Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

浙江方岩丹霞地貌类型及其空间组合

浙江方岩突出的丹霞地貌类型有围谷、方山、峰丛、石柱和凹槽等,它们的空间组合沿着北西-南东方向有规律的排列:西北部五峰书院一带的凹槽和岩穴发育典型,中部鸡鸣峰、桃花峰等处分布有大量的新鲜崩积石,东南部石鼓寮的石鼓、石柱尤为突出,在峰丛与平原交汇的东、南和西三侧被围谷所环绕.这种组合体现了随着构造隆升,在以外力作用为主的不断"雕塑"下,丹霞地貌的发育一般经历了差异风化、重力崩塌、流水侵蚀搬运,完成地貌循环侵蚀的过程,期间孕育了绚丽多姿的丹霞地貌,它们主要发育于早白垩世晚期的方岩组(K1f)冲积扇-扇前辫状河相岩层中.其中,岩性的差异风化规律和辫状河相沉积的特点,可以通过对三个样点的实验数据分析加以证实.方岩丹霞地貌是在我国申报世界自然遗产丹霞地貌区中"青年期"类型的突出代表,符合申报世界自然遗产中具有突出、普遍的美学和科学价值的理由.     

Age and genesis of the Danxia landform on Jianglang Mountain, Zhejiang Province

Jianglang Mountain is situated at the transitional zone of South China fold-system, Jiangshan–Shaoxing deep fracture zone and Baoan–Xiakou–Zhangcun fracture zone. The forming of the Xiakou basin was attributed to the pull-apart fault depression by the above fractures in earlier Cretaceous, afterward, series deposits such as Guantou formation (K1g), Chaochuan formation (K1c) and Fangyan formation (K1f) which belong to Yongkang group, the lower Cretaceous layer accumulated in the Xiakou basin. In late Cretaceous, the above fractures occurred to extrude and the basin began to uplift, meanwhile, amounts of tension fissures and joints were produced since Cenozoic, which accelerated water-dicing into bed-rock. Consequently, landform-building processing: weathering, eroding and collapsing etc. were prevalent as finally to develop the so-called Danxia landform. The Jianglang Mountain landscape zone of the Danxia landform to apply for world natural relics are relying on unique and unparalleled peak, sky-split valley with vivid stones and reviving of platform. What is more, there is significance of study at lithology, stratigraphy and paleo-biology. According to dating for specimen of ophitic vein through-crossing the Yongkang group of Yafeng Peak by K-Ar method, this article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) i.e. late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

通过分析中国丹霞地貌的空间分布格局,把我国丹霞地貌划分东南、西南和西北三大集中分布区。主要研究了三大丹霞地貌集中分布区的景观异质性。东南区 (包括浙、闽、赣、粤、湘、桂等省区) 多发育临溪丹霞峰林、丹霞赤壁、一线天、天生桥等景观;西南区 (云贵高原与四川盆地过渡带) 以赤壁与急流瀑布相伴为主要景观特色;西北区 (包括陇山周围、河湟谷地) 则呈现出特有的干旱区丹霞地貌景观,区内由于自然条件的复杂性,如小气候及流水作用,黄土盖层成分及其存在与否的差异性,区内景观异质性显著。从三区的构造运动上升速度、降水强度、植被等生物作用、河川过程以及黄土作用等地质地理、气候条件、生物、理化等内外动力作用,分析了形成这种景观差异性的原因、形成机理和过程。     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

1 IntroductionD anxia landform ,a kind of im portantscenic landform ,has its unique function in shape-m akingand scenery-constructing.It is distributed throughout m ost parts of China (H uang, 1999, 2003;Figure 1). It has m uch value in tourism for its re…     

