Seepage problems in the karstic limestone foundation of the Kalecik Dam (south Turkey)

Seepage phenomena through the karstic limestone foundation of Kalecik Dam are investigated. The dam, designed as a rock-fill dam with a height of 77 m, is already used for irrigation. The foundation consists of Mesozoic ophiolite, Paleocene allochthonous units composed of different lithologies, and Miocene conglomerate. The conglomerate lies unconformably on the other units. Quaternary basaltic lava patchily covers the others. Seepage from upstream to downstream occurs through the allochthonous karstic limestone. This limestone, which is overlain by conglomerates, has a thickness increasing towards the right abutment.

To prevent seepage at the right abutment, a 200-m long and 60-m deep grout curtain along the dam axis was constructed. After the impoundment, some springs occurred downstream, and for this reason, extra grouting was performed. However, the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrological studies have been done. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to observe fluctuations of the groundwater level and to analyze hydrochemistry. Also, dye tracer tests have been carried out.

As a result of these hydrogeological studies, seepage paths were observed in the karstic limestone located between the dam and the spillway. As those carbonate rocks continue beneath the spillway, the seepage problems are enjected to continue.     

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

西南某水电站断裂构造和层间溶蚀带组合岩溶渗漏研究

西南某水电站坝址基岩为碳酸盐岩,坝区断层构造和岩溶较发育。水库蓄水后,坝址右岸抗力体1 315 m排水洞出现持续渗漏。随库区水位升高,涌水量逐渐加大至约1.9 m3·s?1,水库无法正常蓄水。为查明库水渗漏途径,有针对性地采取措施减少渗漏量,开展了岩溶渗漏研究。通过工程地质测绘、岩溶水文地质调查、钻探、压水试验、孔内电视、孔内电磁波CT等勘察手段,结合前期平硐、基坑开挖和物探等勘查成果,并利用灌浆孔灌浆过程试验数据,最终查明库水渗漏通道:在水压力作用下,库水沿断裂构造F₁₂下渗,在深部沿层间溶蚀带绕过防渗帷幕,呈30°倾角向下游逐步抬升,最终通过竖向岩溶发育带,从1 315 m排水洞地质薄弱点涌出。通过对灌浆帷幕采取补强措施,封堵了主要渗漏通道,库水渗漏得到有效控制,达到了设计要求。      

Electrical resistivity imaging and dye tracer test for the estimation of water leakage paths from reservoir of Akdeğirmen Dam in Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

The seepage occurrence from the reservoir on the right bank of the Akde?irmen Dam located in Afyonkarahisar province in the Turkey has been investigated. When the reservoir began to fill with water, a large amount of water seepage occurred at the dam. The seepage developed at the base of the spillway and the right downstream slope of the dam. The various attempts have been made to reduce the seepage using grouting. Although the additional grouting operations was reduced the seepage at the base of the spillway, there has not been a reduction in seepage at the water outlet location at the downstream slope. Electrical resistivity measurements along the eight lines with the dipole–dipole array and dye tracer tests were performed in order to identify the seepage locations. The interpretation of electrical resistivity data showed the distribution of strata and the seepage zone along the right downstream of the dam. Groundwater flow rates calculated from dye tests indicated that there is an excessive seepage south-eastwardly on the downstream slope of the dam. Integrated interpretation of resistivity data and dye tests indicate that the seepage paths are in the direction from NW to E and SE.     

Contribution of spectral coherency analysis and tracer test to study leakage at the Doosti Dam reservoir,Iran and Turkmenistan

The Doosti Dam was built across the Harirood River on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. During the reservoir impounding, leakage occurred as new springs through the sandstone layers of the Pesteleigh Aquifer and limy sandstone and limestone layers of the Neyzar–Kalat Aquifer, at the right abutment of the dam. To evaluate the grout curtain operation, a tracer test was carried out by injection of Uranine in a borehole located at the upstream of grout curtain in the Pesteleigh Aquifer. Tracer test results demonstrated a diffuse flow component through the grout curtain in the Pesteleigh Aquifer, but no tracer was detected at the main leakage point, SP1 Spring, emerged downstream of grout curtain from the Neyzar–Kalat Aquifer. Using the spectral coherency function, the lag time between changes in the water level of the injection borehole and water level in the tracer detected boreholes or discharge of the tracer detected springs was determined. Linear regression analyses indicated that the estimated lag time by the time series analysis was close to the first arrival time of the tracer. Therefore, the estimated velocities based on the lag time of time series could be considered close to the calculated velocities based on the first arrival time of the tracer. The estimated groundwater velocities based on the time series analysis ranged from 3.91 to 20.31 m h^?1, showed that diffuse flow dominated pathways from the reservoir toward the downstream boreholes in the Neyzar–Kalat Aquifer, while conduit flow was present within the pathways toward the SP1 Spring. Regarding the reservoir volume, the negligible amount of leakage at the maximum water level of the reservoir confirmed well overall operation of the grout curtain at the dam site.     

下坂地坝基深厚覆盖层帷幕灌浆现场试验工艺研究

新疆下坂地水利枢纽工程的坝基为深厚覆盖层,厚度达147.95m,其结构较为复杂,主要由冰碛层、冲洪积砾石层和砂土层透镜体组成,坝基防渗处理难度很大。为此,针对下坂地深厚覆盖层进行了专门的帷幕灌浆现场试验工艺研究,通过对浆液材料、配比、工艺措施和参数经过深入的分析,找出了一套适合于下坂地复杂地层的灌浆施工工艺,为初步设计提供了可靠依据。     

高密度电法在水库坝基无损检测中的应用

某坝基为砂卵石基础,其下为强风化基岩,坝基渗漏和左右岸绕坝渗漏是该水库坝基存在的主要地质问题。为此,采取了塑性混凝土防渗墙与双排帷幕灌浆相结合的综合防渗措施。为了检测水库坝基及塑性混凝土防渗墙施工质量,防止水库正常蓄水后发生渗漏,选用了高密度电法进行无损检测。工程采用温纳施伦贝尔法观测,分别采用5m和10m电极间距,电极数60个,剖面数16。依据5m和10m道距实测视电阻率剖面与反演结果的解释,对水库坝基和防渗墙的工程质量进行了评价,认为-25m桩号塑性混凝土防渗墙可能存在渗漏问题,-80m桩号对应一低阻异常,坝体可能存在渗漏通道;其余部位未发现明显异常。     

Construction of grout curtain in karstic environment case study: Salman Farsi Dam

Salman Farsi is an arch-gravity dam. It is 125 m high and located on the Ghareh-Agaj River in Fars province, south of Iran. From the geological and hydrogeological point of view, this dam is one of the most complicated sites in Iran. Existence of 40 springs at the river level (including hot springs), and many faults and crushed zones are part of these complications. The dam site is famous for its numerous big caverns. Main characteristics of the rock mass are: (1) low permeable limestone of moderate to high strength, (2) high karstification generally localized around intersection of faults or discontinuities. The main purpose of grout curtains is to change the hydrogeological characteristics (reducing the permeability) of the rock mass. Constructing a grout curtain in a karstic environment with a high random distribution of karst features contains some uncertainties and surprises cannot be excluded. During the excavation of grouting galleries, some big caverns at both abutments were discovered. The volume of the biggest one (Golshan’s Cave) exceeds 150,000 m³. A large-scale underground geotechnical treatment is needed to improve the water tightness of the dam site.     

江雄水库坝基和坝肩渗漏分析与渗控方案评价

江雄水库施工中认为坝区存在较严重的渗漏问题, 由此, 在设计中对河床段坝基采用了上墙 (防渗墙) 下幕(帷幕灌浆) 组合防渗结构, 对两岸坝肩采用了帷幕灌浆防渗结构处理措施。利用渗流理论, 在分析坝区地质条件和概化水文地质模型的基础上, 建立了坝区三维渗流数值模型, 对坝区防渗处理设计条件下(方案Ⅰ和Ⅱ) 的坝基渗漏及渗透变形进行了计算和比较分析。结果表明, 两种防渗方案均可行, 但方案Ⅰ优于方案Ⅱ。     

