一种直剪式模型试验设备的设计及应用

介绍了一种直剪式模型试验设备,该设备可用于边坡（滑坡）抗滑结构的室内模型试验研究。该模型试验设备包括剪切系统、加载系统和量测系统。其中剪切系统包括上剪切盒、下剪切盒及钢质直线导轨,上下剪切盒通过钢质直线导轨连接在一起;加载系统包括荷载传感器、液压千斤顶及反力架,剪切系统和加载系统通过钢板底座连接为一个有机整体。在详细分析该模型试验设备的设计制作及其优缺点的基础上,将其用于单排注浆微型桩抗滑结构的模型试验研究中。试验结果分析表明,该直剪式模型试验设备具有较好的实用性,可进一步应用于类似的模型试验研究中。     

自控土壤疲劳剪切仪

本仪器采用 FBM-3D-009型步进电机作动力源实现自控,电机转速分两段连续可调,第一段为1转/分～90转/分;第二段为110转/分～360转/分。剪位移的大小通过调节两个光敏二极管的距离来控制,精度达±0.01毫米。1～9999次的剪切次数可以预置,并可通过电子数码管不断地显示实际剪切次数。当剪切次数达到预置剪切次数时,自动停机,终止试验。另外,可通过手动开关,作人工控制。剪位移、剪应力可通过相应的传感器作自动记录。本仪器可做直剪快剪、松弛流变、疲劳剪切、单脉冲冲击等试验。     

土剪切流变试验仪改进设计

土流变测定仪由土剪切试验仪改制而成,主要由剪切仪机架、剪切盒、垂直荷载杠杆加压系统、水平剪力施加系统等部件组成。水平剪力施加系统采用重力加压,两级变矩传动,传动系中配置了滚动轴承,安装了测力计,保证了试验数据的准确性。该土流变测定仪重量轻,体积小,结构紧凑,操作简便,具有剪切试验和流变试验两用功能。     

Measurement of wall friction in direct shear tests on soft soil

If the free vertical movement of the upper rigid part of the shear box is hindered during shearing, a frictional force is mobilized between the specimen and the vertical walls of the shear box. This causes either unloading (for contractant soils) or additional loading (for dilatant soils) of the specimen during shearing. If no correction of the applied vertical load with respect to the wall friction is taken into account, the resulting shear strength can be either underestimated (for contractant soils) or overestimated (for dilatant soils). For example, in a particular investigation of a normally consolidated soil, the measured friction angle from a direct shear test was almost 8° smaller than the angle from a triaxial test. This paper, therefore, presents a method for direct measurement of the frictional force at the contact between the vertical walls of the box and a fine-grained soil. If the wall friction is taken into account, the friction angle from the shear box coincides well with the angle from triaxial tests. If the wall friction cannot be measured during the test, a sufficiently large vertical gap should be adjusted in case of soft soils, in order to enable non-restrained settlement of the upper part of the box during specimen contraction.     

组装式变尺寸直剪仪的研制

由于粗粒土的直剪试验存在显著的尺寸效应,且室内常规直剪仪无法调整试样尺寸,所以难以准确获得粗粒土的抗剪强度参数。基于此问题,介绍了一种可以改变试样尺寸的组装式直剪仪。该直剪仪由出力装置、位移量测装置、反力框架、剪切盒等部分组成。通过改变每一层剪切盒的钢环嵌套个数来改变试样的直径,直径有6.18、10、15、20 cm 4个取值;改变剪切盒的叠置层数来改变试样的高度,高度有5、10、15、20 cm 4个取值,试样直径和高度共有16种组合。在此基础上,选取薛城水电站引水隧洞开挖弃渣为试样,进行5组平行直剪试验,验证了该直剪仪的可重复性以及试验结果的可靠性。改变试样直径D与高度H的组合,进行一系列直剪试验研究了该试样直剪试验的尺寸效应,得出该试样的合理试样尺寸。     

