砖砌体建筑在泥石流冲击力作用下动态响应实验

我国山地泥石流活动频繁,建筑物防护是山区城镇建设及泥石流堆积扇开发利用中必须解决的问题,有效模拟泥石流冲击力,研究建筑物在泥石流冲击力作用下的动态响应有助于防灾工程设计。以云南东川蒋家沟为研究区域,利用实际观测数据和对泥石流破坏现场调查分析的结果,对粘性泥石流冲击力进行理论模拟,研究砖砌体建筑在受到泥石流冲击力作用下的受力形式及破坏形态;在此基础上,进行了砖砌体结构墙体模型试件的破坏性实验,现场观测试件在冲击力作用下的破坏形态和历程,采集其动态位移及主振频率数据,得出结构开裂冲量。     

泥石流冲击作用下框架结构的破坏机理

推导了泥石流冲击力作用下结构的最大位移,可以看出最大位移与泥石流的密度、速度,结构的周期、刚度有关。通过对泥石流冲击力的简化,利用有限元软件模拟二层框架结构在泥石流冲击作用下的响应,得到了底层框架柱的位移时程曲线,并对底层柱破坏形态进行了分析。把结构理论最大位移与模拟最大位移进行比较,得到了结构最大位移限值,为建筑物抵抗泥石流冲击设计提供了参考。     

泥石流冲击力简化计算方法——以舟曲县三眼峪泥石流为例

基于舟曲县三眼峪泥石流灾害的实地考察和资料分析,对该地区常见的夯土木构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构4类典型受损的结构形式进行了分析,确定建筑物的破坏模式主要为淤埋破坏和倒塌破坏。对现有的泥石流冲击作用计算公式进行了分类整理,以三眼峪泥石流实测数据为例对比分析整体冲击力和大石块冲击力的不同计算理论和计算结果。为便于工程技术人员进行房屋抗泥石流设计,提出了基于泥石流深度并考虑泥石流动力效应的设计计算方法,给出了以三眼峪泥石流为例的动力影响系数设计值和设计泥石流深度取值范围;并对当地典型夯土木结构房屋进行了泥石流安全性分析。此简化计算方法物理意义清晰,计算快捷有效,可用于泥石流多发地带的设计荷载计算,其关键参数泥石流深度可根据当地常年记录以统计值采用,动力放大值可根据沟床纵比降和沟床糙率系数确定。     

不同颗粒级配滑坡碎屑流等效冲击力及作用位置分布研究

滑坡碎屑流的冲击是一个持续的,由大量粗细不均匀的碎屑岩粒及粗大块石共同作用的复杂力学冲击过程,冲击压力的大小和分布范围呈现一定的规律变化。以室内物理模型试验的数据为依据,运用三维离散元素法,提出滑体等效冲击力和等效冲击作用位置,探讨不同级配条件下,滑坡碎屑流冲击力的分布特征。结果表明,滑体冲击挡墙的过程可划分为动态冲击阶段和准静态堆积阶段。动态冲击过程中,滑体细颗粒组分摩擦耗能显著,导致滑体冲击力及其作用高度减小;粒径为20mm及以上粗颗粒间的碰撞作用促进了滑体内部的能量传递,导致滑体冲击力及作用高度增加,峰值冲击力呈分散性分布,峰值冲击力沿竖直高度方向的集中趋势不显著。准静态堆积阶段,挡墙所受接触力主要为后续滑体颗粒冲击能量的碰撞传递及重力分量的累积。滑坡碎屑流滑动带两侧场地条件基本相同的情况下,滑体等效冲击力的水平分布位置主要集中于迎流面中轴线附近,受颗粒级配条件影响较小。     

岩土体颗粒级配对滑坡碎屑流冲击作用的影响研究

滑体的运动、堆积及冲击力等因素决定了滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度,不同粒径大小及组成的颗粒在运动过程中,产生碰撞、摩擦、跳跃等作用,影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。运用三维离散元素法,对比模型试验,以控制粒径为参数,探讨岩土体不同级配对滑体的堆积形态、运动速度及冲击力等动力学特征的影响。研究结果表明:各滑体模型运移堆积过程中均呈现出显著的反序分离特性;对于控制粒径相同,而颗粒级配不同的初始滑体,虽然堆积形态基本一致,但细小碎屑颗粒增大了滑体的运动速度,大粒径块石增加了滑体冲击力;在不同的控制粒径下,控制粒径越大,滑体流动性越强,滑体平均速度峰值和冲击力峰值越大;细小碎屑物质的反序现象会增大滑体动能,其显著的摩擦耗能作用会缩减滑体冲击能,粗大块石促进了滑体内部的能量传递,增大滑体冲击力。     

