我国主要含油气盆地油气资源潜力及未来重点勘探领域

油气资源是油气工业的基础,随着油气勘探工作的不断深入,油气勘探形势发生了明显变化,亟需评价落实国内常规与非常规油气资源潜力,明确剩余油气资源的重点勘探领域与有利勘探方向,夯实油气资源家底.中国石油天然气集团公司以近十几年来油气勘探成果、地质认识成果与资料积累成果为基础,攻关形成常规与非常规油气资源评价方法技术体系,系统开展了第四次油气资源评价,评价结果显示我国常规石油地质资源量1 080.31×108 t,技术可采资源量272.50×108 t;常规天然气地质资源量78×1012 m3,技术可采资源量48.45×1012 m3.我国非常规油气资源非常丰富,非常规石油地质资源量672.08×108 t,技术可采资源量151.81×108 t;非常规天然气地质资源量284.95×1012 m3,技术可采资源量89.3×1012 m3.其中,致密油地质资源量125.80×108 t,油砂油地质资源量12.55×108 t,油页岩油地质资源量533.73×108 t;致密砂岩气地质资源量21.86×1012 m3,页岩气地质资源量80.21×1012 m3,煤层气地质资源量29.82×1012 m3,天然气水合物153.06×1012 m3.我国陆上常规剩余油气资源主要分布在岩性-地层（碎屑岩）、复杂构造（碎屑岩）、海相碳酸盐岩、前陆冲断带四大重点领域.其中,陆上剩余石油资源主要分布在岩性-地层（碎屑岩）、复杂构造（碎屑岩）两大领域,陆上剩余天然气资源主要分布在海相碳酸盐岩、前陆冲断带两大领域.海域油气资源主要分布在构造、生物礁、深水岩性3个领域.      

柴达木盆地石油地质条件、资源潜力 及勘探方向

通过对柴达木盆地石油地质条件的分析,总结建立了富烃凹陷古构造成藏、源外古隆起-古斜坡成藏、源上晚期构造成藏以及富烃凹陷周缘斜坡致密油-岩性成藏等4类石油成藏模式,优选类比法和成因法客观评价了盆地不同区带、不同区块、不同层系的常规油及致密油资源,得出常规油地质资源量为29.59×10~8 t,致密油资源量为8.58×10~8 t。结合盆地石油勘探现状,理清了剩余常规石油地质资源及其分布,明确柴西地区为剩余常规石油地质资源最丰富、资源丰度最大的地区。指出盆缘古隆起及斜坡区、盆内凹陷-斜坡区、盆内大型晚期构造带是近期重点勘探领域:狮子沟—大乌斯构造带、油泉子—开特米里克构造带、阿尔金山前西段是常规石油有利勘探目标,柴西南区的跃东—扎哈泉—乌南和红柳泉—跃进一带,以及柴西北区的小梁山—南翼山等地区是致密油勘探现实有利区。     

准噶尔盆地石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

近年来,准噶尔盆地的油气勘探在许多新领域取得重大突破,展现良好勘探前景。然而,盆地第三次油气资源评价结果与勘探实际、储量增长之间的矛盾越来越突出,常规、非常规领域的石油资源潜力亟待落实。在解剖盆地石油成藏条件,分析成藏控制因素,总结不同地区、不同层系成藏模式及其富集规律的基础上,开展地质评价参数研究,优选评价方法,重新评价盆地资源潜力,梳理了盆地有利的勘探方向。评价结果显示:盆地常规、非常规石油资源量近100×10~8t,综合探明率约为27%;剩余待探明石油资源量近55×10~8 t,主要分布于富烃凹陷斜坡区的二叠系—三叠系、盆地深层及凹陷周缘低勘探程度的凸起构造。未来应围绕盆地这3个领域,加大勘探力度,同时依托技术进步,努力拓展页岩油等资源潜力大、勘探程度低的勘探领域。     