新型数控岩石节理剪切渗流试验台的设计与应用

岩石节理的应力渗流耦合性质对工程结构稳定性的影响普遍存在于各种岩体工程中,而进行岩石节理的室内剪切-渗流耦合试验,是一种有效的研究手段。采用新型数控岩体节理剪切渗流耦合试验台,应用全数字伺服控制系统,实现了对试验进程的平稳控制以及试验数据的多路同步实时采集和处理;通过剪切盒的精细设计,提高了剪切盒可承受的渗透压力值,并保证试验过程密封性能良好的同时实现了柔性边界条件。在恒定渗透压力作用下,分别进行了不同边界条件下的剪切渗流耦合试验,试验结果验证了该试验装置的可靠性和实用性,将能为岩体工程的合理设计提供有效数据依据。该试验台可以应用于地下核废料储存、水利水电地下洞室、水下隧道、采矿等工程有关问题的研究中。     

大型原位直剪试验设备改进研制与应用

大型原位直剪试验的试样尺寸大,对土体扰动小,是获取岩土体强度参数的有效方法。中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所在参考室内、现场两用大型直剪仪后,又改进研制了一套大型原位剪切设备。与传统原位直剪设备不同,该设备采用上、下两个刚性剪切盒,可完成尺寸为50 cm×50 cm×41 cm,最大粒径为5 cm的原位土体试样的剪切试验。该直剪设备组装方便,采用高精度传感器可自动采集数据,更适合于复杂的现场试验环境。介绍了该设备的结构组成、工作原理、技术优点。结合实例详细介绍了大型原位直剪试验的试验方法及注意事项。将此大型原位直剪设备应用于向家坝库区两个滑坡现场试验,得到了滑坡滑带、滑体的原位抗剪强度参数,分析了不同试样大型原位直剪试验剪切曲线的特点,进一步论证了该直剪设备的优良工作性能。     

冻土-混凝土接触面动剪强度研究

为了研究冻土-混凝土接触面的力学特性,开发了一种低温动荷载直剪仪,它是在普通直剪仪框架的基础上,安装了动力加载系统和温度控制系统。该装置能够保证在负温条件下对冻土进行动荷载直剪试验,从而测定冻土的动力学参数。为了研究寒区冻土与混凝土构筑物的相互作用,使用该仪器进行了一系列的多因素接触面动直剪试验,试验结果表明了冻土-混凝土接触面在动荷载作用下的行为特征,多因素对比试验则揭示了接触面动剪强度的影响因素和变化规律。     

自反力双剪面大型剪切仪研发及应用研究

原位直剪是测定土石混合料强度参数最为普遍也是最可靠的试验方法之一,但是现有原位直剪仪在试验过程中存在法向加压系统不合理、无法预留剪切缝等多方面的缺陷,影响试验结果的精度。本文对传统原位剪切仪进行有针对性的改造,研制出自反力双剪面大型剪切仪,该大型原位直剪仪有以下特点:（1）设备自身提供水平反力;（2）剪切过程中垂向加压系统固定,无需滚轴排;（3）剪切盒之间可预留可调节宽度的剪切缝,适用性更广;（4）装置模块化程度高,便于搬运、组装和拆卸。通过与单环剪切仪进行现场对比试验发现,与单环剪切仪得到的试验结果相比,自反力双剪面大型剪切仪得到的剪应力-剪切位移曲线为标准双曲线,并且可得到大剪切位移情况下的剪切曲线,通过大剪切位移曲线读取的最大剪应力更贴合实际。与单环剪切仪得到的抗剪强度值相比,内摩擦角低4.6°,而黏聚力高41.14 kPa。同时通过对两种剪切仪得到的剪切破坏面进行图像对照,可明显发现自反力双剪面大型剪切仪得到的剪切破坏面较为平整,未出现单环剪切仪对的剪切破坏面下凹现象。     

