基于频变AVO反演的页岩储层含气性地震识别技术

结合地震岩石物理技术,研究了叠前频变AVO反演在四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储层含气性识别中的应用.首先,应用Backus平均理论将测井数据粗化为地震尺度储层模型,应用传播矩阵理论进行高精度地震正演及井震标定,分析页岩气储层地震响应特征.其次,基于岩心观测结果,应用Chapman多尺度裂缝理论设计页岩气储层理论模型,研究储层衰减、频散以及对应的地震反射特征.应用该理论模型测试频变AVO反演方法,计算结果表明：对于研究区地层结构和地震数据,区分流体类型的优势频率不是地震子波的主频,还受层间调谐干涉等储层结构因素控制,也进一步说明理论模型测试和标定的重要性.最后,将频变AVO反演技术应用到四川盆地龙马溪组页岩地层,计算得到的频散属性为页岩气储层含气性识别提供依据.     

球面波PP反射系数的频变特征研究

与平面波反射系数相比,球面波反射系数可以更精确地描述实际地震波的反射特征.近些年关于球面波的研究主要聚焦于球面波反射系数随入射角的变化规律,很少对球面波反射系数随频率的变化(频变)做详细研究.为了更全面地了解球面波的反射机制,本文研究了两层弹性介质中球面波PP反射系数(幅值和相位)的频变规律.文中基于经典的Sommerfeld积分构造球面波PP反射系数,通过自适应的Gauss-Kronrod求积算法对其进行稳定的数值计算.数值试验发现,对于不同的介质参数,球面波反射系数表现出了复杂的频变规律.尤其是当平面波反射系数为零时,对应的球面波反射系数是非零的,且球面波反射系数的相位随频率增加在高频趋近于90°或-90°,即此时球面反射波相对于入射波会有90°的相位旋转.对四类AVO模型的测试表明,球面波反射系数与平面波反射系数在临界角附近和低频时差异很大.     

基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型的裂缝储层频变AVAZ反演研究

为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较...     

基于AVO反演的频变流体识别方法

研究表明流体引起衰减与频散往往表现为频变AVO现象.一些频散地震属性,例如纵波频散,已经证实为可靠的碳氢指示因子.为了更有效地识别流体,基于f-μ-ρ近似构建了新的流体因子D_f,即频变流体项.该属性的反演首先需要连续小波变换(CWT)谱分解得到不同频带地震数据,通过去相关与先验约束来保证反演结果可靠性.模型试算证实了频变反射系数近似公式的精度可靠性,D_f可以识别出强衰减介质所引起的频散现象.实际数据试算中,D_f可以较好地识别储层孔隙流体,尤其对于气层,具有较好的指示效果.该流体因子将Gassmann流体项的高孔隙流体敏感性与叠前数据丰富的振幅频率信息相结合,反演效果与岩石物理认识相符.此研究有助于利用衰减频散现象借助AVO反演实现流体识别.     

含水平缝薄互层储层地震响应特征物理模拟

油气储层之中常存在沿层理发育的水平裂缝,并对储层特性有着不可忽视的影响.水平裂缝与层理平行,使得裂缝的地震响应与层理的地震响应互相混叠,给水平缝的地震识别带来了困难.本文利用地震物理模拟技术,模拟并分析了含水平裂缝的薄互层储层地震响应特征,为水平裂缝的地震识别提供依据.首先设计并制作了用于模拟含水平裂缝的薄互层储层物理模型,模型采用了在均匀地层中嵌入裂缝单元的模拟方式,水平裂缝单元采用片状孔隙材料叠合法构建,即利用粘合剂将片状孔隙材料粘合胶结,然后压实固化进而获得用于模拟野外含裂缝岩石的裂缝单元.然后将物理模型置于水槽内,模拟采集了 4条二维纵波地震测线,并对地震数据进行了处理分析.模拟数据处理分析结果显示,本研究的模拟方法可以较好地模拟水平裂缝的地震响应特征.此外,本研究还对处理结果进行了时频分解,讨论并分析了含水平缝薄互层储层地震响应频变特征.研究表明,薄互层储层中发育的水平裂缝可以明显的引起时频谱的异常,但是这种异常受到薄互层调谐效应和裂缝的双重制约.因此无论进行薄层解释还是裂缝预测时,必须综合考虑调谐效应与裂缝的双重影响.对于含水平缝薄互层储层的频变AVO(振幅随偏移距变化,Amplitude Variation with Offset)特征而言,尽管薄互层产生的频变特征起主导作用,但是裂缝的发育以及裂缝参数的变化可以引起频变AVO特征的显著变化,该结果说明了利用频变AVO 特征识别水平裂缝的可行性.     