东营凹陷油气成藏体系的划分及定量评价

油气成藏体系作为油气评价单元的一种全新的研究思路, 与勘探目标结合更加紧密, 油气成藏门限从定量的角度阐述油气藏的形成及分布规律, 尤其对于高勘探程度的地区而言, 剩余资源的预测更为准确.在对东营凹陷油气成藏体系划分的基础上, 利用油气成藏门限理论对各成藏体系进行了定量评价.结果表明: 东营凹陷所划分的8个成藏体系都进入了成藏门限和资源门限, 凹陷总剩余资源量为17.03×108 t; 其中, 成藏体系Ⅷ、Ⅰ的剩余资源最大, 分别为4.41×108 t、3.10×108 t; 而成藏体系Ⅵ、Ⅴ最小, 分别为0.90×108 t、0.22×108 t; 其余成藏体系介于其间.可知, 成藏体系Ⅷ、Ⅰ为最有利勘探潜力区.      

我国常规与非常规石油资源潜力 及未来重点勘探领域

油气资源是油气工业的基础,极大地关系到国民经济的发展。近年来,我国的石油勘探形势发生了明显的变化:年新增石油探明储量下降,石油年产量连续3年(2016—2018年)下降,2018年石油对外依存度高达73%。因此,亟需对油气资源状况开展全面客观的评价,夯实国内常规与非常规油气资源的基础,明确剩余油气资源的重点勘探领域与有利勘探方向。中石油以近十几年来取得的油气勘探成果、地质认识成果与资料积累成果为基础,攻关形成常规与非常规油气资源评价方法技术体系,针对中石油矿权区及全国主要含油气盆地系统开展了第四次油气资源评价。评价结果显示:我国常规石油地质资源量约为1080×10~8 t;非常规石油地质资源量为672.08×10~8 t,其中包括致密油125.80×10~8 t,油页岩油533.73×10~8t,油砂油12.55×10~8 t。陆上常规剩余石油资源主要分布在岩性-地层(碎屑岩)、复杂构造2大重点领域;海域石油资源主要集中在海域构造、生物礁和深水岩性3个领域。在剩余石油资源分析的基础上,优选出常规石油现实有利目标区带20个,致密油有利目标区带12个,油页岩油露天挖掘目标6个、原位改质目标4个,油砂油有利目标5个。     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷最主要的烃源层是古近系的沙三段、沙一段,新生古储和自生自储是发现储量最多、石油资源最丰富的2种成藏组合。近年来,冀中坳陷在富油洼槽区地层-岩性油藏、隐蔽型潜山油藏以及致密油领域勘探不断取得重要突破与发现,展现了良好的勘探前景。通过冀中坳陷常规与非常规油藏形成条件解剖,分析成藏主控因素,构建多类型油藏成藏模式并总结富集规律,完善建立不同类型油藏资源评价参数,优选评价方法,开展了新一轮资源潜力评价。结果表明:冀中坳陷常规石油地质资源量为24.4×108t,资源探明率为46%,致密油地质资源量为5.19×108t。由于剩余石油资源依然丰富,未来要持续深化富油洼槽区及斜坡带的构造-岩性及隐蔽型常规油藏勘探,稳步推进束鹿凹陷泥灰岩致密油勘探,加强致密油甜点区综合评价。     