Comparative studies of Danxia landforms in China

Danxia geomorphology originates from China. This paper studies the spatial distribution and differences in characteristics of Danxia landforms. Based on relevant research and investigations, three congregated areas of Danxia landform in China are discussed in this paper. They are the southeast area (including Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangxi provinces), the southwest area (the transitional zone of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin) and the northwest area (including Longshan mountain and along the banks of the Huanghe River and its anabranches). Not only the conditions of geology and geography of the three areas but also the differences of Danxia landforms of the three areas are analyzed. The Danxia landscape, characterized by upright-shaped peaks, Danxia mesa, stone wall, cave and vertical cave, "Danxia natural bridge", "a narrow strip of sky" and so on, often presents in the southeast area. The landscape of southwest area is characterized by Danxia escarpment faces and waterfalls. In the northwest area, the Danxia landscape has the traits of arid areas simultaneously, for example, mud-coating type, columniation type, board type, moreover, it is greatly different between these environmental factors such as the microclimate, water, wind, and the loess cover. Finally it explores the causes which lead differences in landform and also explains the landform formation process and its mechanism with reference to the rates of crustal uplift, the tectonic red-basin, and the external processes including working of running water, weathering, biogenic, gravity in each area of Danxia Landforms in China.     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌成景系统特征及其演化

龙虎山世界地质公园内分布着大量以石寨、石墙、巷谷、峰林、石峰、石柱、石崖、巷谷、一线天、造型石等景观类型,它们形成于晚白垩系龟峰群,是我国典型的丹霞地貌分布区之一.其形成不仅与红层、构造及流水等外营力等构成了丹霞地貌的成景系统因素有关,而且也与它们在信江盆地内的空间位置相关,共同制约着不同位置上丹霞地貌的演化进程及其景观总体特征.     

浙江方岩丹霞地貌发育的年代、成因与特色研究

方岩丹霞地貌在大地构造上隶属于华南褶皱系构造单元,该单元在燕山运动时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲入欧亚板块之下,促使大陆边缘地壳重新活动.晚侏罗世末至早白垩世,本区构造应力场由晚侏罗世的北西-南东向挤压,转为早白垩世的北东-南西向挤压和北西-南东向的拉张,发育了永康早白垩世断坳盆地,在盆地中沉积了下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)地层.中生代晚期永康盆地逐渐隆升,结束了红层沉积,遭受侵蚀,方岩地区丹霞地貌密集围谷、密集方山和廊穴等青年期的地貌特点表明该区大规模的抬升发生在较近的地质年代.     

广东省丹霞地貌的地质构造背景和分区研究

广东省共有丹霞地貌 67 处,分布在 22 个断陷盆地中,主要受古近纪―新近纪抬升区、5 条北东向深大断裂和 1 条东西向深断裂控制,地层层位以丹霞组和南雄群为主,岩性以砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩为主。古近纪―新近纪地壳升降运动控制了丹霞地貌在区域上的总体分布,大致以 22.5°N 为界线,以北为抬升区,发育丹霞地貌,以南为沉降区,不发育丹霞地貌;晚更新世以来的地壳升降运动,造成不同地区丹霞地貌的数量和规模有所区别：粤北、粤东北为抬升区,发育数量多、规模较大;粤中为沉降区,发育数量少、规模较小。深大断裂控制断陷盆地的分布,从而控制丹霞地貌具体的发育位置。根据地质构造背景和丹霞地貌发育特征,可将广东省划分为 4 个丹霞地貌发育区：粤北区、粤中区、粤东北区和粤西区。     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

丝绸之路中国段佛教石窟差异性 及其与丹霞地貌的关系

作为佛教东传的主线,沿丝绸之路中国段留存了大量的佛教石窟,其分布与该区域丹霞地貌的分布大致重叠。由于各地区地质地貌条件以及岩性的差异,石窟在分布、形制以及艺术表现手法上也存在差异。本文以沿丝绸之路主线佛教东传的路线为基础,分别阐述丝绸之路天山北线、河西走廊、陇东、河湟谷地以及陕西彬县丹霞地貌区的佛教石窟以及敦煌石窟的特点,分析各地石窟形成自身特点的自然原因。文章分析了丝绸之路沿线石窟分布、形制以及艺术特色与丹霞地貌的内在联系,认为除宗教政治因素外,丹霞地貌是丝绸之路石窟分布的决定因素之一,也是石窟形制和艺术表现手法的重要影响因素。文章比较了其他类型地貌与丹霞地貌在开凿石窟方面的优劣,认为丹霞地貌拥有最适合开凿石窟的地貌形态与岩性。综上,文章认为丹霞地貌的存在是丝绸之路沿线出现大量佛教石窟的最重要的自然条件。     

丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究

对丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌的旅游景观进行系统比较,揭示两者在发育条件及分布特点、自然及人文旅游景观方面的相似性与差异性.在发育条件上,两者的岩性、构造环境和主要外营力均存在显著差异;另一方面,两者的发育又都依赖于一定的水热条件和密集的节理裂隙.在空间分布上,两者发育最典型的地区均在我国南方亚热带、热带湿润区;其中,东南地区尤以丹霞景观见长,西南地区更以岩溶景观取胜.自然景观方面,丹霞景观与岩溶景观在类型、外形、组合上有较多相似之处;两相比较,岩溶风景胜在山奇洞奥,而丹霞风景则胜在赤壁丹崖.人文景观方面,丹霞地貌     

陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

广州莲花山的人工丹霞地貌和旅游开发

通过实地考察,概述广州番禺莲花山与粤北丹霞山地质地貌的异同,从丹霞地貌角度阐述这座古石矿场“人工无意夺天工”形成的陡崖,岩洞,石墙,石巷,岩湖,石柱,石门,石桥等人工丹霞奇观,并对这座以全国罕有古石矿场为主景的莲花山旅游区的进一步开发,提出了讨论意见。     

丹霞地貌概念讨论

关于丹霞地貌概念上的不同意见,主要是：①岩性岩相上是较单一的“陆相碎屑岩”还是涵盖多种岩性岩相的“沉积岩”;②地貌上是“丹崖”,还是“赤壁丹崖”,或是“赤壁丹崖群”。根据目前已知的中外丹霞地貌的基本特征,初步认为,丹霞地貌是由砂岩砾岩为主的沉积岩经侵蚀作用所形成的赤壁丹崖群地貌。近10a来,一些丹霞地貌概念,基本上属于“中国丹霞地貌”的概念,不完全符合世界丹霞地貌的实际情况。     

新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题

新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。     

龙虎山丹霞地貌"旅游景观价值-游客审美感知"探讨

通过对龙虎山丹霞地貌类型及其地质遗迹、人文景观的分析,按景区空间组合及代表性景观构建了旅游景观谱系。对这些景观进行评价和游客感知度调查,形成游客感知率与景观评价值矩阵,并用坐标法将矩阵划分为4个象限,分析其间的耦合性、差异性和产生机理。结果显示,总体上符合景观赋分值高、游客感知度高,景观赋分值低、游客感知度低的规律,但对一些典型地质遗迹,专家的评价与游客的感知度相差较大。游客仍以直观的山水审美为主,对其蕴含的科学性认知不够。地质遗迹科考产品和科普产品开发不足,尚未形成大众产品。比较不同游客群体的审美感知差异,为旅游产品的市场细分提供依据,并提出丹霞地貌景区建设建议。     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌特征及与国内其他丹霞地貌的对比

江西龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观发育于信江盆地中生代红层中,以发育老年早期孤峰、峰林、残丘类地貌景观为特征,是我国丹霞地貌发育最好的地区之一。断裂切割、岩性差异、流水侵蚀和重力崩塌作用,是造成丹霞地貌景观差异的主要原因,同时由于所处盆地内位置、出露的红层性质以及构造发育特征的不同,也影响地貌发育的特色。目前国内所发现的丹霞地貌主要分布于东南、西南和西北地区。由于它们所处的大地构造位置、地壳活动特征、自然地理条件的不同,丹霞地貌的成因机制也不相同。阐述了龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观类型及其特色,并着重研究丹霞地貌景观的成因机制,以及与其他地质公园、遗产地进行比较研究。     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。