松辽盆地及周缘地区侏罗系/白垩系界线区域对比特征探讨

松辽盆地及周缘地区是白垩纪时期全球最大的陆地出露区,是开展陆相J/K界线研究的理想地区。但是,受制于盆内埋深大、盆缘露头出露不佳等原因,松辽盆地及周缘地区J/K界线发育区域及层段仍然存在较大争议。同时,对于陆相J/K界线划分与对比这样的重大疑难问题,其研究很难一步到位。总结一套影响广泛、区域对比性强的J/K界线区域对比框架性特征,可以有效聚焦目标区域和层段,为进一步的精细研究明确方向。系统梳理松辽盆地及周缘典型地区J/K界线上下地层中记录的区域构造背景、岩浆事件和生物宏观演化阶段可发现:(1)松辽盆地以西和以南地区晚侏罗世为块体碰撞后陆壳加厚坍塌或拆沉的伸展环境,早白垩世为推覆陆壳加厚坍塌或拆沉的伸展环境;松辽盆地晚侏罗世为碰撞后持续造山环境,早白垩世为双侧活动陆缘影响下的区域性伸展-裂陷环境;松辽盆地以东地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世可能为走滑构造背景。(2)松辽盆地及周缘地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世生物演化阶段表现为晚侏罗世燕辽生物群的衰落和白垩纪热河生物群的兴起,其中晚侏罗世孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉占绝对优势、高Classopollis含量为特征,早白垩世则以松柏类两气囊花粉占绝对优势、低Classopollis含量为特征。(3)冀北—辽西地区的土城子组、黑龙江东部的东安镇组和东荣组应是J/K界线进一步工作的重点层段,大兴安岭地区的满克头鄂博组、松辽盆地常家围子断陷及其以西至大兴安岭局部地区可以尝试开展J/K界线研究工作。     

兴蒙造山区及邻区早白垩世盆地岩石地层格架 与沉积古地理演化

在重点梳理兴蒙造山区及其相邻地区早白垩世地层分布与沉积古地理特征的基础上,从地层沉积学角度探讨了研究区早白垩世沉积盆地特征。兴蒙造山区中东部在晚侏罗世巨厚粗碎屑沉积建造之上发育了巨厚的酸性－中性火山岩－火山碎屑岩与河流－湖泊相沉积岩系,构成中国东北部巨型NE向火山岩－沉积岩带。兴蒙造山区中东部早白垩世早中期以断陷（裂谷）盆地为主,古地貌以高地、河流和湖泊共存为特征,气候温湿且炎热,热河生物群萌生;早白垩世中晚期,北东向地壳强烈伸展并进一步向外围地区扩展,沉积盆地及充填建造和热河生物群也相应地向更广泛区域辐射发展。兴安岭-燕山沉积-火山岩带与古太平洋板块俯冲无关,板内软流圈上涌导致的区域性伸展是其主要的成因动力机制,也是中国东部早白垩世中晚期更大规模区域性伸展作用的序幕。兴蒙东部早白垩世晚期沉积盆地发育和古地理格局受Izanagi板块向亚洲大陆东部俯冲弧后伸展构造机制约束。     

华北东北部晚中生代陆相地层、生物群及其年代学研究

华北东北部晚中生代陆相地层十分发育,从下至上为九龙山组、髫髻山组、土城子组、张家口组、大北沟组、义县组和九佛堂组。它们主要的岩石组合为陆相火山岩熔岩、火山碎屑岩和间夹的河流-湖泊相沉积岩。九龙山组、髫髻山组（165-154 Ma）火山沉积岩系中发育以带毛恐龙（近鸟龙）、哺乳动物、翼龙和昆虫类等为代表的燕辽生物群（J2-J3）,晚侏罗世末期土城子组时期(154-139Ma)该生物群大多数生物属种消亡,并在早白垩世早期（张家口组、大北沟组、义县组和九佛堂组）(144-120Ma)萌生新的生物群-热河生物群（K1）,以恐龙、哺乳类、被子植物、鱼类和昆虫等为特征。中侏罗世-早白垩世燕辽生物群和热河生物群表现了明显的演化关系,响应着古环境变化与重大地质事件发生的复杂地球表层圈层作用。     

