基于ArcGIS的太原断陷盆地第四系三维地质建模

本文在收集并整理太原断陷盆地钻孔资料的基础上,对钻孔进行了地层分层,建立了钻孔分层空间数据库;利用空间信息管理、地质解译、空间分析和预测、地学统计、实体内容分析以及三维图形可视化等工具结合起来的三维地质建模技术,对太原断陷盆地进行了第四纪地层三维地质可视化建模;最终基于ArcGIS平台实现了由钻孔柱状图到地层垂直剖面和地层表面TIN的三维可视化。对进一步分析太原断陷盆地地层、断层分布及其活动性奠定了基础。     

利用地面激光与地质雷达综合探测活断层浅层三维结构——以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘正断层为例

快速获取活断层的高精度微地貌形态和对应的浅层三维结构是揭示活断层浅地表形迹与活动特征的关键。文中综合利用地面三维激光扫描仪和地质雷达技术,以川西理塘地区毛垭坝盆地北缘主边界断裂禾尼段的正断层崖为研究对象,获取了该处正断层错动2期最新地貌面的精确地表垂直位移量和浅层二维地质雷达图像,并初步建立了基于地面三维激光与地质雷达的活断层微地貌精细化三维测量方法,构建了断层崖微地貌的精细三维模型和浅表三维图像,揭示了正断层崖处发育的伸展地堑结构,同时初步实现了断层微地貌地表地下三维数据的一体化融合显示及相互解译。应用结果表明,该方法可以同时快速、高效、无损地获取大范围内的活断层微地貌及浅层结构的多层次、多视觉的空间数据,极大地提高了对活动断层微地貌形态与浅层结构进行快速调查与研究的精度和认识水平,也为更全面地认识和理解活断层的空间分布与变形特征、活动习性和多期古地震遗迹等提供重要的数据和方法支持。因此,对该方法的继续探索和完善,将显著提升和扩展其在活断层定量化和精细化研究中的实用性及应用前景。     

三维地震勘探在城市活断层精确定位中的意义

回顾了城市活断层探测现状,指出了采用二维地震探测在活断层精确定位中存在中浅层小构造控制程度较差,在地层倾角较大地区断层归位不够准确,受建筑物和其它障碍物限制致使测线布设与断层走向斜交造成断层定位不准,以及由于测网密度限制造成的断层交汇处、断层分段点、端点位置控制程度较差等主要问题．从理论上分析了三维地震勘探的优势,认为三维地震勘探可以较好地解决由于二维地震勘探本身的技术缺陷和地表环境、地质条件影响所造成的断层定位不准的问题．通过实例剖析,从野外采集难点, 仪器选择, 观测系统定义, 优化施工设计, 野外质量监控, 特殊数据处理手段, 以及取得的良好地质效果等方面进行详细阐述,论证了利用三维地震探测在城市进行活断层精确定位中的可行性及其意义．      

活断层探测成果的三维可视化

城市地震活断层的探测应用了多个学科(地球物理学、地球化学、地质学、地震学、大地测量学、遥感等)中的多种不同方法,形成了类型、格式各异的三维地质空间的探测成果数据。文中以乌鲁木齐目标区为研究实例,提出了一套活断层探测成果的三维可视化方法,并综合显示在ArcGIS扩展模块3DAnalyst提供的三维空间交互环境中,为活断层探测成果的三维综合分析奠定了基础     

廊坊市活断层探测数据管理系统

根据政府和社会公众实际需求,基于以往廊坊地区基础地理资料和活断层探测工作成果资料,采用GIS技术、三维可视化技术及网络技术,建成廊坊市活断层探测数据管理系统,具有建库、存储、分析、管理、三维显示和应用等强大功能,可实现活断层信息的科学管理,为城乡规划、地震应急、土地利用、重大工程选址提供信息服务。     

波形差异反演方法及其在气藏描述中的应用

在油气藏开发中后期,如何利用的已有的勘探成果和丰富的油气藏知识,加深对勘探区域油气开发潜力的认识,为油气田的稳产高产服务,是摆在油气田中后期开发人员面前的难题.油气田开发的研究人员,利用现有的资料,开发出了很多方法,结合地震测井等资料为油气田的稳产高产做出了巨大的贡献.本文在分析了地震波在地质体中传播过程中能量变化,相应的产生了振幅变化的理论,利用三维地震数据,通过对三维地震数据解释层位对应的波形差异的分析,结合工区内的生产井和开发井的对应地层中的油气信息,进行反演得到地层的波形差异数据体,利用相应的绘图软件绘制二维平面图形,结合工区内的沉积相等地质信息对其数据体进行油藏解释,最终得到波形差异反演数据体,利用波形差异反演数据体进行油气藏的识别、描述和预测,为油气田的中后期开发服务.     