砂土与钢材接触面剪切特性试验对比研究

为了研究砂土与钢材接触界面剪切特性,对原有的及改装后的DSJ-2型电动四联等应变直剪仪上分别进行了砂土同钢材界面的单剪试验和直剪试验,并做了对比分析。研究结果表明：1）单剪试验下在法向应力50kPa、100kPa时,砂土与钢材界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线呈非线性弹性理想塑性关系,在法向应力200kPa、400kPa时呈刚塑性关系。直剪试验下在法向应力50kPa、100kPa时,砂土与钢材界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线呈非线性关系,在法向应力200kPa、400kPa时呈双曲线关系;2）提出了界面抗剪强度指标的经验换算公式（直剪试验下得到的界面抗剪强度指标乘以一个小于1的系数）,以修正应用于设计的直剪试验结果。     

一种大型循环单剪试验装置研究

循环单剪试验被认为是研究地震场地中土体动力特性最合适的方法。为减小尺寸效应影响及解决工程中广泛存在的加筋土及粗颗粒土动力特性测试问题,研究大尺寸循环单剪试验方法具有重要意义。基于此,介绍了一种大型循环单剪试验装置,采用竖向线性滑动轨道约束上加载板和采用水平滑动轨道约束下加载板,确保前者仅发生竖向平动,后者仅发生水平平动,采用层叠的、带层间橡胶膜、分离式4点支撑的钢筋环构成的柔性剪切箱为试验提供侧向边界约束,确保了对单剪土样加载边界条件的真实模拟。针对土工格室加筋橡胶砂的测试结果表明：大型循环单剪试验装置得到的土动应力-动应变关系较好地反映了土在循环荷载作用下的滞回性、非线性和棘轮特性,大型循环单剪试验装置得到的 - 和 - 曲线变化规律与常规尺寸试验基本一致,证明其具有可行性;大尺寸试验得到的动剪模量特性与常规尺寸试验之间的差异,与单剪试验尺寸效应结论相符;试验中阻尼比特性受尺寸效应影响的规律性不明显。     

冻土动荷载直剪仪的研制

冻土的动力学参数是工程设计的重要依据之一,也是数值模拟时不可或缺的因素,动力学参数的正确与否直接影响了工程设计和数值模拟的正确性。通过分析其他学者做过的冻土动荷载三轴试验,以及参考普通直剪仪器的构造,北京交通大学冻土室研制了一种新型的冻土动荷载直剪仪,该仪器将传统直剪仪的水平静载部分改造为能够提供动荷载作动器,可以提供一个0.1~6 Hz、20kN以内的动荷载,用于测定冻土的动力学参数。介绍了动荷载直剪仪的结构组成、动力系统、测控系统等,并详细分析了仪器框架、直剪盒、动荷载作动器等的参数选取方法。最后使用该仪器进行了一组验证试验,试验结果表明,动荷载直剪仪能够完成其设计目的,可以测量出冻土在动荷载下的应力-应变曲线,从而求出动弹性模量、动阻尼比等,为冻土的动力学参数测定开辟了一条新的道路。     

土工织物-砂土界面的叠环式剪切试验

针对土工合成材料界面特性试验易受试验装置影响的特点,采用大型叠环式剪切仪进行土工织物与砂土的界面剪切试验。对比砂土本身、土工织物与砂土的两种剪切试验结果发现,土工织物-砂土剪切引起的叠环位移较小;叠环的水平位移变化规律与土体的剪胀性具有密切联系,土工织物限制了下剪切盒内土颗粒的运动,对达到峰值强度时的土体剪胀也具有抑制作用。由试验结果可知,筋-土界面的剪切带远小于剪切的影响范围,土工织物在界面剪切中的作用不能仅通过剪切带反映,还应考虑土工织物的屏蔽作用和对于土体剪切带形成的影响。     