内蒙古热河生物群化石分布特征及其古气候、古环境意义

热河生物群是分布于亚洲东部早白垩世的著名古生物化石群,地质时代距今120~131 Ma. 早期研究认为,热河生物群主要分布于中国冀北、辽西等地区. 直到20世纪80年代内蒙古地区开展专题区域地质研究,才陆续发现了许多新的热河生物群化石分布区域和重要的化石产地. 通过对内蒙古自治区东、西部白垩纪热河生物群分布特征及地层对比研究,明确了内蒙古热河生物群分布区域、产出层位、组合差异及古气候和古环境演变规律,进一步理清了内蒙古地区白垩纪沉积古地理、古气候和古环境演变与热河生物群辐射演化的制约和协同关系.     

胶东半岛中生代侵入岩浆活动序列及其构造制约

胶东半岛是我国东部中生代花岗质岩石较为发育的地区。通过对该区中生代侵入岩体高精度年代学数据资料分析，建立了区内中生代花岗质岩石3个显著不同的演化序列：晚三叠世（225~205 Ma）幔源型花岗岩、晚侏罗世（160~150 Ma）地壳重熔型花岗岩和早白垩世（130~105 Ma）壳幔混合型花岗岩。通过与辽东和鲁西–徐淮地区中生代岩浆活动年代学格架的对比分析，探讨了华北东部地区中生代岩石圈构造演化和深部地球动力学过程。指出胶辽地区晚侏罗世（160~150 Ma）地壳重熔型花岗岩记录了华北东部一次重要的岩石圈地壳增厚事件，其区域动力学背景可能与古太平洋板块低角度向亚洲大陆俯冲作用密切相关。正是这次增厚作用导致了早白垩世时期岩石圈拆沉减薄和大规模伸展型花岗质岩浆活动。岩石圈地壳增厚和减薄作用过程主导了中国东部中生代陆内构造应力体制的转换和岩浆活动序列。     

辽宁西部及邻区中侏罗世燕辽生物群脊椎动物化石研究进展

近年来,在中国辽宁西部、内蒙古东南部、河北北部中侏罗世髫髻山组和九龙山组中发现了丰富的脊椎动物、无脊椎动物和植物化石,这一化石群被称为燕辽生物群。燕辽生物群已正式命名的脊椎动物26属28种,包括鱼类1属1种、两栖类4属4种、有鳞类1属1种、翼龙类10属12种、兽脚类恐龙5属5种、哺乳类5属5种。燕辽生物群的脊椎动物化石对研究长羽毛兽脚类恐龙的演化、翼龙类的分类演化、滑体两栖类的分异等具有重要意义。虽然辽宁西部及邻区燕辽生物群脊椎动物的多样性不及同一地区早白垩世的热河生物群,但它为认识这一地区晚中生代生物群的演替提供了极为重要的依据。     

冀西北尚义上侏罗统—下白垩统后城组恐龙足迹新发现及生物古地理意义*

简要报道了新近首次在冀西北张家口尚义地区发现的恐龙足迹。野外地质调查发现,恐龙足迹赋存于尚义晚中生代盆地侏罗系—白垩系后城组顶部。恐龙行迹呈近东西向展布,由数十个足迹构成。初步研究表明,造迹者分别属于兽脚类和蜥脚类恐龙,由西向东行进。足迹中包括兽脚类足迹70余个,组成数个行迹;蜥脚类足迹15个,构成1列行迹。蜥脚类足迹特征显示其可能属于游泳状的行迹。华北北部土城子组/后城组发育于燕辽生物群—热河生物群更替演化时期（晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期）,以往在该时期沉积物中罕见脊椎动物骨骼化石。近年来华北北部土城子组/后城组中频繁发现的恐龙足迹表明,燕辽生物群—热河生物群更替演化时期发育着以恐龙为代表的脊椎动物群。该发现将有助于进一步了解土城子组/后城组沉积时期恐龙属种的多样性及其生物古地理环境。晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期沉积古地理和古生态环境及其与恐龙动物群发育的研究有助于揭示陆地生物群更替演化和环境的关系。     

