大气二氧化碳对CO_2激光辐射各谱线的吸收

本文给出了大气二氧化碳对CO_2激光辐射各谱线吸收的计算公式,并利用标准大气资料计算了各谱线的吸收值。发现在P支谱线中,P(16)线吸收最大;在R支谱线中,R(16)线为最大。当转动量子数J大于或小于16时,吸收值随J值的增大或减小几乎成指数减小。为了验证计算公式的可靠性,在实验室中进行了模拟大气测量,其测量结果和理论计算结果具有较好的一致性。     

二氧化碳红外吸收带透过率的计算

本文较简单而系统地说明了大气中CO_2及类似于CO_2的线形分子的红外吸收带透过率公式及计算方法。在不伤害物理本质的前提下采用分子光谱模型处理。在计算P、R两支谱线的吸收时,采用艾尔萨斯模型并加上弱谱线吸收订正。当有Q支谱线时则在靠近Q支吸收有影响的波段计及Q支谱线的吸收,对它也采用相应的模型处理。     

CO2激光辐射谱线的大气衰减特性

我们于1986年8月在成都市实地测量了CO_2激光辐射00°l—10°0和00°1—02°0振动带内40条谱线在大气中的衰减。文中给出了各谱线衰减系数的一般值并描述了衰减特征。在八月份成都地区的特定条件下,水蒸汽的吸收和气溶胶粒子的吸收与散射构成了衰减的主要部分。测得的各谱线的衰减系数可为CO_2激光的大气应用提供有益的参考。     

选支CO激光86条发射谱线大气透过率的研究

本文给出了用实验方法得到的5.3—6.3微米范围内CO激光的86条谱线大气衰减系数的研究结果,简单地介绍了实验装置并对结果进行了讨论。分析表明,这一范围内的激光谱线在大气传输过程中主要受到水汽的衰减。各谱线大气衰减系数的实验值和相应的计算值之间存在着不同程度的差异,是由于水汽的共振吸收频率和激光发射频率之间的差异以及计算时采用Lorentz线型所引起的。在用CO激光监测大气微量气体或污染气体时,必须根据实际大气状况,进行必要的水汽订正。     

微波波段大气的衰减作用之实验研究

本文研究了微波波段(λ=5mm-3.2cm)大气的衰减作用。用微波辐射计,根据太阳射电法和大气辐射法进行大气微波吸收值的测量,同时用探空记录计算大气微波吸收值,两者进行比较和分析它们的相关。本文研究了大气微波吸收值与大气总水汽含量或地面气象要素(如温度、比湿)之间的关系,提供预告大气微波吸收值的可能性,云层对于大气吸收值的影响,文中也作了讨论。     

整层大气甲烷总量季节变化的遥测

利用自行研制的一台用于探测大气成分的太阳红外光谱仪 ,在地面连续自动地记录了晴天的太阳红外光谱。用逐线积分法计算了整层大气的吸收 ,发现在 3.42 8μm波段主要是大气甲烷的吸收 ,从记录的该波段的太阳红外光谱中反演出整层大气中甲烷的总含量 ,经过近一年半的观测 ,得到了合肥地区大气甲烷垂直柱含量的季节变化规律。发现其变化规律与北半球背景对流层空气采样分析法测量的甲烷季节变化规律基本相同。文中详细介绍了测量仪器、测量原理和部分测量结果 ,并对结果进行了简单的讨论。     

由地面观测的太阳红外光谱确定大气某些成份的含量

本文提出了一种由地面观测的太阳光谱确定某些大气成分含量的方法。这种方法不需要预先知道观测光谱的基线,从而可避开复杂的观测定标手续。以实验室测量资料和吸收气体的谱线资料为基础计算待定大气成分的透过率,并用当时的探空测量为基础对水汽吸收进行了订正。利用1978年10月在香河观测的太阳光谱计算了二氧化碳的混合比和垂直气柱内臭氧总含量,证明这种方法是可行的。     