基于三维数字图像相关技术钙质砂颗粒运动行为试验研究

桩基附近土颗粒的运动行为与宏观力学表现密切相关,对揭示界面剪切机制具有重要意义。利用自主研制的大型直剪仪,结合三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）全场位移测量分析系统,开展了钢−钙质砂界面循环剪切试验,研究了界面附近砂颗粒的运动行为演化规律。结果表明：界面峰值剪切应力和发挥的界面摩擦角随循环次数的增大而增加,体变特性以剪缩为主;钙质砂颗粒左右移动的幅度与距界面的垂直距离成反比,钙质砂颗粒的位置随循环次数的增大逐渐向正剪切方向移动,试验结束时上剪切盒左侧区域的钙质砂颗粒向正剪切方向移动的距离最大;钙质砂颗粒在单个循环内出现有规律的上下移动,向下移动的幅值更大,位于上层的钙质砂颗粒向下移动的位移值大于下层;钙质砂颗粒的运动速度在沿单方向剪切时,呈现出慢−快−慢的变化规律,位于上剪切盒右侧区域的钙质砂的体变特性较左侧区域更显著;网格位移值和缺失数量随循环次数的增大而增加,在试验后期趋于稳定,试验结束时的破碎带厚度为 6.21 mm。     

Investigation of fiber effect on the mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste by different shearing test apparatuses

This paper embraces the results of a study on the mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste, MSW, and the effect of shearing mechanism on its mechanical response. Totally, 9 drained direct shear tests and 9 drained triaxial tests have been performed on fresh MSW samples with fiber contents of 0, 6 and 12%. Each apparatus represents a different shearing mechanism. The composition and compaction condition for MSW samples in each fiber content, employed in both shearing test devices, were the same. In triaxial tests, since the shear plane was cutting through the fibers, with increase in the fiber content, an increasing trend of strength was observed; on the contrary, this trend was decreasing in direct shear tests because fiber alignment was parallel to the shear plane. Test results show that the effect of fibers in the triaxial tests depends on the level of imposed axial strain on the samples as well as the confining stress. Based on the findings of this paper, hardening behavior of MSW is attributed to reinforcement action of fibers and particle compressibility.     

饱和悬浮塑料砂流动变形可视环剪试验研究

为了分析剪切条件下零有效应力状态砂土的流动变形规律,对传统环剪仪进行了试样可视化改造,研制了透明环形剪切盒,通过对剪切盒膨胀性能分析及与标准砂的剪切试验对比,验证了环剪装置改造的合理性。通过分析不排水条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪应力-应变曲线,发现其剪切强度具有应变软化的特性。通过分析环剪仪中饱和悬浮塑料砂试样的有效应力,证实了可视环剪试验中的土体基本处于零有效应力状态。开展了饱和悬浮塑料砂的流动变形可视环剪试验研究,结果表明：饱和悬浮塑料砂在固结不排水条件下剪切变形不连续,直接在剪切面发生断裂;在不固结不排水的条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪切变形表现出流动形态,且与剪切速率有关：在低剪切速率下,剪切变形仅在剪切面处形成具有曲线轨迹的流动变形而在其他区域不发生变形;而在高剪切速率下剪切变形为整体的倾斜变形,符合黏性流体的流动变形特征。     

Residual strength of slip zone soils

Slip zones of ancient landslides are commonly composed of fine-grained soils with amount of coarse-grained particle. Residual strength of slip zone soil is an important parameter for evaluating reactivation potential and understanding progressive failure mechanism. In this study, the residual strength is examined by in situ direct shear tests, improved laboratory reversal shear box test, precut specimen triaxial shear test and ring shear test. Some residual shear behaviors are recognized. Field residual strength is the average operational resistance along the sliding surface not an ideal drained strength, which is less than peak and greater than residual strength measured in laboratory. Stress–displacement curves obtained from in situ shear and laboratory reversal direct shear demonstrate strain-hardening which have no significant peak, but the shear stress is decreased gradually with increasing displacement. Residual friction coefficient depends on the normal stress, and this dependence is relevant to the interaction of rolling and sliding of particles. Residual friction angle is closely related to coarse fraction and dry density, appearing a linear increase with increasing coarse fraction and a form of polynomial function with increasing dry density. The influence of shearing rate on residual strength can be negligible.     