南海北部—东海南部中生代盆地演化与油气资源潜力

目前的勘探成果表明,南海北部到东海南部的广阔海域普遍发育中生代地层,但是除了在台西南盆地发现工业油气藏之外,其他地区的中生界尚未有大的勘探突破。本次研究将中生代南海北部—东海南部作为一个整体,开展大地构造背景分析,厘清各构造时期盆地的性质及其形成演化机制,探讨油气资源潜力。结果表明:南海北部—东海南部从晚三叠世到白垩纪整体为一个大型盆地,盆地的演化受其周围板块相互运动所控制;晚三叠世(T₃)主要受特提斯构造域控制,发育被动陆缘边缘海沉积盆地;从早侏罗世(J₁)到早白垩世均受古太平洋板块(伊泽奈崎板块)向欧亚板块俯冲机制的控制,其中早—中侏罗世(J_1-2)发育弧前坳陷盆地,晚侏罗—早白垩世(J₃—K₁)盆地性质为弧后断陷盆地;晚白垩世(K₂)受太平洋板块、欧亚板块和印度板块的联合控制,性质依然为弧后断陷盆地,与前期相比,裂陷强度加大;海水由东南方向侵入,地层垂向上由海相向陆相逐渐过渡,由东南向西北和东北方向,水体逐渐变浅,亦由海相向陆相逐渐演变;中生界在南海北部潮汕坳陷等地区发育深海相和海湾相泥岩,在东海南部基隆坳陷也发育良好的海湾相泥岩,生烃潜力大,具有形成大型油气藏的物质基础和地质条件,勘探潜力巨大。本次研究结果可以为南海北部—东海南部中生界的油气资源勘探提供依据。     

晚中生代中国东部高原北界探讨

中国东部高原的界线主要是依据埃达克岩的分布确定的。现已知道,高原最北部的中生代埃达克岩主要分布在辽西-冀北-内蒙古南部一带。该区可靠的埃达克岩仅发育在晚侏罗世或早白垩世的早期(如132±5Ma的安家营子花岗岩)。现有资料表明,大致以赤峰-开原断裂为界,埃达克岩分布于其南,其北为非埃达克岩分布区,暗示中国东部高原的北界大体沿赤峰-开原一带分布,代表的是侏罗纪时期的高原边界。辽西义县组地层位于高原范围内,众所周知,义县组第2段(124～127Ma)是热河生物群集中发育的阶段,说明当时的气候温湿、植物繁茂、水草丰盛、地势低洼、湖沼发育,不大可能为动植物贫瘠的高寒山区。义县组火山岩的研究表明,早白垩世(135～120Ma)的义县组主要由玄武岩和赞岐岩(高镁安山岩)组成,并非埃达克岩。因此,至少在127Ma左右,在热河生物群分布的地区,已经不存在高原了,高原的界线南移了,可能移到热河生物群发育区之南的宣化-滦平-锦州一线,其南仍然处于高原环境。高原抬升的直接结果是导致同时代沉积物的缺少,或有一些沉积盆地发育,但是厚度很薄。在中-晚侏罗世时,高原上的沉积盆地很少,且缺失上白垩统地层,总体上反映高原处于抬升状态。高原北缘和西北缘早白垩世冰筏和冰川泥石流沉积的出现,暗示高原的北缘可能具有相当的高度,可能类似现今的喜马拉雅山。该区中生代构造特征表明,该区侏罗纪和早白垩世的构造特点有着巨大的差异:侏罗纪,尤其是晚侏罗世末期以南北向的挤压构造为主,而早白垩世中期以后演变为以伸展构造为特征,古地理古环境明显改变。研究表明,中国东部中生代埃达克岩形成的时限大致限定了高原的起始和消亡时间。据最近几年发表的资料,埃达克岩的时代大体限定在170～120Ma之间,表明中国东部高原在170Ma之前开始出现,大约在晚侏罗世达到顶峰,在早白垩世中期(120Ma)以后消失。辽西-冀北的构造、地层和火山岩资料表明,侏罗纪时期本区属于挤压构造环境,高原处于抬升状态;至早白垩世(大体从127Ma左右开始)转变为伸展构造背景,含有丰富热河生物群的阜新-义县-朝阳-丰宁一带已经沉陷,暗示中国东部高原的垮塌可能先从北缘开始,至120Ma左右,高原才整体垮塌。     