辽河坳陷石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

近年来辽河坳陷潜山及非常规油气勘探不断取得突破,以往的资源评价成果已不足以支撑油气勘探部署。从基本石油地质条件入手,剖析了潜山、火山岩领域常规油及页岩油、致密油成藏地质条件与主控因素,建立了源储侧向对接型成藏、源外断层—不整合输导型成藏、源内或近源聚集型成藏及源储一体页岩油成藏等模式。采用以类比法为主导,以成因法、统计法为补充的综合评价方法,预测辽河坳陷常规石油资源量为40.96×10~8t,其中,碎屑岩领域资源量为27.39×10~8t,潜山领域资源量为11.42×10~8 t,火成岩领域资源量为2.15×10~8 t。采用小面元容积法,预测页岩油资源量为3.56×10~8t,致密油资源量为1.92×10~8 t。根据剩余石油资源分布和油藏形成条件,优选出有利勘探区带:兴隆台构造带、曙北—高升构造带、荣胜堡构造带和静安堡构造带是潜山油藏勘探有利区带;欢曙斜坡带、牛居—青龙台构造带、静西陡坡带和冷东—雷家构造带是碎屑岩油藏勘探主攻区带;小洼—月海构造带、大平房—葵花岛构造带、榆树台—盖州滩构造带是潜山和碎屑岩油藏兼探区带;黄于热—黄沙坨构造带是火山岩油藏勘探有利区带;西部凹陷雷家地区油页岩和大民屯凹陷西陡坡砂砾岩体分别是页岩油和致密油勘探有利目标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界石油地质条件、资源潜力及勘探方向

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油气资源丰富,三叠系延长组和侏罗系延安组是主力含油层系。在鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质条件研究的基础上,提出沉积相、输导体系、异常压力和构造为中生界成藏的主要控制因素,建立了三叠系延长组大型岩性油藏模式和侏罗系古地貌控藏模式,并结合盆地勘探成果,精细评价了鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质资源量,预测了油气资源的空间分布。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地石油地质资源量约为146.50×10~8 t,其中常规油资源量为116.50×10~8 t,致密油资源量为30.00×10~8 t;按层系分,三叠系石油资源量为137.20×10~8 t,侏罗系石油资源量为9.30×10~8 t。盆地剩余资源量为96.93×10~8 t,姬塬、陇东和志靖—安塞等地区,是长庆油田的规模储量区,仍然是未来勘探的主要区域。延长组长6、长8油层组和侏罗系是下一步勘探的重点层系;延长组下部的长9、长10油层组为新的目标层系;长7油层组致密油具有较大的勘探潜力。     

分形方法在苏北盆地金湖凹陷石油资源评价中的应用

成熟勘探区剩余资源量的多少倍受关注。根据金湖凹陷的油藏规模分布特征,应用分形方法估计该区的石油地质资源。石油地质资源总量为12284×10⁴t,分布在507个油藏中;其中未发现的具有经济价值的石油地质资源量为2740×10⁴t,分布在126个油藏中。这反映了该区的油气勘探程度较高,但仍有一定的勘探潜力,大量中-小油藏是今后勘探的主攻目标。分形方法作为油气资源评价的一种新途径,计算过程简便,结果可靠,应用前景广阔。     

应用盆地模拟技术评价西藏伦坡拉盆地油气资源潜力

伦坡拉盆地是西藏地区唯一取得工业油流的含油气盆地,由于地质条件复杂,油质偏稠,导致油气勘探进展缓慢。为了明确盆地油气资源潜力,有效指导下一步勘探方向,文章结合新钻探及地震资料,运用盆地模拟方法开展埋藏史、热史及生烃史研究,计算了盆地古近系生烃量和资源量。结果表明伦坡拉盆地古近系生烃量为49.80×108 t,资源量为1.507×108 t。其中以蒋日阿错为最大生烃中心,生烃量20.93×108 t,资源量1.05×108 t,江加错和爬错北部为次重要生烃中心,生烃量分别为8.83×108 t和14.76×108 t,资源量分别为0.41×108 t及0.71×108 t。从模拟结果可知,蒋日阿错洼陷、江加错洼陷资源丰度相对较高,为油气资源富集有利区,爬错洼陷由于烃源和圈闭条件较差,目前仅发现罗玛迪库构造圈闭,资源丰度较低。应用盆地模拟明确了伦坡拉盆地油气资源构成和油气资源分布有利区带,为下一步勘探指明了方向。      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).