循环荷载作用下筋土界面抗剪特性的试验研究

利用自主研制的大型结构面剪切仪完成了一系列界面直剪试验,探讨在法向循环荷载与静荷载两种条件下土工格栅与石英砂界面的抗剪性能,比较其在两种法向荷载下的异同点。试验结果表明：循环荷载作用下剪应力随剪切位移的发展趋势与静荷载下的有相似之处,但曲线本身表现出了循环发展的特性;循环荷载作用下剪应力峰值和谷值的最大值与法向应力的关系近似符合摩尔-库仑定律;循环剪应力最大值随着法向循环荷载频率的增加而减小,但随着振幅的增加而逐渐增大;循环荷载下筋土界面剪应力随位移而波动,始终处于振幅上下限所对应静荷载下剪应力之间,相关物理量之间具体的定量关系需要进一步研究。     

Excess pore pressure and grain crushing of sands by means of undrained and naturally drained ring-shear tests

An investigation of excess pore-pressure generation of a weathered granitic sand, taken from the source area of a typical landslide caused as a result of liquefaction, and a fine silica sand was conducted, in which grain crushing within the shear zone of ring-shear test specimens was examined as the key phenomenon of rapid long-runout motion of landslides. In order to investigate and explain the low average apparent-friction angle, mobilized in a liquidized landslide, speed-controlled ring-shear tests were conducted under undrained conditions on weathered granitic-sand specimens, formed under a wide range of initial void ratios. It was revealed that very small steady-state shear resistances were obtained irrespective of the initial void ratios, which can explain the low average apparent-friction angle. In addition, two series of ring-shear tests on weathered-granitic and fine-silica sands were conducted under naturally drained conditions by keeping the upper drain valve of the shear box open during the tests. The first series of tests was performed under differing total normal stresses, but at the same shear speed, and the second series was conducted at differing shear speeds, but under the same total normal stress. In order to investigate and analyze excess pore-pressure generation and dissipation within the shear zone that is associated with grain crushing, permeability analyses were conducted by passing water through the sample box of the ring-shear test apparatus before and after shearing. In addition, grain-size distribution analyses of samples taken from the shear zone after shearing were carried out. For the weathered granitic-sand samples, a significant change in bulk permeability and large amount of grain crushing were observed. In these tests on the above soil, a considerable reduction of shear resistance, which increased proportionally to the total normal stress and shear speed, were obtained. It was observed that due to grain crushing, finer grains that lowered the permeability of the soil in the shear zone, were formed. It is likely that the decrease in permeability facilitated the generation of high excess pore pressures by reducing the pore-pressure dissipation rate from the shear zone; thus, flow behaviour was exhibited even under naturally drained conditions.     

垃圾填埋场复合衬垫剪切特性单剪试验研究

针对垃圾填埋工程中复合衬垫的界面抗剪特性,利用改进的叠环式单剪仪,对由砂土-无纺型土工布-土工网格-土工膜-夯实粘土组成复合衬垫进行了整体剪切试验研究。重点讨论了复合衬垫整体单剪试验的应力-位移曲线、相同剪切应力下各个界面的位移大小与变化特征和强度特性。研究结果表明：复合衬垫整体单剪试验的应力-位移曲线在低法向应力试验中没有呈现明显的软化特征,在高法向应力试验中有硬化现象;随法向应力增加剪切破坏面会发生转移;目前常用的把复合衬垫拆分为单个界面进行研究来确定最危险界面的方法不能够正确地反映填埋场中的复合衬垫在加载过程中的衬垫单元的实际受压变形情况和在剪切变形过程中最危险破坏面转移的情况;复合衬垫界面的抗剪强度包线呈现双曲线性质。