中国侏罗纪构造变革与燕山运动新诠释

随着一系列新构造观察资料和高精度同位素测年数据的累积,加深了对发生在中国东部晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期构造变革事件的认识,对燕山运动的性质、时限和动力学内涵有了新的诠释。中—晚侏罗世初期(165±5Ma)东亚多板块拼贴运动学发生重大调整,构造体制发生重大转换,启动了以中朝地块为中心、来自北、东、南西不同板块向东亚大陆"多向汇聚"的构造新体制,形成以陆内俯冲和陆内造山为特征的东亚汇聚构造体系。同时大陆地壳岩石圈发生显著增厚,并紧随早白垩世以剧烈的大陆岩石圈伸展和火山—岩浆活动为特征的岩石圈巨量减薄和克拉通破坏,导致燕辽生物群灭绝和热河生物群兴盛的重大生物群更替,成为中国大陆和东亚重大构造变革事件,这是燕山运动的基本内涵。本文依据燕山运动构造变形型式、动力学背景以及产生的深部过程,将"燕山运动"定义为起始于165±5Ma的"东亚多向汇聚"构造体制及其形成的广泛陆内造山和构造变革,并将中国东部岩石圈巨量减薄视作燕山期陆内造山和陆内变形的后效。     

Jurassic Tectonic Revolution in China and New Interpretation of the “Yanshan Movement”

With acquisition and accumulation of new data of structural geological investigations and high-resolution isotopic dating data, we have greatly improved our understanding of the tectonic events occurring in eastern China during the period from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and may give a new interpretation of the nature, timing and geodynamic settings of the “Yanshan Movement”. During the Mid-Late Jurassic （165±5 Ma）, great readjustment of plate amalgamation kinematics took place in East Asia and the tectonic regime underwent great transformation, thus initiating a new tectonic regime in which the North China Block was the center and different plates converged toward it from the north, east and southwest and forming the “East Asia convergent” tectonic system characterized by intracontinental subduction and orogeny. As a consequence, the crustal lithosphere of the East Asian continent thickened considerably during the Late Jurassic, followed immediately by Early Cretaceous substantial lithospheric thinning and craton destruction featured by drastic lithospheric extension and widespread volcano-magmatic activities, resulting in a major biotic turnover from the Yanliao biota to Jehol Biota. Such a tremendous tectonic event that took place in the continent of China and East Asia is the basic connotation of the “Yanshan Movement”. In the paper, according to the deformation patterns, geodynamic settings and deep processes, the “Yanshan Movement” is redefined as the Late Jurassic East Asian multi-directional plate convergent tectonic regime and its associated extensive intracontinental orogeny and great tectonic change that started at -165±5 Ma. The substantial lithospheric attenuation in East China is considered the post-effect of the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny and deformation.     

内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区首次发现中侏罗世蝌蚪化石

中国中生代的两栖类化石十分稀少,已报道的有尾两栖类仅见产于河北丰宁县凤山炮樟沟晚侏罗世的东方塘螈(Laccotriton subsolanus)、凤山中华螈(Sinerpeton fengshanensis)、辽宁葫芦岛市水口子早白垩世的钟健辽西螈(Liaoxitriton zhongjiani)、内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区中侏罗世的天义初螈(Chunerpeton tianyiensis)和奇异热河螈(Jeholotriton paradoxus),以及辽西早白垩世热河生物群中的无尾两栖类葛氏辽蟾(Liaobatrachus grabaui)、三燕丽蟾(Callobatrachus sanyanensis)北票中蟾(Mesophryne beipiaoensis)。本文记述了一件采自内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区中侏罗世的蝌蚪化石,这在中国乃至亚洲尚属首次报道,不仅填补了中国中侏罗世无尾两栖类化石分布的空白,而且进一步丰富了燕辽生物群的内容,对早期蛙类的地理分布、形态发生、生存环境等研究具有重要的科学价值。     

SHRIMP Geochronology of Volcanics of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, Northern Hebei Province, with a Discussion on the Age of the Xing＇anling Group of the Great Hinggan Mountains and Volcanic Strata of the Southeastern Coastal Area