FY-4A/AGRI传感器波段平均太阳辐照度计算及不确定性分析

传感器大气顶层波段平均太阳辐照度(Band-Averaged Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiance,BAESI)是表观反射率和星上辐亮度之间转换的重要因子,为了针对FY-4A/AGRI有关通道较为准确地计算这一数值,分别以韩国COMS/GOCI、美国GEOS-16/ABI、日本Himawari-8/9/AHI传感器为例,利用国际上常用的6条太阳光谱曲线与传感器光谱响应函数参与计算BAESI,并与各传感器BAESI标准值进行比较。结果表明,Kurucz计算结果平均绝对误差与均方根误差均最小,是最理想的太阳光谱曲线,此外,Kurucz计算值与各传感器各波段BAESI标准值的最大偏差均小于4.5%,最大偏差百分比及对应波段分别为-2.39%(GOCI-band3)、1.49%(ABI-band6)、4.28%(AHI-08-band6)、4.42%(AHI-09-band6)。因此选择Kurucz太阳光谱曲线参与计算FY-4A/AGRI传感器各波段BAESI值,给出相应结果,并分析了计算值的不确定性,解决了将表观反射率转换为辐射亮度的困难。     

云雷达回波强度谱密度定标及云内大气垂直运动速度反演试验

云内大气垂直运动在云动力和微物理过程中扮演了重要角色,云雷达功率谱数据是其反演的有效数据,但前提必需对谱线的回波强度进行准确定标,其中噪声电平的计算是关键步骤。本文首先提出了一种云雷达功率谱的模拟方法,利用模拟数据定量评估了三种噪声电平计算方法的准确性,对实测谱线回波强度进行了定标。基于以上方法,采用小粒子示踪法反演了2014年6月广东阳江对流云和层状云内的大气垂直运动速度,并提出了假定数浓度和直径下的谱线回波强度临界阈值,利用该阈值对反演结果进行定量检验。结果表明:(1)利用云雷达的高斯白噪声特征和云信号满足高斯分布特征,结合实测数据统计得到的涨落程度,可以模拟出给定谱参数的功率谱,模拟数据与实测十分相近,可作为功率谱定量研究的有效数据源。(2)三种噪声电平计算方法中,分段法的准确性和稳定性最好,最大速度法受噪声起伏的影响,客观法计算结果偏高,当谱宽和多普勒速度较大时客观法和最大速度法误差会达到很大。(3)谱线回波强度临界阈值的检验结果表明,该对流云内所有示踪谱线的回波强度均远小于临界阈值,云内100%距离库为被反演,反演结果可靠;该层状云内,除了少数距离库,大部分示踪谱线的回波强度在临界阈值以下,云内96.23%距离库可被反演,反演结果可靠。     

大气温度微结构观测

1980年5月和9月在天津地区用铂丝电阻温度计测量了3000米高度以下大气的温度起伏。白天的测量结果说明了温度结构常数和谱的一些特征。 证实了结构常数廓线在对流边界层顶的介面层有一个可能由夹卷作用产生的极大值。文章还讨论了界面层C_T~2的平均值及其Wanaaard的计算方法,给出了界面层的厚度。 谱分析表明,对流边界层、自由大气中的强湍流带有较宽的惯性区。在自由大气中谱分析将受湍流间歇性的影响。在塘沽附近海面上边界层的上半部曾得到幂率为—2.5的谱。     

Siberian CO2 efflux in winter as a CO2 source and cause of seasonality in atmospheric CO2

Over three years, we found a consistent CO₂ efflux from forest tundra of the Russian North throughout the year, including a large (89 g C m^–2 yr^–1) efflux during winter. Our results provide one explanation for the observations that the highest atmospheric CO₂ concentration and greatest seasonal amplitude occur at high latitudes rather than over the mid-latitudes, where fossil fuel sources are large, and where high summer productivity offset by winter respiration should give large seasonal oscillations in atmospheric CO₂. Winter respiration probably contributed substantially to the boreal winter CO₂ efflux. Respiration is an exothermic process that produces enough heat to warm soils and promote further decomposition. We suggest that, as a result of this positive feedback, small changes in surface heat flux, associated with human activities in the North or with regional or global warming, could release large quantities of organic carbon that are presently stored in permafrost.     