基于斑状饱和模型的储层渗透率地震响应特征分析（英文）

基于斑块饱和模型计算渗透率变化的地震反射特征,为流体流动性的地震描述提供依据。基于传播矩阵理论设计反射系数与合成记录算法,实现了频率域岩石物理模型与地震响应计算的无缝连接。斑块饱和储层地震响应包含如下动力学信息:分界面处波阻抗差异、储层内部波的频散与衰减,以及顶底界面波的调谐与干涉。模拟结果表明,渗透率的增加显著降低纵波速度,使其在高、低频弹性极限之间发生频散。储层速度频散与层状构造共同导致反射系数的频变现象。在储层与围岩波阻抗接近的情况下,地震响应对渗透率变化具有敏感性,对于不同储层厚度,当围岩为高速页岩时,反射波叠加振幅随渗透率增加而增加;当围岩为低速页岩时,叠加振幅随渗透率增加而降低。     

流体检测频变特征分析:以物理模型数据为例(英文)

Chapman多尺度岩石物理模型研究认为,不同流体类型饱和的地震响应特征表现为不同的频率变化特征。第一类AVO类型的储层含气地震响应,频谱能量向高频移动形成"高频亮点",第三类AVO类型的储层含油气后的地震响应特征为"低频阴影"。本文以物理模型数据为例,通过频变地震响应特征分析,验证了Chapman第一类AVO响应的"高频亮点"的结果。以实际地质参数为背景,设计砂泥岩薄互层物理模型,分别进行固定炮检距和二维观测得到含不同类型流体的地震数据,采用谱分解技术分析了薄互层物理模型在含气、含水和含油时的频变地震响应特征。物理模型数据处理与分析结果表明,控制地震响应频谱特征的主要机制包括反射波调谐效应和与流体相关的衰减或频散特征。其次,通过对地震数据频变特征分析,可以将第一类AVO储层含气后的频变异常与含水或含油区分开。物理模型实例数据分析证实了不同流体充填后所产生的频谱响应特征异常,因此,通过对实际地震数据的细致分析,可以得到流体类型变化引起的频谱特征异常,实现利用地震数据进行流体检测。     

数字岩心宽频带动态应力应变模拟方法及其对含裂隙致密岩石频散和衰减特征的表征

利用数字岩石物理技术表征复杂非均质多孔岩石跨频段的频散和衰减特征对于综合利用多尺度的地球物理数据进行地层非均质性的刻画具有重要的意义.现有的描述波致流体流动引起的频散和衰减效应的数字岩心动态应力应变模拟方法主要为单频率模拟方法,需要在不同的频率进行多次模拟才能刻画频散和衰减特征.本文提出了宽频带动态应力应变模拟方法,通过给数字岩心加载一个快速趋于恒定的宏观应变,采用波场正演技术求解数字岩心内部流固耦合的应变场和应力场,模拟数字岩心内部的应力松弛过程,从而通过一次模拟计算目标频段范围内连续的频散和衰减曲线.该方法可以成功地用于刻画含裂隙致密岩石挤喷流效应引起的速度频散和衰减特征,并通过数值模拟较为系统地揭示致密地层中控制挤喷流效应的主控物理因素,这些认识也与现有挤喷流效应的理论模型有较好的吻合.     

基于粒子群优化算法的AVAF反演方法

岩石物理实验和实际观测研究表明,纵波速度的频散现象通常都与地层的含气性有着密切的关系,它是纵波反射系数随频率变化所导致的.但是,传统的AVA反演方法忽略了这种速度频散现象,因此引入了误差,增加了含气预测的风险.本文我们提出了一种适用于频变反射系数和速度频散的反演方法,采用传播矩阵方程来进行正演模拟.而考虑到加入频散信息的AVAF反演问题具有高度的非线性特征,我们基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法来进行AVAF反演.经过模型与实际数据的测试证明,我们的反演方法适用于包含频散信息的地震数据,且具有一定的抗噪性,即使是在含噪数据下,也能够挖掘出数据中的纵波速度频散信息,为之后利用纵波速度的频散规律来解释储层含气性提供可靠的依据.     

黏弹性介质瑞雷波有限差分模拟与特性分析

本文通过数值模拟研究了介质黏弹性对瑞雷波传播的影响.模拟采用结合了交错Adams-Bashforth时间积分法、应力镜像法和多轴完美匹配层的标准交错网格高阶有限差分方案.通过模拟结果和理论结果对比,测试了方法的精度,验证了结果的正确性.在均匀半空间模型中,分别从波场快照、波形曲线及频散能量图三个角度,对黏弹性介质瑞雷波衰减和频散特性进行了详细分析.两层速度递增模型被用于进一步分析瑞雷波在黏弹性层状介质中的特性.结果表明：由于介质的黏弹性,瑞雷波振幅发生衰减,高频成分比低频成分衰减更剧烈,衰减程度随偏移距增大而增强;瑞雷波相速度发生频散,且随频率增大而增大,频散能量的分辨率有所降低;黏弹性波动方程中的参考频率,不会影响瑞雷波振幅衰减和相速度频散的程度,但决定了黏弹性和弹性介质瑞雷波相速度相等的频率位置.本研究有助于人们更好地理解地球介质中瑞雷波的行为,并为瑞雷波勘探的应用和研究提供了科学和有价值的参考.     