A zircon U-Pb geochronological study on the volcanic rocks reveals that both of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, northern Hebei Province, are of the Early Cretaceous, with ages of 135-130 Ma and 129-120 Ma, respectively. It is pointed out that the ages of sedimentary basins and volcanism in the northern Hebei -western Liaoning area become younger from west to east, i. e. the volcanism of the Luanping Basin commenced at c. 135 Ma, the Luotuo Mount area of the Chengde Basin c. 130 Ma, and western Liaoning c. 128 Ma. With a correlation of geochronological stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, we deduce that the Xing‘anling Group, which comprises the Great Hinggan Mountains volcanic rock belt in eastern China, is predominantly of the early-middle Early Cretaceous, while the Jiande and Shimaoshan Groups and their equivalents, which form the volcanic rock belt in the southeastern coast area of China, are of the mid-late Early Cretaceous, and both the Jehol and Jiande Biotas are of the Early Cretaceous, not Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Combining the characteristics of the volcanic rocks and, in a large area, hiatus in the strata of the Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous between the formations mentioned above and the underlying sequences, we can make the conclusion that, in the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous, the eastern China region was of high relief or plateau, where widespread post-orogenic volcanic series of the Early Cretaceous obviously became younger from inland in the west to continental margin in the east. This is not the result of an oceanward accretion of the subduction belt between the Paleo-Pacific ocean plate and the Asian continent, but rather reflects the extension feature, i.e. after the closure of the Paleo-Pacific ocean, the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent collided with the Asian continent and reached the peak of orogenesis, and then the compression waned and resulted in the retreating of the post-orogenic extension from outer orogenic zone to inner part (or collision zone). The determination of the eruption age of the volcanics of the Zhangjiakou Formation definitely constrains the switch period, which began in the Indosinian and finished in the Yanshanian, that is, 140-135 Ma. The switch is concretely the change from the approximate E-W Paleo-Asian tectonic system to the NE to NNE Pacific system, and the period is also the apex of a continent-continent collision and orogenesis of subduction, being consumed and eventually disappearing of the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent, and all the processes commenced in the Indosinian. While the following post-orogenic large-scale eruption in the Early Cretaceous marks the final completeness of the Paleo-Pacific structure dynamics system.     

晚侏罗世东亚多向汇聚构造体系的形成与变形特征

板块构造研究成果与同位素精确定年数据的积累,使我们对发生在中国东部的晚侏罗世-早白垩世东亚多向汇聚作用有了深刻的认识.全球三大洋在晚侏罗世(165±5)Ma近乎同时的开启,以及东亚周边占太平洋、新特提斯洋和蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋的俯冲消亡,在中国中东部和东亚地区形成了多向挤压汇聚的燕山期构造体系,即东业多向汇聚构造体系(简称东亚汇聚).东亚汇聚启动了经典的燕山运动,发育了独特的构造变形特征.东亚汇聚构造体系具有两个近乎稳定的刚性陆核,即鄂尔多斯地块和四川(盆地)地块,在它们的周缘形成了晚侏罗世-早白垩世陆内多向挤压变形和似前陆盆地,如大巴山晚侏罗世前陆.此外,东亚多向汇聚构造体系影响了东亚和中亚大部分地区的板内变形作用,在中国大陆及其周边形成了反映南北向挤压的蒙古弧共轭走滑断裂系统、燕山-阴山陆内造山带、大别山-大巴山侏罗纪陆内造山带等典型的燕山期构造带.东亚汇聚具有深刻的全球构造背景与动力来源,是重要的科学研究问题.     

150 Million year history of North China Craton disruption preserved in Mesozoic sediments of the Ordos basin

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin, situated in the western part of the North China Craton, preserves the 150-million-year history of North China Craton disruption. Those sedimentary sources from Late Triassic to early Middle Jurassic are controlled by the southern Qinling orogenic belt and northern Yinshan orogenic belt. The Middle and Late Jurassic deposits are received from south, north, east, and west of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous deposits are composed of aeolian deposits, probably derived from the plateau to the east. The Ordos Basin records four stages of volcanism in the Mesozoic–Late Triassic (230–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (176 Ma), Middle Jurassic (161 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (132 Ma). Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tuff develop in the southern part of the Ordos Basin, Middle Jurassic in the northeastern part, while Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks have a banding distribution along the eastern part. Mesozoic tectonic evolution can be divided into five stages according to sedimentary and volcanic records: Late Triassic extension in a N–S direction (230–220 Ma), Late Triassic compression in a N–S direction (220–210 Ma), Late Triassic–Early Jurassic–Middle Jurassic extension in a N–S direction (210–168 Ma), Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous compression in both N–S and E–W directions (168–136 Ma), and Early Cretaceous extension in a NE–SW direction (136–132 Ma).     