Managing atmospheric CO2

A coupled carbon cycle-climate model is used to compute global atmospheric CO₂ and temperature variation that would result from several future CO₂ emission scenarios. The model includes temperature and CO₂ feedbacks on the terrestrial biosphere, and temperature feedback on the oceanic uptake of CO₂. The scenarios used include cases in which fossil fuel CO₂ emissions are held constant at the 1986 value or increase by 1% yr^–1 until either 2000 or 2020, followed by a gradual transition to a rate of decrease of 1 or 2% yr^–1. The climatic effect of increases in non-CO₂ trace gases is included, and scenarios are considered in which these gases increase until 2075 or are stabilized once CO₂ emission reductions begin. Low and high deforestation scenarios are also considered. In all cases, results are computed for equilibrium climatic sensitivities to CO₂ doubling of 2.0 and 4.0 °C.Peak atmospheric CO₂ concentrations of 400–500 ppmv and global mean warming after 1980 of 0.6–3.2 °C occur, with maximum rates of global mean warming of 0.2–0.3 °C decade^–1. The peak CO₂ concentrations in these scenarios are significantly below that commonly regarded as unavoidable; further sensitivity analyses suggest that limiting atmospheric CO₂ to as little as 400 ppmv is a credible option.Two factors in the model are important in limiting atmospheric CO₂: (1) the airborne fraction falls rapidly once emissions begin to decrease, so that total emissions (fossil fuel + land use-induced) need initially fall to only about half their present value in order to stabilize atmospheric CO₂, and (2) changes in rates of deforestation have an immediate and proportional effect on gross emissions from the biosphere, whereas the CO₂ sink due to regrowth of forests responds more slowly, so that decreases in the rate of deforestation have a disproportionately large effect on net emission.If fossil fuel emissions were to decrease at 1–2% yr^–1 beginning early in the next century, emissions could decrease to the rate of CO₂ uptake by the predominantly oceanic sink within 50–100 yrs. Simulation results suggest that if subsequent emission reductions were tied to the rate of CO₂ uptake by natural CO₂ sinks, these reductions could proceed more slowly than initially while preventing further CO₂ increases, since the natural CO₂ sink strength decreases on time scales of one to several centuries. The model used here does not account for the possible effect on atmospheric CO₂ concentration of possible changes in oceanic circulation. Based on past rates of atmospheric CO₂ variation determined from polar ice cores, it appears that the largest plausible perturbation in ocean-air CO₂ flux due to changes of oceanic circulation is substantially smaller than the permitted fossil fuel CO₂ emissions under the above strategy, so tieing fossil fuel emissions to the total sink strength could provide adequate flexibility for responding to unexpected changes in oceanic CO₂ uptake caused by climatic warming-induced changes of oceanic circulation.     

Comparison of eddy-covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes by open- and closed-path CO2 analysers

Eddy fluxes of CO₂ estimated using a sonic anemometer and a closed-path analyser were, on average, 16% lower than those obtained with the same anemometer and an adjacent open-path CO₂ analyser. Covariances between vertical windspeed and CO₂ density from the closed-path analyser were calculated using data points for CO₂ that were delayed relative to anemometer data by the time required for a parcel of air to travel from the tube inlet to the CO₂ sensor. Air flow in the intake tube was laminar. Densities of CO₂ that had been corrected for spurious fluctuations arising from fluctuations in temperature and humidity were used in the flux calculations. Corrections for the cross-sensitivity of CO₂ analysers to water vapour were also incorporated. Spectral analysis of the corrected CO₂ signal from the closed-path analyser showed that damping of fluctuations in the sampling tube at frequencies f > 0.1 Hz caused the apparent loss in flux. The measured losses can be predicted accurately using theory that describes the damping of oscillations in a sampling tube. High-frequency response of the closed-path system can be improved substantially by ensuring turbulent flow in the tube, using a combination of high volumetric flow rate and small tube diameter. The analysis of attenuation of turbulent fluctuations in flow through tubes is applicable to the measurement of fluxes of other minor atmospheric constituents using the eddy covariance method.     

