中国侏罗系煤成油若干问题

在阐述了煤成油的概念，总结和评述了煤生油显微组分，生油门限，生油范围和生油高峰等问题后，本文通过吐哈等盆地侏罗系煤生油显微组分组成特征，可溶有机质演化，成熟度和有机质丰度，油源及原油成熟度对比；含煤岩系中煤层和泥岩的厚度及总量和煤及泥岩最高沥青和总烃转化率的对比； 其族组成和煤成原油的族组成特征的对比，提出了中国侏罗系煤成油盆地中泥岩比煤层对煤成油田形成有大的贡献看法。     

生油的煤

煤是东南亚许多第三纪盆地的油源岩。这些富氢、贫氧煤的先质体是滨海平原泥炭,它们主要发育于长年潮湿的热带气候区。在这些环境中,水流再改造作用使脂质组干酵根相对于镜质组干酪根富集。本文将对库塔伊盆地的中新世煤系生油岩的分布、岩石学及化学特征加以描述,对第三纪及同期的滨海平原沉积的研究可应用于挪威海区油源者的分布,这里还将就挪威海区各盆地含煤岩系的沉积环境与其可能生油和(或)气潜力的关系进行评述。Haltenbanken地区三叠纪—侏罗纪煤越拿近三角洲边缘可能越易于生油,编制岩相图可能有助于该区的石油勘探。     

煤和含煤岩系成油理论研究和演变历史

运用系统的历史和现实类比分析方法,对世界含煤岩系煤成油田的源岩成熟度、烃源岩类型和煤成油田形成条件进行了综合研究。结果表明,煤虽能生油,但难以形成有商业意义的油田;含煤岩系中泥岩是煤成油田形成的主要贡献组分,在含煤盆地中,难以形成低熟煤成油田。      

中国煤成油研究进展和展望

中国煤和含煤岩系内石油的发现是在５０￣６０年代，而提出应在我国进行煤和含煤岩成油问题的研究是８０年代初，自提出煤成油问题以来短短的十余年时间里，不仅在有机岩石学，煤成油地球化学，热模拟实验和煤成油综合研究等煤和含煤岩系成油理论上取得了进展，而且在油勘探的实践上，在吐鲁番和彩南取得了重要的进展。     

煤成气的若干地球化学问题和现状

煤成气是指地层中煤和含煤岩系沉积以来,在地质历史中有机物质受各种地质地球化学作用产生的大量可燃气体,在一定条件下被圈闭在各类储层中的天然气。简言之,是由煤或含煤岩系产生出来的天然气,而不是由一般湖相、海相泥岩或碳酸岩生油岩生成的天然气。国外很多大的天然气田,如荷兰的格罗宁根气田、苏联西西伯利亚气田、英国北海气田都被认为是煤成气或与煤成气有关的气。估计世界上天然气储量有70—80％来自含煤地层。世界煤成气远景储量预计在1500万亿立米以上。因此,70年代以来,煤成气已成为天然气勘探和储量     

大杨树煤田振兴煤矿一号井煤质特征分析

根据井田地层、构造和侵入岩等资料,分析了大杨树煤田振兴煤矿一号井含煤地层构造特点,以及可采煤层1下和2下煤层的煤质特征。得出了振兴煤矿一号井含煤地层为白垩系下统大磨拐河组含煤岩系,总体为一单斜构造;该区煤种为低硫、低磷、中低灰分长焰煤,可作为动力用煤和民用煤。     

瓦窑堡煤系有机岩石学特征及煤成烃潜力研究

瓦窑堡煤系是我国重要的含煤岩系之一,陆相生油的观点最早可能源于瓦窑堡煤系含油性特征。通过对瓦窑堡煤系煤和暗色泥岩有机质的显微岩石学和宏观煤岩学特征的分析,提出了瓦窑堡煤系煤主要形成于深覆水森林泥炭沼泽相,类脂组含量高,且镜质组的主要类型为富氢的基质镜质体,有机地球化学结果表明瓦窑堡煤系煤具有Ⅱ型有机质的特征,处于低熟-成熟阶段,热模拟实验证明其具有良好的油气生成潜力。但由于瓦窑堡煤系规模小,煤层厚度薄,煤系泥岩有机质类型偏差,且煤中主要生油显微组分尚末进入大量生油期,因此难以形成油藏。     

贵州省六枝新华煤矿区上二叠统含煤岩系及煤质特征

贵州六枝特区新华煤矿上二叠统含煤岩系属于一套海陆交互相含煤建造。本文通过区域地质构造、地层背景及地球物理资料分析,探讨了该区含煤岩系基本特征、煤岩特征及煤的化学性质,认为该区煤质属于低-中灰,中-高硫煤,高-特高热值。通过脱硫处理,该区煤可满足电厂锅炉用煤之要求。     

论富氢镜质组型腐殖煤—生油煤的一种新类型

根据大量样品综合配套分析研究结果，提出并论证了中国南华北盆地晚石炭世太原组（Ｃ＿２）富镜质组腐殖煤是一种新的煤型油源岩或生油煤。其特点是主要油源组分不是类脂组而是镜质组；确切地说，它是一种有少量类脂组“参与”的、主要由富氢镜质体构成的富镜质组腐殖型的生油煤。这种新型生油煤的发现和确定是“煤成烃”和“镜质组生油”领域的重要突破，具有全球性的科学与战略意义。     

煤和含煤岩系中潜在的共伴生矿产资源——一个值得重视的问题

煤是一种具有高度还原障和吸附障性能的有机岩和矿产,在特定的地质条件下,可以富集一些有益金属元素,并达到成矿的规模。综合国内外一些研究资料,论述了煤和含煤岩系中有益金属铌、镓、铼、钪的丰度、赋存状态、地质成因以及利用的可能性。煤中稀有金属元素富集或成矿的研究,是煤地球化学和矿床地球化学重要内容之一,值得进一步加强。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。