柔性管卷管式铺管上卷有限元模拟

采用卷管法进行海底管道铺设过程中,管道首先通过牵引作用上卷于卷筒进行储存。管道与卷筒发生非线性接触,可能会产生复杂的塑性变形和局部屈曲。通过全尺寸柔性管力学性能试验获得柔性管轴力—应变以及弯曲—曲率等非线性力学性能关系,将试验所得的非线性材料性能参数导入建立的两种柔性管上卷ABAQUS有限元模型（梁—实体单元模型与壳和桁架—实体单元模型）,实现柔性管较大轴向抗拉刚度和较小抗弯刚度的同步模拟以及管道与卷筒的非线性接触响应特征。通过对比分析两种有限元模型数值模拟得到的管道弯矩、弯曲曲率、管道轴力、管道与卷筒的接触压强等数据,发现在管道上卷过程中管道沿副法线方向的SM3弯矩占据其弯曲变形主导地位;管道与卷筒之间的摩擦效应对于管道轴力的影响较为显著;管道与卷筒的最大接触压强主要发生在卷管过渡段区域。     

深水S型铺管中残余变形对屈曲压力的影响

随着S型海管铺设逐步走向深水,管道在铺设过程中承受的荷载增加,发生一定程度的塑性变形。本文讨论S型铺设引起的残余塑性变形对管道屈曲承载能力的影响。首先基于壳单元建立"管道-托辊"相互作用的局部有限元模型,分析了管道在铺设过程中的受力状态,获得了管道的残余塑性变形。然后以该残余变形作为管道非线性屈曲分析的初始缺陷,基于改进的RIKS方法计算了管道的临界屈曲压力。研究结果表明,铺设残余塑性变形在一定程度上削弱管道的承载能力,在深水铺设中应予以考虑。     

蛇形铺设管道触发水平向整体屈曲效果研究

海底管道在深海石油开发工程中有着广泛的应用,管道在工作时受到高温高压会触发水平向整体屈曲变形,蛇形铺管法是控制管道水平向整体屈曲变形的有效手段。采用数值模拟方法,对蛇形铺设管道的关键参数进行研究,分析关键参数对临界屈曲荷载和屈曲后截面应力应变状态的影响。对每一组蛇形铺设管道都设置了直线型铺设管道的对照组,对照组采用引入初始挠曲的方法激发水平向整体屈曲,初始挠曲程度与蛇形铺设管道相同。通过与直线型铺设管道的对比,显示了蛇形铺设管道在激发和控制屈曲方面的优势,并对不同土体阻力情况下蛇形铺设管道的实际效果进行了评估。结果表明,蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力和屈曲后的弯矩皆远小于直线型管道。蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力随圆心角θ增大而减小,随曲率半径R的增大而增大。增大跨度L、曲率半径R和圆心角θ都能有效减小蛇形铺设管道的截面弯矩。水平向土体阻力对蛇形铺设管道影响较大,水平向土体阻力较小时,蛇形铺设管道控制屈曲的效果更为明显。     

海底埋设双层管管道隆起屈曲分析

海底埋设双层管管道隆起屈曲分析是海洋管道设计的重要技术之一。在管道隆起屈曲分析中实现管土作用和内外管相互作用的准确模拟一直是工程应用追求的目标,也是其中的难点。利用管土作用单元和管中管单元等技术,建立了海底埋设双层管管道隆起屈曲分析有限元模型。该模型不但考虑了管道初始形状、压力、温差载荷、管道材料非线性等常规因素,还考虑了非线性管土作用和内外管相互接触作用,并能对管道屈曲前和屈曲后全程进行模拟。应用该模型,计算了一条高温高压埋设双层管管道隆起屈曲过程中的应力等。算例表明该模型有较好收敛性,能对一般海底高温高压埋设双层管管道隆起屈曲进行准确模拟。     