Aspects of CO2 advection measurements

Observations of vegetation–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique are limited by difficult conditions such as nighttime and heterogeneous terrain. Thus, advective flux components are included into the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) budget. However, advection measurements are experimentally challenging and do not always help to solve the night flux problem of the EC technique. This study investigates alternative methods for the observation of horizontal advection, in particular horizontal concentration gradients, as well as different approaches to coordinate rotation and vertical advection. Continuous high-frequency measurements of the horizontal CO₂ concentration field are employed and compared to the often used discontinuous sequential sampling. Significant differences were found in the case of 30-min mean concentration values between the conventional discontinuous sampling approach and the complete observation of the time series by continuous sampling. Estimates of vertical advection rely on accurate estimates of vertical wind velocity ( $\emph{w}$ ). Therefore, different approaches to the planar fit coordinate rotation have been investigated. Sector-wise rotation was able to eliminate directional dependencies of mean $\emph{w}$ . Furthermore, the effect of the data set length used for rotation (window length) was investigated and was found to have significant impact on estimates of vertical advection, with larger window lengths yielding about 50% larger vertical advection. A sequential planar fit with controlled window length is proposed to give reproducible results. The different approaches to the measurement and calculation of horizontal and vertical advection presented are applied to data obtained during the exchange processes in mountainous region experiment at the FLUXNET site Waldstein–Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay). Estimates of NEE including advection are compared to NEE from turbulent and storage flux alone without advection. NEE including vertical advection with sector-wise planar fit rotation and controlled window length and including horizontal advection from continuous gradient measurements, which were comprehensively bias corrected by a new approach, did compare well with the expected night flux error, with meteorological drivers of the fluxes and with soil chamber measurements. Unrealistically large and noisy values of horizontal advection from the conventional discontinuous sampling approach, which lead to unrealistic values of NEE, could be eliminated by the alternative approaches presented. We therefore suggest the further testing of those approaches at other sites in order to improve the accuracy of advection measurements and, subsequently, estimates of NEE.     

CO2地下埋存分布状况及环境影响的监测

 CO₂的地质埋存处理是减缓温室效应的现实选择之一。要保证埋存的有效性、安全性和持久性,需要对钻井（主要包括注入井和废弃井）、CO₂地下分布运移状况以及因CO₂渗漏所造成的环境影响等方面实施严格的监测管理。通过对以上各方面文献的查阅和综合分析,系统阐述了世界范围内目前CO₂地质埋存过程中所采用的各项主要监测技术。     

A robust sequential CO2 emissions strategy based on optimal control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations

This paper formally introduces the concept of mitigation as a stochastic control problem. This is illustrated by applying a digital state variable feedback control approach known as Non-Minimum State Space (NMSS) control to the problem of specifying carbon emissions to control atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in the presence of uncertainty. It is shown that the control approach naturally lends itself to integrating both anticipatory and reflexive mitigation strategies within a single unified framework. The framework explicitly considers the closed-loop nature of climate mitigation, and employs a policy orientated optimisation procedure to specify the properties of this closed-loop system. The product of this exercise is a control law that is suitably conditioned to regulate atmospheric CO₂ concentrations through assimilating online information within a 25-year review cycle framework. It is shown that the optimal control law is also robust when faced with significant levels of uncertainty about the functioning of the global carbon cycle.     

CO2大气透过率的统计算法

红外CO2吸收带大气透过率算法的改进,是将物理反演法用于业务反演系统所必须突破的最大障碍之一,本文基于McMillin和Fleming的工作而进行的回归变量调整和谱通道宽度的非确定性修正两个算法试验,结果表明:利用前两个算法计算的透过率精度明显地优于后者。     

Interannual variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration

A method is described for the analysis of the interannual variability of background atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The analysis is carried out on the data from 6 observatories for which records of >8 years were available.A global-scale interannual variation of CO₂ concentration in the troposphere with a characteristic time-scale of 2–3 years has been confirmed throughout the period of the records. These variations are estimated to be associated with carbon cycle imbalances of 2–3 Gt or annual net exchanges between the atmosphere and another carbon reservoir(s) at a rate of about 1.2 Gt of carbon per year. Lag correlations and amplitude comparisons between the records suggests a low latitude southern hemisphere origin to this phenomenon.The interannual variations of CO₂ increase are found to be correlated with those observed in data for Pacific sea surface temperatures and Pacific witd stress, the Southern Oscillation Index and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. However multiple regression studies found that once the Southern Oscillation index is used as an explanatory variable for CO₂ variations, the inclusion of additional geophysical variables does not give any significant improvement in the regression.     

Effect of increasing CO2 on the stratospheric level of CO and O3

Production and destruction processes of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) are examined in the light of increasing amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). It is found that doubling of CO2 will increase the stratospheric concentration of CO and will have positive effect on O3 concentration.