石嘴山市活断层数据库建设综述

石嘴山市活断层数据库是石嘴山市活断层一期探测与断层活动性初步鉴定项目中形成的重要成果之一,该数据库按照活动构造数据库模版建成。数据库包含6个专题数据库和一个专业数据库,记录了活断层探测与活动性鉴定过程中所获得的全部资料和成果,包括活断层地球物理勘探、地层样品年龄测试、钻孔联合地质剖面探测、槽探、断层活动性鉴定、地震地质调查以及地质填图等方面的内容;对石嘴山市活断层数据库建库规范、数据库内容及数据库的建库技术路线、数据符号化制图等方面作了简要介绍,可供城市活断层数据库建设和管理参考借鉴。     

多类型断层条件下的复杂地层曲面的重构方法（英文）

复杂地层曲面构建可广泛应用于石油勘探、地质建模、地质构造分析等领域中,也是这些领域数据可视化和可视分析的重要基础。现有方法在多种类型断层处理、曲面光滑性等方面存在不足。为解决地层数据分布不规则性带来的曲面光滑性问题,本文引入几何偏微分方程的曲面造型方法开展地层曲面构建;针对多种类型复杂断层存在情况下的曲面构建问题,提出三维空间与二维平面的投影互换算法,给出了基于几何偏微分方程的多种形式断层的统一处理方法;针对复杂地层曲面构建问题,建立了相应几何偏微分方程,给出演化求解算法。实际地层数据的空间曲面构建验证了本文方法计算效率高、能处理不规则的数据分布,同时能对存在断层尤其是逆掩断层的地层面进行曲面恢复。     

声波剖面法在渤海活断层评价探测中试验研究

声波剖面方法由于具有很高的分辨率和信号发射频率,可以获得高品质的地层剖面(图1),能够显示出沉积地层的结构与构造特征,广泛用于工程地质勘探和活断层探查,经过在渤海湾活断层探测试验中证明声波方法对海域和沿海平原活断层时代判断十分有效,能够分辨小断距断层,资料连续性好,直观性强,探测工作效率高,适合于活断层探测及地震危险性评价、海洋工程、核电站选址的等项目.     

随钻方位电磁波测井反演方法研究及在水平井中的应用

针对随钻方位电磁波测井仪器测井响应特征进行考察,提出了水平井和大斜度井多层界面三维电阻率反演方法,获取准确的水平井/大斜度井地层电阻率剖面和井眼地层位置关系,为储层评价提供可靠依据.以哈里伯顿ADR方位电阻率测井数据为例,利用基于Marquardt方法的三维电阻率反演方法计算地层电阻率和多层边界距离等参数,数值模拟及实际处理井结果显示,反演方法精度较高,反演结果准确可靠.多层界面三维电阻率反演对储层精确评价和储量复算具有重要意义,在实时地质导向中具有广阔应用前景.     

典型矿业城市建筑物抗震安全性能调查与分析——以铜陵市为例

针对矿业城市长期矿产资源的开发,产生的一系列矿山地质环境问题,严重影响城市建筑物抗震性能的情况。以铜陵市为例,通过对铜陵市建筑物抗震性能开展全面普查,掌握建筑物抗震基本情况,研究了矿业城市滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷等典型地质灾害对建筑物抗震性能的具体影响,提出加大棚户区改造、开展土地利用防灾适宜性评价、建立地质灾害监控体系等对策建议,对提高矿业城市抗震设防工作有实际意义。     

煤矿井巷间地质构造及其异常多波联合探测技术与应用

影响煤矿层安全高效开采的最主要的地质因素是断层构造及其异常，特别是落差在3~5m的中小断层构造对生产影响最大.为了保证开采工作的顺利进行，通常需在工作面回采前对面内地质条件进行探测与评价.利用地震波CT多波联合探测反演与解释，可精确确定工作面内的地质构造及异常范围.其弯曲射线追踪SIRT法反演可获得收敛性好的探测区域波速结果，以纵波波速结果为主，高速区代表断层构造迹线，低速区代表煤层增厚，同时结合其它参量成图，可有效识别各种地质构造及其特征.3241工作面的探测与回采实例有效地说明了，多波联合探测技术可为面内生产解决大量的实际地质问题.     

数据挖掘技术在石油天然气勘探领域的应用探索

基于数据挖掘的概念,详细地阐述了岩石物理数据、测井数据、地震数据和地质数据的特征,并根据其数据特征,确定了岩石物理和测井数据、地震数据和地质数据的三种挖掘思路.用不同的挖掘思路对相应的数据分别展开挖掘,并从挖掘功能的角度分别描述挖掘的成果,即岩石物理数据之间的联系和对储层的预测;测井数据在复杂地质条件下对模糊储层的评价,及有效储层的识别;三维地震数据的空间挖掘成果;地质数据的图表和文本挖掘成果.数据挖掘技术将数据分析方法和对应的数学模型引入勘探领域,从海量的勘探数据中获取潜在信息,用于指导油气的勘探,实现了由数据指导勘探的目的,提出了数据勘探的概念.     

