1997年伽师强震群及预报概况

１９９７年１月２１日以来，新疆伽师地区发生了强震群活动，至４月１６日共发生７次６级地震，新疆维吾尔自治区地震局追踪分析了强震群序列和前兆资料，对其中３次６级，３次５级地震公开向社会作出临震预报，取得了明显的社会减灾实效。     

1997年新疆伽师强震群及短临预报简介

1地震情况简介1997年1月21日～4月16日，新疆伽师县境内连续发生7次6级以上强震，截止6月12日共发生Ms6级以上地震7次（均发生在不到3个月内），Ms5级地震6次，1级以下地震5593次。伽师强震群发生在1997年度全国11个地震危险区之一的新疆西部地震危险区内。1996年3月19日在距1997年震区以北几十公里处曾发生6．9级强烈地震。这次强震群活动出乎意料地发生在覆盖层很厚的盆地内，无地表破裂出露，发震构造目前尚不清楚。7次地震分布在20×30km2的范围内，震源相当集中。就总体地震活动而言，属于强震群类型，但对每次6级以上地震的活动进行…     

1997年新疆伽师几次中强地震的短临预报过程

新疆伽师地区自1996年3月19日发生69级地震后，在原震区中强地震活动平静Ic个月的情况下，于1997年1月ZI日9时47分和48分相继发生了6．4、6．3级地震。这二次地震发生在1997年度全国地震趋势会商会圈定的11个地震重点危险区之一的新疆西部地震危险区中。伽师原震区强震在如此短的时间内再次强烈活动，引起了国家地震局和新疆维吾尔自治区地震局的高度重视。通过对去年6．9级地震序列和这二次地震余震序列的分析，认为伽师地震区的地震能量释放十分不正常，需严密监视地震发展动态，警惕其后可能还将发生的中强地震。根据国家地震局1997年…     

1997年伽师地震临震预报的经验与启示

１９９７年１￣４月新疆伽师发生罕见的强震群活动。几个月内在十分狭小的区域内发生７次６级强震,是新疆几十年来从未遇到过的。概述了伽师地震３次准确和较为准确的临震预报;总结了地点已知的后续强震临震预报的科学和实践问题;论述了震例总结与现实预报的差异,以及地震孕育的复杂性和地震预报的现实做法。     

1998年以来伽师地震(MW≥6.0)应力相互作用与强震活动的关系

新疆伽师地区位于南天山、塔里木盆地和帕米尔3个构造系统的交接部位,20世纪末—21世纪初该区在短时间内发生了一系列强震.地震应力触发理论认为,地震之间存在相互联系.文中反演了1998年和2003年2次伽师地震的震源特征,重建了断层破裂模型;之后基于黏弹性松弛理论,计算了2次地震与2020年M W 6.0地震的相互应力作...     

伽师震群震源机制与主破裂面

１９９７年１月２１日以来,新疆伽师地区发生强震群活动,至４月１６日共发生７次６级地震,新疆维吾尔自治区地震局对其中的６次地震给出了震源机制解。这６次地震的震源机制解是收集了新疆区域台网和部分全国台网的Ｐ波初动符号,用乌尔夫网上半球投影求得。另外我们还收集了中国数字台网（ＣＤＳＮ）给出的其中５次地震的震源机制解和美国哈佛大学提供的结果,在此一并在表１中列出。表１　伽师震源机制解统计表编号时　间年月日发震时刻时分秒震级ＭＳ节面Ⅰ走向倾向倾角节面Ⅱ走向倾向倾角Ｐ轴方位仰角Ｔ轴方位仰角Ｎ轴方位仰角断层性…     

近年我国震后趋势判定与后续强震预测研究进展

详细论述了近年来我国在震后趋势判定与后续强震预测研究中取得的重要进展：（１）对近年发生的重大社会影响的一系列６级以上强震的震后趋势后判断迅速,正确,取得了突出的社会减灾实效;（２）对中强地震发生后后续强震的短临预报取得明显进展,曾较成功地预报１９９５年７月１２日孟连西７．３级强震以及１９９７年４月伽师４次６级以上强震;（３）在国外大震现场的国际合作了开创了震后趋势判定的成功范例;（４）后续强震预测     

1998年新疆地震活动概述

１９９８年１月至１１月,新疆境内共发生６级地震４次;５级地震８次（包括余震）;４级震群２次。全疆４级地震活动较频繁,地震活动表现出频度高、强度大的特点。１９９８年３月１９日阿图什发生６．０级地震;８月２日和８月２７日伽师连续发生２次６级强震;５月２９日塔里木盆地西南边缘发生皮山６．２级地震。皮山６．２级地震震源区历史上无强震活动,地表也无明显构造出露。不包括余震,１９９８年新疆发生５级地震２次,分别是发生在阿克苏和拜城的５．２和５．４级地震。１９９８年全疆４级以上地震主要分布在新疆西部柯坪块体及…     

喀什—乌恰地区近年来强震活动平静的可能成因

通过分析喀什—乌恰地区和伽师—柯坪块区强震产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化(ΔCFS), 从断层相互作用和中等地震活动加、 减速特征的角度, 初步论证了两个区域强震活动交替发生特征的可能机理。 库仑破裂应力和加速矩释放模型拟合结果表明, 伽师—柯坪地区1997—1998年成组发生的伽师6级强震、 新疆南部周边发生的1992年苏萨梅尔M_S7.5地震和2005年巴基斯坦7.8级地震产生的静态应力变化不利于喀什—乌恰地区强震的发生, 可能使得该区后续强震的发生时间延迟了。 另一方面, 位于1992年苏萨梅尔M_S7.5地震和1997—2003年伽师系列强震产生的ΔCFS为负的喀什—乌恰地区地震活动表现为弱加速特征, 这或许是1993年以来喀什—乌恰地区强震平静特征的原因。 喀什—乌恰地区7级地震产生的正的ΔCFS可能有利于伽师—柯坪地区后续强震的发生, 3组7级地震产生的ΔCFS为正的区域内后续强震发生前均出现了一定程度的加速特征, 从而定量解释了喀什—乌恰地区强震活动对伽师—柯坪块区地震活动的影响。     

1997年1月21日～4月16日新疆伽师强震群综述

１９９７年１月２１日～４月１６日,新疆伽师相继发生了７次Ｍ≥６的地震,造成了破坏与伤亡。该文就伽师强震群进行了综述,包括：地震类型和地震参数;震源机制;伽师地震的临震预报;地震现场工作等。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.