卡拉水电站坝区渗流控制效应精细模拟与评价

卡拉水电站坝址区河谷狭窄,岸坡陡峻,地质条件复杂,渗漏问题突出。为减小卡拉坝区渗漏并改善大坝的渗透稳定性,工程设计采取防渗帷幕、排水孔幕和排水洞等防渗排水措施。采用子结构、变分不等式和自适应罚函数相结合的方法（简称SVA方法）,结合典型溢流坝段与坝区整体渗流场分析成果,评价卡拉大坝及坝基渗流控制方案的合理性,并论证其优化的可能性。研究表明：①防渗帷幕有效雍高了帷幕上游侧岩体内的地下水位、增加了绕坝渗流的渗径长度并降低了坝基的扬压力,排水系统则显著降低了坝体内的孔隙水压力以及坝基扬压力;②排水孔幕间距对坝体内的自由面分布有着显著影响,排水孔幕间距取3.0～4.5 m是合适的。     

数字钻孔摄像在小浪底帷幕灌浆检测孔中的应用

为了评价帷幕灌浆效果,将数字钻孔摄像技术应用到小浪底水利枢纽3号灌浆洞3个灌浆质量检查孔中。通过数字钻孔摄像得到的孔壁图像资料, 对钻孔内发育的节理裂隙、破碎带和砂浆充填情况进行了分析研究,结果表明：?灌浆时浆液在外压下,主要沿连通性较好、延伸较远的裂隙向孔外岩体渗透。与渗流路径相连通的裂隙或延伸较短的裂隙,被浆液直接充填凝固后形成水泥结石。与渗流路径没有连通的裂隙则被忽略,或在灌浆压力下劈裂而部分充填,造成全充填、半充填和砂浆流出等几种充填效果;?破碎带充填与否主要与破碎带的规模、性质和与灌浆洞连通性有关。小浪底水利枢纽3号灌浆洞内的灌浆效果是明显的;将数字钻孔摄像技术应用于检查帷幕灌浆质量,分析灌浆浆液渗流路径,也是可行的。     

李家峡水电站坝址环境水化学特征与演变

坝址环境水质及其时空变化隐含了丰富的信息,可以揭示水、岩、帷幕间的相互作用情况以及渗流条件的改变。以李家峡水电站为例,对坝址不同部位渗流水进行采样检测的基础上,综合运用水化学图示、统计分析等方法,研究了坝址环境水质空间分布特征,并与之前的检测结果对比分析水质变化趋势。研究显示,廊道内渗水总体上呈现出“高矿化”的特征,且坝基部位较两岸坝肩尤甚,表明两岸部位帷幕前后水力联系相对活跃;从时间演变看,左岸及坝基廊道部位的水质与此前检测分布较为一致,表明对应部位防渗性能变化稳定;右岸水样两次检测情况变化较大,表明右岸廊道部分部位渗流条件变化较大。     

改进遗传算法在坝基帷幕灌浆方案优化中的应用

以一般基岩上的混凝土重力坝为例,采用改进的遗传算法对坝基有排水时的帷幕灌浆参数组合进行优化研究.根据帷幕的厚度进行单元网格剖分,用有限元数值方法计算渗流场,以坝基渗流量、坝基渗透压力和幕体本身的最大水力坡降不超过允许值为约束条件,以帷幕的工程造价最小为目标函数建立优化设计数学模型,寻找一般情况下的帷幕参数的最优组合,为工程设计提供参考依据.     

改进遗传算法在坝基帷幕灌浆方案优化中的应用

以一般基岩上的混凝土重力坝为例,采用改进的遗传算法对坝基有排水时的帷幕灌浆参数组合进行优化研究。根据帷幕的厚度进行单元网格剖分,用有限元数值方法计算渗流场,以坝基渗流量、坝基渗透压力和幕体本身的最大水力坡降不超过允许值为约束条件,以帷幕的工程造价最小为目标函数建立优化设计数学模型,寻找一般情况下的帷幕参数的最优组合,为工程设计提供参考依据。     

高活性粉煤灰注浆材料的防渗特性及 在帷幕灌浆工程中的应用

高活性粉煤灰注浆材料与普通水泥注浆相比较,具有颗粒细、渗透性好、结石率高,强度可靠,耐久性好,成本低等优点,适用于岩土工程的防渗加固处理。实践证明,高活性粉煤灰注浆材料用于水库在坝的帷幕灌浆有较好的防渗抗渗效果,能显著提高坝基的防渗质量,是一种较为理想的防渗注浆材料。     

杨庄截潜工程趾板段帷幕灌浆效果分析

杨庄截潜工程趾板段建基面以下为弱风化白云岩和含燧石条带白云岩,透水性较强,造成库水漏失严重.为解决建基面以下基岩渗漏问题,采用趾板段帷幕灌浆封堵基岩裂隙而形成防渗帷幕,以减少库水漏失.通过趾板段帷幕灌浆达到封堵基岩裂隙的目的,满足工程设计的防渗要求.     

