理量场的相似程度,根据场相似的数量综合判别分析作出有无区域暴雨的预报。预报因子选取涡度、散度、垂直速度和水汽通量散度,空间使用850、700、500hPa,时间上选取12、24、36h预报场。该方法实现了区域暴雨预报的客观化和程序化。根据天气过程分类建立的两类模型以场平均距离为依据,作出的暴雨预报检验效果令人满意,2004—2010年的5—10月7年平均预报准确率超过33%,具有较好的实践参考指导作用。     

在Micaps系统下应用物理量场制做暴雨预报简介

1前言在天气分析和预报中尤其是在暴雨和强对流天气的分析预报中,有些物理量是十分重要的,如：涡度、散度、垂直速度、水汽通量和水汽通量散度以及各种能量场等。这些物理量可使预报人员在天气形势分析的基础上,进一步了解天气系统发生、发展各阶段物理量的三度空间结构,了解暴雨和强对流天气形成的机理,从而在提高对这类天气认识的基础上,提高天气预报尤其是灾害性天气预报的水平。因此物理量场的分析及预报也是天气分析预报中较为重要的一种工具。Micaps系统为预报人员提供了这方面分析应用的较好环境。在Micaps下的physic中共有16…     

黑龙江省2006年7月8～10日暴雨过程分析

2006年7月8日5时～10日5时黑龙江省中西部地区普降暴雨,本文从天气系统、物理量场、雷达回波及卫星云图出发对这次暴雨天气过程进行分析总结,探讨引发暴雨产生的天气条件,提高对暴雨预报的水平。     

T639数值产品对宝鸡暴雨的预报效果检验

利用自动站资料和T639模式资料,对2013年宝鸡汛期5—9月5次暴雨天气过程T639模式的短期预报效果进行检验。结果表明:T639模式对中、高纬度环流的演变与调整有较好的预报能力,48h内最大误差不超过7.5%,20时起报的48h预报好于08时起报的36h预报;模式对副高的预报总体偏弱,盛夏时副高强度的预报准确率明显高于初夏时,准确率达58.3%,暴雨日前的副高强度预报较暴雨日后更为准确;48h内700hPa天气尺度系统的预报准确率可达85%,36h内达93.3%,预报效果良好;对暴雨日前的低层系统预报效果好于暴雨日后的预报;暴雨落区和散度场上辐合中心或辐合大值区有较好的对应关系,暴雨落区基本上都在辐合大值区,当散度场-36×10-6 s-1时,可出现暴雨。     

一次秋季暴雨过程的物理量特征分析

从环流背景和天气形势特点入手,对2004年9月5～6日出现在贵州省西北部地区的大暴雨天气过程进行了分析,通过对实况场涡度、散度、水汽通量散度、动能的分析,阐述了暴雨落区与这些物理量的对应关系,为秋季暴雨的预报提供一定的参考依据.     

阿拉善盟小高压对宝鸡暴雨的影响

本文探讨了西风带上(暴雨区上游4—7个纬距处)的次天气尺度小高压对暴雨发生的影响。从“Ω”形能量场、变形场、垂直锋区结构及涡度场4个方面说明该小高压对暴雨发生的作用。提出可以把700hPa上的次天气尺度小高压作为暴雨预报的一个着眼点。     

T213(639)模式对一次稳定层结下暴雨过程预报能力的检验

应用常规观测资料、自动站加密资料和数值预报产品,对2009年5月6日铜仁地区出现的暴雨天气过程的天气系统、水汽条件、大气稳定度、动力触发机制进行分析,并对T213(639)的数值预报产品进行了检验.结果表明,这次暴雨天气过程主要是由于高层浅槽东移、中低层切变系统南移、地面弱冷空气共同作用造成的.临近暴雨时刻中低层西南气流的加强把暖湿气流送入暴雨区是暴雨产生的关键.对数值预报产品的检验结果表明,对此次过程T213(639)在风场、涡度、散度、水汽通量、垂直速度方面都作了较好的预报,在今后的预报工作中应该多参考.     

2000年7月16日辽河流域暴雨过程分析

使用常规气象资料、GMS - 5卫星云图以及物理量场分布 ,分析 2000年7月16日辽河流域强降水天气过程的中尺度系统形成发展、云团演变特征和环境场条件。揭示辽河流域强降水天气过程环流背景及暴雨成因 ,为区域性暴雨预报提供预报依据     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.