基于ABAQUS的卷管式铺管法管道变形敏感性分析

卷管式铺管法在海管铺设中的应用愈发广泛,在铺设作业中管道会发生几何非线性变形,导致出现复杂的力学性能变化。针对管道在上卷、退卷过程中的屈服变化过程,通过弹塑性理论进行分析,推导出管道退卷后残余轴向应力的解析解;随后利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型实例,对比解析解与有限元模型,两者的计算结果基本吻合。基于上述有限元模型,研究上卷时的张力和退卷时的后张力对椭圆度、截面轴向应力和剪切应力的影响,并进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明张力和后张力变化会影响管道截面的变形程度,退卷后截面上残余的轴向应力远高于剪切应力,并且通过敏感性分析,得到了残余椭圆度、残余应力随张力和后张力变化的规律。研究可为卷管铺设过程中张力和后张力的选择提供参考和借鉴。     

非对称局部壁厚减薄海底管道的屈曲分析

在深海环境中,海底管线不仅承受较高外压,还会因为海水及运输介质的常年侵蚀而形成腐蚀缺陷,而腐蚀缺陷往往会导致管道的外压承载力下降。基于壳体稳定性理论,建立了含有非对称局部壁厚减薄管道在外压作用下的屈曲压力理论公式。公式具有广泛的适用性,当内、外局部壁厚减薄深度相等时,可用于计算含有对称局部壁厚减薄管道屈曲压力,而当内部或外部缺陷深度为零时,便可用于计算只含外部或者内部腐蚀缺陷的管道屈曲压力。通过有限元分析验证了该公式的正确性,结果表明公式可以准确预测不同缺陷位置及尺寸时管道的屈曲压力。详细研究了局部壁厚减薄缺陷位置、长度和深度等参数对屈曲压力的影响。研究表明,局部腐蚀对管道的屈曲压力产生重要影响,尤其当腐蚀角度和深度较大时,在腐蚀形成初期就会造成管道的承载力急剧下降,并且管道的屈曲压力与缺陷的径向位置有关,腐蚀缺陷位于管道外侧时的屈曲压力明显大于其位于管道内侧时的屈曲压力。     

深海J型铺管法管线触地区域动力响应研究

J型铺管法是深海管线铺设安装最先进的方法之一,研究铺设过程中管线受浮体运动和海洋环境载荷的动力响应影响,有助于认识和提高J型铺管法管线铺设的安全性。通过管线的静态整体构型分析得出其力学关键位置,并对其做时域动力响应计算,着重探讨了不同波浪情况、浮体垂荡和纵荡运动幅值,以及顶部张力参数对管线应力水平动力响应的影响。研究表明:触地区域是深海J型铺管法管线的应力响应最大位置;波浪水动力载荷对管线的直接影响作用较小;铺管船等浮体的垂荡运动对管线触地区域的力学影响显著,纵荡运动的影响略低于垂荡运动;管线顶部施加的张力越大,触地区域动力响应减小,但减小有限。     

后挖沟深度对深海海底管道屈曲影响数值分析

鉴于海底管道的服役水深越来越深,主要采用犁式挖沟机对预铺设于海床之上的海底管道采取后挖沟的方式将海底管道埋设于海床之下,以保护其免受不必要的损伤。针对后挖沟深度H是海底挖沟机的重要设计参数,也是影响管道悬跨的重要因素的问题,对SMD(UK)犁式挖沟机展开参数优化,确保作业过程中悬跨段管道在外部静水压力作用下,海底管道不会发生屈曲破坏。采用ABAQUS软件,分别建立了作业前和作业中两种工况下的悬跨模型,分析机械手对接触部分管道的损伤,结果显示,作业中的机械手对悬跨管道的损伤更大;同时,建立了作业中不同管径下,后挖沟深度对管道损伤的安全裕量关系曲线。进一步,结合作业中不同挖沟深度下的管跨段屈曲数值模型,对处于外部静水压力作用下的悬跨管的屈曲失效展开分析,结果显示,随着后挖沟深度的加大,不同管径下的悬跨段管道局部出现塑性压溃的临界压力值不断降低;管道外径的增大,降低了同一后挖沟深度下发生屈曲失效的压力值。最后,在后挖沟深度与外部静水压力组成的区域内,建立屈曲失效临界关系曲线,并划分出工作区和压溃区,为深海管道后挖沟埋管的施工提供工程参考。     