杭州湾北部潮流冲刷槽演变的分析

潮流冲刷槽是河口湾中重要的地貌类型。杭州湾是一个强潮海湾，它的北部在潮流作用下形成的冲刷槽具有典型性。本文通过动力、地貌和沉积相结合方法，在冲刷槽几何形态和动态特征分析基础上，论证了冲刷槽水流结构和泥沙输移，并指出冲刷槽在潮流作用下，纵向延伸和垂向增深较小，处于基本稳定状态，为港口建设提供依据。     

陕北乡村聚落地理的初步研究

本文分析总结了陕北乡村聚落的位置和集镇分布特征，组织形态和平面形态及五种结构形式。对这些特点的研究将有助于推动陕北乡村聚落的合理化发展。     

民国时期广州市建成区主体建筑立体形态的恢复及其特征

基于1928年1﹕10 000的地形图,解译土地利用类型,确定建成区边界与建筑用地的空间范围。将建筑用地分为单体建筑、线状道路两侧的骑楼和面状同类建筑区3类。根据史料与现场调查,分别为点、线、面3类建筑的高度赋值,恢复不考虑海拔的建成区主体建筑立体形态。基于所建模型,从平面形态、平均高度、空间格局、宽高比、高度轴、天际线以及形态组合几方面对民国时期建成区立体形态特征进行分析归纳,得出如下结论：１）民国时期广州城市沿珠江发展使得城区轮廓呈狭长的带状;２）城市平均高度仅为6.07 ｍ,建筑物普遍低矮;３）建筑物在平面上为多级的棋盘网组合,而骑楼街构成的宽浅网格,成为当时空间尺度最大的建筑单元组合形态;４）道路宽度与两侧建筑物高度形成的宽高比大,城市具有较好的通透性;５）沿江西路与当时的城市中轴线中山纪念堂―市府合署大楼构成了倒“T”型城市空间高度轴,并在单体建筑高度空间分布与天际线的变化上得到很好的反映;６）城市立体形态主要由盆地、格网、谷地、台地等4种宽浅的单元组成。立体形态深层次上反映了当时生产力技术条件下政府与市场力量的综合作用,以及城市功能区分化在立体形态上的表现,从而也成为该时期华南地区依山傍水城市立体形态的重要标志。     

山区河流准三维水沙输运与河床演变模拟

在渠道水力学和河流动力学研究的基础上，对不规则河流形态下的纵向流速分布和弯道水流进行了讨论，并分析了任意断面和垂线位置的流场计算公式。在综合各种泥沙动力学研究成果基础之上，探讨了在天然河流中的悬移质输沙能力与沉积条件，分析了河床质起动的控制性因素及推移质输沙方程。提出了受冲淤影响的河床质粒径组成和动态递推公式。结合这些流场与泥沙计算方法及河床形态调整技术，作者提出一个准三维河流动力学模型。该模型只需要河流几何形状、人流条件以及泥沙级配参数，能够模拟出不规则几何形态的河道断面流速分布及平面流场分布，并且对于弯道水流特征与泥沙输送一沉积特征也能得到较好的表现。该模型是对有关河流演变理论和实验成果的综合应用，为研究山区高含沙水流下的河床变形以及洪水演进提供了强有力的工具。     

中国农村地区住房结构的区域差异及其影响因素

农村住房结构是决定地震灾害脆弱性的重要因素。对全国农村住房结构的差异性及其影响因素进行分析,是科学评估农村房屋脆弱性的基础。首先,根据2000年全国第五次人口普查（五普）结果,将农村房屋分为“钢混”、“砖混”和“传统结构”（包括五普中住房墙体材料的“木、草、竹”和“其他”2个类型）3种结构类型,建立了全国县级尺度农村住房数据库,共2699个区县。探讨农村住房结构的空间差异,遴选可能与之相关的因素进行相关分析,然后通过主成分分析和因子分析归纳出影响各类房屋空间分布的主要因素。结果表明,砖混结构是全国大部分农村地区最主要的住房结构类型,尤其在中东部地区的比例很高,而传统结构住房在西部地区所占比例较高（接近50％）,影响这两种结构住房空间分布的主要因素是气候、地域文化和农村经济发展水平,农民收入水平越高,砖混结构房屋比例越高。钢混结构在农村房屋中所占比例普遍很低,东中部地区比西部、东北略高,气候、非农就业和镇域经济发展水平是影响其空间分布的主要因素。为了降低农村地区地震脆弱性,建议中国农村政策应以提高农民收入水平为主,并积极推动农村人口向小城镇聚集,还需要在农村地区逐步推广房屋抗震规范。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .