松辽盆地北部中浅层石油地质条件、 资源潜力及勘探方向

为了落实松辽盆地北部中浅层常规油与致密油的资源潜力,明确勘探方向,在系统总结烃源岩、储层等基本石油地质条件的基础上,分析了常规油与致密油成藏模式及主控因素,采用类比法和成因法计算了常规油与致密油资源量,研究了剩余资源分布特征,指出了下步勘探方向。松辽盆地晚白垩世发育青山口组和嫩江组2套分布广、厚度大、有机质丰度高、有机质类型好的优质烃源岩。中央坳陷区青山口组一段、二段烃源岩处于成熟阶段,生排烃能力强,是常规油和致密油的主力烃源岩。大型湖泊三角洲—河流沉积的各种砂体与烃源岩形成了良好的生储盖配置,构成了盆地的上、中、下3套含油气组合,其中致密油主要分布于中部含油组合的高台子油层和下部含油组合的扶余油层。常规油成藏主要具有下生上储、上生下储及异地生储3种模式,致密油成藏主要有自生自储和上生下储2种模式,有效烃源岩控制了常规油油藏和致密油油藏分布,沉积相带控制了常规油油藏类型,储层物性控制了致密油富集。在烃源岩精细评价的基础上,采用盆地模拟法计算的石油总资源量为102×10~8 t;通过系统解剖6个常规油和3个致密油区带刻度区,采用类比法精细评价的常规油资源量为88.7×10~8 t,致密油资源量为12.7×10~8 t。常规油中的葡萄花油层剩余资源潜力大,是近期勘探的主力层系,古龙、长垣和三肇等地区是主要的勘探有利区;长垣、三肇和齐家—古龙的扶余油层是致密油勘探的有利区。     

三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油资源评价与参数研究

松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶余油层发育河流-浅水三角洲环境下形成的低渗透致密砂岩储集层,已发现的探明储量以常规砂岩储层中的岩性油藏为主。剩余资源以赋存于孔隙度小于10%、渗漏率小于1×10^-3 μm²储集层中的致密油为主。本文分析三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油成藏条件,采用致密油的资源评价方法(小面元容积法、资源丰度类比法及EUR类比法)对研究区源下致密油资源进行评价,并初步估算青山口组一段泥岩的生烃量,获取了泉四段致密油的地质资源量、运聚系数、最终可采资源量、可采系数、地质资源丰度和可采资源丰度等关键参数,这类参数代表了松辽盆地源下致密油资源评价的关键参数,对评价其它地区相同类型的致密油具有借鉴意义。     

辽河坳陷石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

近年来辽河坳陷潜山及非常规油气勘探不断取得突破,以往的资源评价成果已不足以支撑油气勘探部署。从基本石油地质条件入手,剖析了潜山、火山岩领域常规油及页岩油、致密油成藏地质条件与主控因素,建立了源储侧向对接型成藏、源外断层—不整合输导型成藏、源内或近源聚集型成藏及源储一体页岩油成藏等模式。采用以类比法为主导,以成因法、统计法为补充的综合评价方法,预测辽河坳陷常规石油资源量为40.96×10~8t,其中,碎屑岩领域资源量为27.39×10~8t,潜山领域资源量为11.42×10~8 t,火成岩领域资源量为2.15×10~8 t。采用小面元容积法,预测页岩油资源量为3.56×10~8t,致密油资源量为1.92×10~8 t。根据剩余石油资源分布和油藏形成条件,优选出有利勘探区带:兴隆台构造带、曙北—高升构造带、荣胜堡构造带和静安堡构造带是潜山油藏勘探有利区带;欢曙斜坡带、牛居—青龙台构造带、静西陡坡带和冷东—雷家构造带是碎屑岩油藏勘探主攻区带;小洼—月海构造带、大平房—葵花岛构造带、榆树台—盖州滩构造带是潜山和碎屑岩油藏兼探区带;黄于热—黄沙坨构造带是火山岩油藏勘探有利区带;西部凹陷雷家地区油页岩和大民屯凹陷西陡坡砂砾岩体分别是页岩油和致密油勘探有利目标。     

我国常规与非常规石油资源潜力 及未来重点勘探领域

油气资源是油气工业的基础,极大地关系到国民经济的发展。近年来,我国的石油勘探形势发生了明显的变化:年新增石油探明储量下降,石油年产量连续3年(2016—2018年)下降,2018年石油对外依存度高达73%。因此,亟需对油气资源状况开展全面客观的评价,夯实国内常规与非常规油气资源的基础,明确剩余油气资源的重点勘探领域与有利勘探方向。中石油以近十几年来取得的油气勘探成果、地质认识成果与资料积累成果为基础,攻关形成常规与非常规油气资源评价方法技术体系,针对中石油矿权区及全国主要含油气盆地系统开展了第四次油气资源评价。评价结果显示:我国常规石油地质资源量约为1080×10~8 t;非常规石油地质资源量为672.08×10~8 t,其中包括致密油125.80×10~8 t,油页岩油533.73×10~8t,油砂油12.55×10~8 t。陆上常规剩余石油资源主要分布在岩性-地层(碎屑岩)、复杂构造2大重点领域;海域石油资源主要集中在海域构造、生物礁和深水岩性3个领域。在剩余石油资源分析的基础上,优选出常规石油现实有利目标区带20个,致密油有利目标区带12个,油页岩油露天挖掘目标6个、原位改质目标4个,油砂油有利目标5个。     

松辽盆地北部扶余油层致密油资源评价参数体系及标准研究

为准确落实松辽盆地北部扶余油层致密油资源潜力,分析了致密油储层特点及控藏关键要素。综合研究认为:扶余油层储层主要为河流—浅水三角洲沉积环境下形成的砂岩储层,孔隙度普遍12%、渗透率1×10~(-3)mD,为典型致密砂岩储层;致密储层空间上表现为纵向不集中、横向不连续、单体规模小等非均质特性;按照"勘探程度高、认识程度高、资源探明率高"的三高原则优选长垣南作为典型刻度区,形成了"四步法"刻度区解剖方法,确定评价参数体系及取值标准;运用小面元容积法和成因法等多种方法计算刻度区资源量,综合地质特征及成藏条件合理确定资源丰度,为采用资源丰度类比法开展致密油资源整体评价提供重要的依据。     

松辽盆地北部白垩系泉头组扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素*

松辽盆地北部中央坳陷白垩系泉头组扶余油层发育河流-浅水三角洲环境下形成的低渗透致密砂岩储集层。在已提交的探明储量中, 储集层孔隙度平均为11. 8％, 渗透率平均为2. 30×10^-3 μm², 以岩性油藏为主;剩余勘探目标以赋存于孔隙度小于10％、渗透率小于1×10^-3 μm², 储集层中的致密油为主。从烃源岩、构造、断裂和储集层4个方面阐述了扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素, 认为成熟烃源岩控制了研究区致密油分布范围, 构造高部位是油气运聚指向区, 北西向断裂带控制油气富集, 河道砂体控制致密油“甜点”区。采用类比法进行致密油资源潜力评价, 初步估算扶余油层致密油资源潜力为13. 09×10⁸ t, 是大庆油田资源接替的重要领域。     

黄骅坳陷沧东凹陷孔店组石油资源潜力 及勘探方向

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷沧东凹陷的主要烃源岩层系为古近系孔店组二段,它生成的油气主要富集于孔店组和沙河街组储层中。在石油地质条件综合分析的基础上,以孔二段优质烃源岩为核心,建立了源上孔一段构造-岩性油藏、源侧孔二段地层-岩性油藏和源内页岩油等3种成藏模式。采用改进的成因法进行常规油与页岩油资源评价,其核心思想是用剥离计算的生烃量、排烃量及残留烃量进行约束,采用多参数类比法计算运聚系数并评价常规油资源,采用质量含油率法评价页岩油资源。评价结果表明:沧东凹陷孔店组常规石油资源量约为6.9×10~8 t,页岩油资源量约为6.8×10~8 t;孔店组剩余石油资源分布在源上孔一段构造-岩性油藏、中低斜坡区地层-岩性油藏和湖盆中心区页岩油等3大领域。页岩油资源潜力巨大,是未来最主要的勘探接替领域。     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷最主要的烃源层是古近系的沙三段、沙一段,新生古储和自生自储是发现储量最多、石油资源最丰富的2种成藏组合。近年来,冀中坳陷在富油洼槽区地层-岩性油藏、隐蔽型潜山油藏以及致密油领域勘探不断取得重要突破与发现,展现了良好的勘探前景。通过冀中坳陷常规与非常规油藏形成条件解剖,分析成藏主控因素,构建多类型油藏成藏模式并总结富集规律,完善建立不同类型油藏资源评价参数,优选评价方法,开展了新一轮资源潜力评价。结果表明:冀中坳陷常规石油地质资源量为24.4×108t,资源探明率为46%,致密油地质资源量为5.19×108t。由于剩余石油资源依然丰富,未来要持续深化富油洼槽区及斜坡带的构造-岩性及隐蔽型常规油藏勘探,稳步推进束鹿凹陷泥灰岩致密油勘探,加强致密油甜点区综合评价。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油气资源丰富,三叠系延长组和侏罗系延安组是主力含油层系。在鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质条件研究的基础上,提出沉积相、输导体系、异常压力和构造为中生界成藏的主要控制因素,建立了三叠系延长组大型岩性油藏模式和侏罗系古地貌控藏模式,并结合盆地勘探成果,精细评价了鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质资源量,预测了油气资源的空间分布。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质资源量约为146.50×10~8 t,其中常规油资源量为116.50×10~8 t,致密油资源量为30.00×10~8 t;按层系分,三叠系石油资源量为137.20×10~8 t,侏罗系石油资源量为9.30×10~8 t。盆地剩余资源量为96.93×10~8 t,姬塬、陇东和志靖—安塞等地区,是长庆油田的规模储量区,仍然是未来勘探的主要区域。延长组长6、长8油层组和侏罗系是下一步勘探的重点层系;延长组下部的长9、长10油层组为新的目标层系;长7油层组致密油具有较大的勘探潜力。     

我国主要含油气盆地油气资源潜力及未来重点勘探领域

油气资源是油气工业的基础,随着油气勘探工作的不断深入,油气勘探形势发生了明显变化,亟需评价落实国内常规与非常规油气资源潜力,明确剩余油气资源的重点勘探领域与有利勘探方向,夯实油气资源家底.中国石油天然气集团公司以近十几年来油气勘探成果、地质认识成果与资料积累成果为基础,攻关形成常规与非常规油气资源评价方法技术体系,系统开展了第四次油气资源评价,评价结果显示我国常规石油地质资源量1 080.31×108 t,技术可采资源量272.50×108 t;常规天然气地质资源量78×1012 m3,技术可采资源量48.45×1012 m3.我国非常规油气资源非常丰富,非常规石油地质资源量672.08×108 t,技术可采资源量151.81×108 t;非常规天然气地质资源量284.95×1012 m3,技术可采资源量89.3×1012 m3.其中,致密油地质资源量125.80×108 t,油砂油地质资源量12.55×108 t,油页岩油地质资源量533.73×108 t;致密砂岩气地质资源量21.86×1012 m3,页岩气地质资源量80.21×1012 m3,煤层气地质资源量29.82×1012 m3,天然气水合物153.06×1012 m3.我国陆上常规剩余油气资源主要分布在岩性-地层（碎屑岩）、复杂构造（碎屑岩）、海相碳酸盐岩、前陆冲断带四大重点领域.其中,陆上剩余石油资源主要分布在岩性-地层（碎屑岩）、复杂构造（碎屑岩）两大领域,陆上剩余天然气资源主要分布在海相碳酸盐岩、前陆冲断带两大领域.海域油气资源主要分布在构造、生物礁、深水岩性3个领域.      

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.