Influence of frequency-dependent anisotropy on seismic amplitude-versus-offset signatures for fractured poroelastic rocks

Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset offers an effective method for hydrocarbon detections and analysis of fluid flow during production of oil and natural gas within a fractured reservoir. An appropriate representation for the frequency dependency of seismic amplitude variation with offset signatures should incorporate influences of dispersive and attenuating properties of a reservoir and the layered structure for either isotropic or anisotropic dispersion analysis. In this study, we use an equivalent medium permeated with aligned fractures that simulates frequency-dependent anisotropy, which is sensitive to the filled fluid of fractures. The model, where pores and fractures are filled with two different fluids, considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to mesoscopic wave-induced fluid flow. We have introduced an improved scheme seamlessly linking rock physics modelling and calculations for frequency-dependent reflection coefficients based on the propagator matrix technique. The modelling scheme is performed in the frequency-slowness domain and can properly incorporate effects of both bedded structure of the reservoir and velocity dispersion quantified with frequency-dependent stiffness. Therefore, for a dispersive and attenuated layered model, seismic signatures represent a combined contribution of impedance contrast, layer thickness, anisotropic dispersion of the fractured media and tuning and interference of thin layers, which has been avoided by current conventional methods. Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset responses was studied via considering the influences of fracture fills, layer thicknesses and fracture weaknesses for three classes amplitude variation with offset reservoirs. Modelling results show the applicability of the introduced procedure for interpretations of frequency-dependent seismic anomalies associated with both layered structure and velocity dispersion of an equivalent anisotropic medium. The implications indicate that anisotropic velocity dispersion should be incorporated accurately to obtain enhanced amplitude variation with offset interpretations. The presented frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset modelling procedure offers a useful tool for fracture fluid detections in an anisotropic dispersive reservoir with layered structures.     

层状介质中地震面波频散函数和体波广义反射系数的计算

本文在B、P、C坐标中给出了弹性波在横向均匀介质中的传播矩阵,并将其表示为五个形式简单的矩阵乘积,其中有四个矩阵是与频率无关的。我们用传播矩阵的分离方式,将Abo-Zena（1979）算法大量简化。用本文的算法计算综合地震图时,计算量要比文献[2,7,8]的算法少一半以上。 文中还给出了地震面波频散函数和体波广义反射系数的快速计算步骤。     

虑传播效应的多波保幅AVO正演(英文)

传统的AVO正演只考虑了单一界面的反射系数对地震波波场振幅的影响,忽略了地震波在介质中传播的各种传播效应。通过引入地震波在介质中传播的几何扩散、吸收衰减以及透射损失等传播效应,提出了基于射线理论的水平层状介质多波保幅AVO正演方法。推导了水平层状介质多波几何扩散校正公式,来描述多波在介质中传播的几何扩散效应。通过直接引入复旅行时,而无需借助复速度,建立了复旅行时与品质因子的关系,来描述粘弹介质的吸收衰减。直接求解Zoeppritz方程计算多波的透射系数,用于描述多波在介质中传播时的透射损失。数值计算表明,几何扩散、吸收衰减以及透射损失对多波振幅的影响是随偏移距变化而变化的,多波保幅AVO正演需要考虑波传播效应对反射波振幅的改造。     

Frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients in fractured media

When a porous layer is permeated by mesoscale fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can cause significant attenuation and dispersion of velocities and anisotropy parameters in the seismic frequency band. This intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing can create frequency-dependent reflection coefficients in the layered medium. In this study, we derive the frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients versus incidence angle in the fractured medium. We consider a two-layer vertical transverse isotropy model constituted by an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce the intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing in the sand layer. Based on the series coefficients that control the behaviour of velocity and anisotropy parameters in the fractured medium at low frequencies, we extend the conventional amplitude-versus-offset equations into frequency domain and derive frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset equations at the elastic–anelastic surface. Increase in fracture length or fracture density can enlarge the frequency dependence of amplitude-versus-offset attributes of PP and PS waves. Also, the frequency dependence of magnitude and phase angle of PP and PS reflection coefficients increases as fracture length or fracture density increases. Amplitude-versus-offset type of PP and PS reflection varies with fracture parameters and frequency. What is more, fracture length shows little impact on the frequency-dependent critical phase angle, while the frequency dependence of the critical phase angle increases with fracture density.     