北黄海盆地中侏罗世-早白垩世构造体制转换期的古气候演化及元素地球化学响应

中侏罗世-早白垩世华北地台东部的北黄海盆地受古亚洲构造体制向滨太平洋构造体制转换的影响,其构造演化经历了伸展-反转挤压-伸展的转变.构造体制的差异不但表现在大地构造性质及其产生的地质效应上,也表现在盆地沉积特征、古生物及古气候等方面.本文以北黄海盆地东部坳陷X1井中侏罗统至下白垩统为研究对象,利用泥岩元素地球化学特征对古气候的指示,结合盆地沉积特征及古生物资料,对古气候演化展开研究.研究显示,中侏罗世-早白垩世X1井泥岩样品的Sr/Cu比值（2.12~34.10）、Sr/Ba比值（0.16~1.60）、Rb/Sr比值（0.13~1.23）、Fe₂O₃/FeO比值（0.22~11.10）、V/Cr比值（0.91~1.78）、V/Sc比值（4.89~8.33）、Ni/Co比值（1.14~3.85）、δU比值（0.50~0.84）和U/Th比值（0.11~0.24）的纵向变化反映古气候经历了温湿→整体湿润、短暂干热→干热的演化.沉积物经历了暗色细粒沉积物为主→灰色、灰色夹灰绿色、灰色与红褐色互层细粒沉积物为主→灰色粗粒沉积物和红褐色、灰黄色细粒沉积物为主的变化.古生物经历了喜湿植物丰富→喜热植物出现→喜热植物丰富的过程.结果表明,受古亚洲构造体制和滨太平洋构造体制的影响,华北地台向北漂移,北黄海盆地古气候经历了由中侏罗世-晚侏罗世早期以温湿气候为主,至晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世早期整体相对湿润,出现短暂干热气候,到早白垩世中期-早白垩世晚期为干热气候的演化.北黄海盆地中侏罗世-早白垩世古气候由温湿向干热的转变正是对华北地台东部晚中生代两大构造体制转换的响应.      

燕辽地区晚中生代动物君及其古生态和古地理意义

燕辽地区的中侏罗-早白垩世地层中共有3个动物群贯穿始终，即燕辽动物群、热河动物群、阜新动物群，分别分布于中侏罗世、晚侏罗世及早白垩世，构成多门类化石群的组合序列.根据以昆虫为主的动物群组合序列研究，可以推测中侏罗世燕辽地区处于温带气候条件下，森林沼泽发育，分布广，但水面规模不大，水体不深，地形起伏差异较小，而晚侏罗世相似，陆地植被茂盛，森林极为广布.到早白垩世尼欧克姆期，动物群的种类相对较贫乏，以陆生昆虫为主，出现的昆虫大多为典型亚热带昆虫，说明该地气候仍偏热，但湖泊显著减少，已逐渐向干燥的气候过渡。从昆虫类及其他一些化石的古地理分布特征分析，可以作出如下推断，即：劳亚大陆或欧亚大陆与北美、非洲等大陆分离的最后时限不会早于中侏罗世，以后随着泛大陆解体，昆虫中一些类群（如蚊歇蛉科等）的早期代表扩散到其他大陆，最终现成现今的分布格局。在这一过程中，第三纪白令陆桥虽有一定作用，但并不是主要和唯一的途径。     