Role of geological structures in seepage from Lar dam reservoir

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the water seepage from Lar dam reservoir based on a combination of the geological structure study results and identification of the flow conduits in the right bank of the reservoir. From the beginning of impounding the dam in 1980, heavy seepage was observed at two karstic springs, Haraz and Galugah, located about 9 km downstream of the dam. During the first impounding, the discharge of the Haraz spring abruptly increased from 0.5 m³/s to around 5 m³/s. The results of piezometers and dye tests indicate that seepage occurs mainly through the right abutment of the dam where there is a structural wedge between the north dipping North Tiz Kuh and the south dipping Lar Valley faults. F1, F2, and F3 faults are the most important faults in vicinity of the structural wedge. Based on the dye test results, the North Tiz Kuh and F3 faults along which caves No. 1 and 2 are formed are regarded as two isolated conduits for seepage and conveyance into Lar Valley Fault at downstream of Lar dam. After identifying the conduits, water seepage from the Lar dam reservoir has been calculated using finite element method. According to the results of numerical method, when the reservoir water level is at 2485 m a.s.l, the average of water seepage is around 8.51 m³/s (this amount of water is related to the seepage along the Lar Valley Fault). The average discharge of springs downstream of the dam has been used to verify the numerical method. The results show a very close relation between estimated and observed discharge.     

重庆小南海水库地震堆积坝体帷幕灌浆试验研究

小南海地震堆积坝体孤块石多,孔隙率大,局部架空现象明显,防渗整治难度较大。灌浆试验采用硬质合金或金刚石钻头回转钻进、泥浆护壁的钻孔方法,采用孔口封闭、自上而下分段、孔内循环式的灌浆方法,使用水泥粘土浆液,适当提高中排孔的灌浆压力,可以较好地解决堆积坝体的渗漏问题。从灌浆试验成果、检查孔压水试验及岩芯采取情况分析,灌浆效果明显,达到了试验的预期目的。     

Assessment of Relationship Between Grouted Values and Calculated Values in the Bazoft Dam Site

Seepage through foundation and abutments of a dam can potentially result in a waste of the water stored in dam reservoir, erosion of foundation materials, and development of uplift pressure in dam foundation which, consequently, threatens the long-term stability of the dam. In this study, the grout volume is estimated based on parameters such as joint aperture, the maximum penetration length of the grout, and calculated grout take in Bazoft dam site. Bazoft Dam is a hydroelectric supply and double-curvature arch dam with a height of 211 m located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran. The bedrock of Bazoft dam site consists of Asemari Formation (limy marl and marly lime), in the middle and upper parts of left abutment, and Jahrom Formation (limestone and dolomite) in the right abutment, river bed, and lower part of left abutment. The joint apertures were calculated based on the permeability and the joint spacing. Next, the maximum penetration length of the grout and grout volume were calculated. Using a statistical analysis, the relationship of the joint aperture, maximum penetration length, and the calculated grout volume with real grout take was also investigated. The results show that the grout take can be predicted with appropriate accuracy based on the calculated grout volume.     

The application of rock mass classification systems to underground excavation in weak limestone, Atatürk dam, Turkey

The Atatürk dam was built across the Firat River on clayey limestone. A grout curtain, providing impermeability in the left and right abutments, was done in grouting galleries. The well known rock mass classification systems for tunneling purposes [rock structure rating (RSR), rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q)] were used to classify the rock mass along these galleries. Based on RSR, RMR and Q values, the rock masses in the galleries have been classified into three different classes. Correlation between the three classification systems is discussed and suggestions are made for using rockbolt, shotcrete with wiremesh and steel ribs for supporting the rock mass.