Forward modeling of Rayleigh surface waves for analytical characterization of dominant dispersion trends

Forward modeling is of critical importance for inversion analysis of surface wave methods to obtain shear-wave velocity (V_S) profiles of soil sites. The dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) method can provide forward modeling of Rayleigh surface waves to simulate complex wave propagation in layered soil sites. However, contamination from body waves and interference of multiple Rayleigh wave modes can reduce the accuracy of theoretical dispersion curves, especially at irregular soil sites with embedded low-velocity or high-velocity layers. An analytical method is developed herein to combine the techniques of the multichannel analysis of surface waves method with the DSM method to improve the accuracy of the theoretical dispersion analysis for soil sites. The proposed method implements multichannel analysis of the analytical displacement responses to capture dominant dispersion trends. Comparison of the results obtained with the new method against those from the transfer matrix method and the literature indicates that the new method can (1) effectively minimize the effects of contamination caused by body waves and interference from several Rayleigh wave modes, and (2) generate accurate dominant dispersion trends for soil sites with various stiffness profiles, especially for the high-frequency dispersion characteristics of the profiles with embedded low-velocity layers.     

Three-dimensional reflectivity method for complicated irregular formations

The reflectivity method for complicated irregular formations has been extended to three-dimensional irregular (layered) topography. The Aki-Larner technique is generalized to solve the integral equations for 3-D boundary conditions, and propagator matrices are enlarged to express the total wave-field. The formulation in terms of the propagator matrix has been applied to horizontal layers included in the irregularity. The model can simulate more complex, layered, topography. Frequency responses on the surface of 2-D and 3-D layered soft basins are calculated for incident plane waves. They compare favorably with the results of another boundary method. Transfer function versus dimensionless frequency has been also calculated for the 2-D layered soft basin. Significant differences between the layered model and the homogeneous model have been observed; therefore it is necessary to consider the complicated irregular formations at the actual site.     

Equivalent time-average and effective medium for periodic layers

The propagation of acoustic waves through a periodic layered medium is analyzed by an eigenvalue decomposition of the propagator matrix. This reveals how the velocity and attenuation of the layered medium vary as function of the periodic structure, material parameters and frequency. There are two important parameters which control the wave propagation in the periodic medium: the reflection coefficient and the ratio between one‐way traveltimes of the two parts of the cyclic layered medium. For low frequencies (large values of wavelength to layer thickness), the layered structure behaves as an effective medium, then there is a transition zone, and for higher frequencies (small values of wavelength to layer thickness) the medium is described by the time‐average velocity. In this paper we mostly concentrate on the transition zone between an effective medium and time‐average medium regimes. The width of the transition zone increases with larger values of the reflection coefficient. The transition zone corresponds to a blocking regime for which the transmission response of the layered structure is close to zero. For even higher frequencies, the time‐average medium is replaced by a new transition zone, and then again a time‐average medium. This pattern is periodically repeated with higher frequencies. For small values of the reflection coefficient, the transition between effective medium and time‐average medium occurs around a value of wavelength to layer thickness equal to 4.     

Effect of anelastic patchy saturated sand layers on the reflection and transmission responses of a periodically layered medium

Based on analytic relations, we compute the reflection and transmission responses of a periodically layered medium with a stack of elastic shales and partially saturated sands. The sand layers are considered anelastic (using patchy saturation theory) or elastic (with effective velocity). Using the patchy saturation theory, we introduce a velocity dispersion due to mesoscale attenuation in the sand layer. This intrinsic anelasticity is creating frequency dependence, which is added to the one coming from the layering (macroscale). We choose several configurations of the periodically layered medium to enhance more or less the effect of anelasticity. The worst case to see the effect of intrinsic anelasticity is obtained with low dispersion in the sand layer, strong contrast between shales and sands, and a low value of the net‐to‐gross ratio (sand proportion divided by the sand + shale proportion), whereas the best case is constituted by high dispersion, weak contrast, and high net‐to‐gross ratio. We then compare the results to show which dispersion effect is dominating in reflection and transmission responses. In frequency domain, the influence of the intrinsic anelasticity is not negligible compared with the layering effect. Even if the main resonance patterns are the same, the resonance peaks for anelastic cases are shifted towards high frequencies and have a slightly lower amplitude than for elastic cases. These observations are more emphasized when we combine all effects and when the net‐to‐gross ratio increases, whereas the differences between anelastic and elastic results are less affected by the level of intrinsic dispersion and by the contrast between the layers. In the time domain, the amplitude of the responses is significantly lower when we consider intrinsic anelastic layers. Even if the phase response has the same features for elastic and anelastic cases, the anelastic model responses are clearly more attenuated than the elastic ones. We conclude that the frequency dependence due to the layering is not always dominating the responses. The frequency dependence coming from intrinsic visco‐elastic phenomena affects the amplitude of the responses in the frequency and time domains. Considering intrinsic attenuation and velocity dispersion of some layers should be analyzed while looking at seismic and log data in thin layered reservoirs.