副蝎蛉科化石（昆虫纲长翅目）在中国首次发现

报道了华夏三叠副蝎蛉Triasoparachorista huaxiaensis gen. et sp nov. (T2t)、吐孜沟准噶尔蝎蛉Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong. nom. nov. (J1b) 和1个新转移属——冀北直脉蝎蛉属Jibeiorthophlebia Hoing, 1983 (transl. nov.) (J2)及其2个种J. xiaofangzhangziensis Hong,1983 (transl. nov.)、J. internata Hong,1983 (transl. nov.) 在中国首次发现。根据它们的脉序特征,在分类上应当归于Parachoristidae Tillyard, 1937。这个科既具有二叠蝎蛉科(Permochoristidae) MP 带6支脉的特征,又有直脉蝎蛉科(Orthophlebiidae) Rs1至少带3支脉呈扇形排列的特征, 形成二叠蝎蛉科和直脉蝎蛉科之间的一种独特的过渡特征的中间类群,这个类群对它们之间的演变关系的研究有重要意义。副蝎蛉科化石在中国的发现很有意义：①填补了中国中三叠世、早侏罗世、中侏罗世副蝎蛉科的空白;②可以帮助我们追溯副蝎蛉科、直脉蝎蛉科和二叠蝎蛉科之间在不同地质背景中的演变关系;③关于中侏罗世燕辽生物群及其有关问题,笔者曾先后指出,燕辽生物群(Yanliao Biota)（J2）和热河生物群（K1）均起源于华北古陆（North China Paleocontinent）,燕辽地区（覆盖了新增加的内蒙古宁城地区）是它们的起源中心,尔后向外扩散与迁移,并向北覆盖到蒙古东部、俄罗斯外贝加尔等地区,形成东亚古陆（Eastern Asian Paleocontinent）中一个广阔的燕辽生物群和热河生物群的区系;④讨论了宁城地区地层层位的归属问题。     

Spatial–temporal relationships of Mesozoic volcanic rocks in NE China: Constraints on tectonic overprinting and transformations between multiple tectonic regimes

LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages and geochemical data are presented for the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in northeast China, with the aim of determining the tectonic settings of the volcanism and constraining the timing of the overprinting and transformations between the Paleo-Asian Ocean, Mongol–Okhotsk, and circum-Pacific tectonic regimes. The new ages, together with other available age data from the literature, indicate that Mesozoic volcanism in NE China can be subdivided into six episodes: Late Triassic (228–201 Ma), Early–Middle Jurassic (190–173 Ma), Middle–Late Jurassic (166–155 Ma), early Early Cretaceous (145–138 Ma), late Early Cretaceous (133–106 Ma), and Late Cretaceous (97–88 Ma). The Late Triassic volcanic rocks occur in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, where the volcanic rocks are bimodal, and in the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces where the volcanics are A-type rhyolites, implying that they formed in an extensional environment after the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The Early–Middle Jurassic (190–173 Ma) volcanic rocks, both in the Erguna Massif and the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces, belong chemically to the calc-alkaline series, implying an active continental margin setting. The volcanics in the Erguna Massif are related to the subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate beneath the Massif, and those in the eastern Jilin–Heilongjiang provinces are related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent. The coeval bimodal volcanic rocks in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges were probably formed under an extensional environment similar to a backarc setting of double-direction subduction. Volcanic rocks of Middle–Late Jurassic (155–166 Ma) and early Early Cretaceous (145–138 Ma) age only occur in the Great Xing’an Range and the northern Hebei and western Liaoning provinces (limited to the west of the Songliao Basin), and they belong chemically to high-K calc-alkaline series and A-type rhyolites, respectively. Combined with the regional unconformity and thrust structures in the northern Hebei and western Liaoning provinces, we conclude that these volcanics formed during a collapse or delamination of a thickened continental crust related to the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk suture belt. The late Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, widely distributed in NE China, belong chemically to a low- to medium-K calc-alkaline series in the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces (i.e., the Eurasian continental margin), and to a bimodal volcanic rock association within both the Songliao Basin and the Great Xing’an Range. The volcanics in the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces formed in an active continental margin setting related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent, and the bimodal volcanics formed under an extensional environment related either to a backarc setting or to delamination of a thickened crust, or both. Late Cretaceous volcanics, limited to the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces and the eastern North China Craton (NCC), consist of calc-alkaline rocks in the eastern Heilongjiang–Jilin provinces and alkaline basalts in the eastern NCC, suggesting that the former originated during subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent, whereas the latter formed in an extensional environment similar to a backarc setting. Taking all this into account, we conclude that (1) the transformation from the Paleo-Asian Ocean regime to the circum-Pacific tectonic regime happened during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic; (2) the effect of the Mongol–Okhotsk suture belt on NE China was mainly in the Early Jurassic, Middle–Late Jurassic, and early Early Cretaceous; and (3) the late Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous volcanics can be attributed to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.