用HV谱比法推测银川市区沉积层基底分布特征

在缺乏其他资料的情况下,地脉动常常用做确定地震动对地表介质产生影响效应的简便手段。本文以银川市区为研究对象,根据地震勘探资料有目的的选取5条测线在银川市区进行地脉动观测,观测点共141个。用Nakamura提出的HV谱比法解析观测数据,在给定地下构造剪切波速度(VS)的基础上,由H/V比值曲线中的基本频率推测盆地深层地下构造。通过理论计算进一步验证了解析结果。结合前人地震勘探资料推测了银川市区脉动基本频率分布特征,并给出2D和3D银川市基底构造变化情况,对比分析表明,HV谱比法得到的脉动基本频率值可以反映银川盆地基底变化情况。     

Three-dimensional geological modeling and its application in Digital Mine

The 3D geological modeling is the prerequisite and core foundation for Digital Mine. Although this new technology brings new opportunities and motivation for the mineral exploration industry, it still has many difficulties to be solved in this area. Based on the characteristics of mine data and the aim of Digital Mine construction, this paper introduces a theory including multi-source data coupling, multi-modeling methods integration, multi-resolution visualization and detection, and multidimensional data analysis and application. By analyzing problems such as the uncertainty in each step of the modeling process, we designed a novel modeling method that can be applied to the complex geological body modeling, mineral resource/reserve estimation, and the mining exploration engineering. Along with the process of mine exploration, development, and reclamation, 3D modeling undergoes the process of “construction-simulation-revision” during which the 3D model is able to be dynamically updated and gradually improved. Based on the result of practical utilization, it is proven that the methodology introduced by this paper can be used to build an effective 3D model by fully using the mining data under the control of spatial information quality evaluation. Our experiments show that such a 3D model can be used to evaluate the mine resource and provide the scientific evidence to improve mining efficiency during the various stages of evolvement process in mine.     

Interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomalies when observation plane is inclined

Summary Not infrequently, in mining geophysics, measurements have to be made on the slopes of a hill that contain mineralisation. In this paper, procedures are evolved for interpreting gravity and vertical component magnetic data collected on such slopes and caused by geological bodies that can be approximated by infinite line pole, point pole, infinite line dipole and point dipole. From sets of theoretical magnetic anomaly curves (not reproduced), graphs have been constructed using characteristic points and are reproduced in Figures 5 to 10 and 12 to 17. These can be used for direct determination of depths, offsets, etc., by using information from suitably chosen field profiles. In the case of gravity, the mass can be computed as usual by a surface integration, provided a correction factor (1/cos²) is used, being the angle of the slope.     

A 3D gravity data interpretation of the Matagami mining camp, Abitibi Subprovince, Superior Province, Québec, Canada: Application to VMS deposit exploration

Two inversions, unconstrained and constrained, of a gravity survey of the Matagami mining camp (Abitibi Archaean Subprovince, Canada) have been performed in order to identify the downward extension of a rhyolitic horizon hosting VMS-type base metals deposit and the morphologies of the major felsic plutons. A comparative study exhibits the similarities between measured and calculated densities from chemical compositions of the Matagami lithologies. This allows building an initial 3D geodensity model which integrates densities and available structural and geological surface mapping data. This model is integrated during the iteration process of the constrained inversion in the objective function. The resulting true density model and two derived cross-sections upgrade the 3D imaging of this area. Also, the model gives new insight for regional geological interpretation exposing possible shapes of the main geological units at depth and suggests the potential existence of deep fertile geological bodies.     

The Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003

The devastating earthquake of 26 December 2003 claimed more than 26,000 lives in the city of Bam and surrounding towns and villages in Southeast Iran, and left the majority of the Bam population homeless. The reason for this tragedy was an unfortunate combination of geological, social and human circumstances. The causative fault practically traversed the city of Bam and the earthquake occurred at a shallow depth. The residential buildings were completely inappropriate for a seismic region, being extremely vulnerable to earthquake shaking, and the earthquake occurred early in the morning when most people were still sleeping. The damage pattern was nearly symmetric about a line 3 km to the west of the surface expression of the Bam fault, and the damage attenuated rapidly with distance from this line. The industrial facilities and the lifelines performed relatively well and experienced slight to moderate damage, but this might have been due to their distance from the earthquake epicentre. However, many of the qanat (traditional subterranean irrigation channels) chains that served the twin cities of Bam and Baravat collapsed. Emergency facilities (hospitals, police and fire stations), schools and the university were destroyed and/or heavily damaged during the earthquake. The geotechnical effects of the earthquake were not significant. There was little evidence that site response effects played a major role in the damage pattern in the city. There were no reports of liquefaction and only minor sliding activity took place during the event. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings were obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. The highest peak ground acceleration (nearly 1g) was recorded for the vertical component of the motion. However, the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion in N–S direction) clearly had the largest energy flux, as well as the largest maximum velocity and displacement.     

中国地学断面地球物理研究的进展和展望

地球物理在中国地学断面图的编制和综合研究中起着重要的作用．简要地概述了古地磁用于研究中国大陆的形成与演化；人工地震，特别是反射地震成功地用于研究地壳细结构；大地电磁用于了解壳内和岩石圈地幔的高导层；重、磁、地热，无论在方法上还是在解决地质问题上均取得了新进展．在综合解释上，研制出多种地球物理方法的人机交互解释系统，以及研制出在微机上实现数字化等成果．简介了地学断面成果受到国外同行的广泛重视．最后提出了地学断面研究的展望．