海底埋设高温管道隆起屈曲数值模拟研究

高温是引发海底管道整体屈曲失效的主要因素,而海床上存在的局部隆起使得高温埋设管道更加容易发生隆起屈曲。这里重点研究海底埋设高温管道发生隆起屈曲的临界温度载荷及其影响因素,提出了一种简化的数值模拟分析模型,同已有的相关实验结果比较表明,本方法可以较好地近似计算高温管道的隆起屈曲。基于本方法开展的参数分析,得到了管道覆土高度、混凝土配重层厚度、海床不平整对海底高温管道发生隆起屈曲的影响趋势。     

刚性连接双层海底管道高温侧向屈曲分析方法研究

以惠州25-3/1双层海底管道为例,提出高温荷载下刚性连接双层海底管道的侧向屈曲分析方法,并研究该类管道的侧向屈曲特性.将解析分析与有限元技术相结合,在提出刚性连接双层海底管道屈曲分析方法的同时,发展了Hobbs公式的应用范围,使其成为屈曲分析有限元建模指导工具.以分析不稳定平衡问题的改进Riks方法被证明为高温海底管道屈曲分析的有效算法,得到的弧长-载荷比例因子曲线能够充分地描述双层管道的屈曲失稳过程.惠州管道的分析结果表明,刚性连接双层海底管道的整体热稳定性较高,在海床上一般不容易发生侧向屈曲,但热荷载作用下内管的后屈曲将有可能引发较高的应力集中,对此需要充分校核;另外环空间隙的减小有利于提高内管的临界屈曲载荷,从而提升管道的整体性能.     

Effect of geometric and material discontinuities on the reeling of pipelines

The winding and unwinding of a pipeline onto a large diameter reel as practiced in the reeling installation method, induces bending strains of 1–3% followed by straightening, and reverse bending. The operator must ensure that such plastic deformations are sustained free of local buckling or rupture in the line. Such failures are for example precipitated by pipeline discontinuities in wall thickness and yield stress as they act as stress risers, lead to localized deformations severe enough to result in local buckling. The effect of such discontinuities is studied using a large-scale nonlinear finite element model that simulates the reeling/unreeling of a pipeline. Nonlinear kinematic hardening is used to capture the elasto-plastic behavior of the material imposed by the bending/reverse bending history. Discontinuities in wall thickness and yield stress are shown to result in sharp local changes in curvature that extend over 3–4 pipe diameters accompanied by severe local straining and ovalization. The extent of the disturbance is governed by the bending strain imposed by the ratio of pipe to reel diameter. It can be reduced by an increase in the applied tension but at the expense of additional ovalization of the pipeline. It can also be reduced by increasing the pipe wall thickness but with the consequent increase in costs. A parametric study of the effect of such discontinuities demonstrates that for some combinations of process parameters, the disturbance can lead to local buckling either during winding or unwinding. It is concluded that a modeling framework such as the one presented should be used to generate a design protocol for reel-installed pipelines.     

卷管铺设的海管曲率模型及残余应力计算

弯曲曲率是使用卷管铺设时首要控制的参数之一。通过对海管的上卷加载、完全卸载、退卷加载及再次卸载等过程的弹塑性分析,建立了各个阶段的曲率模型,并推导了海管完全卸载时残余应力的解析解。在此基础上,分析了曲率、曲率比、残余曲率比及残余应力等参数的影响因素,得到了卷管铺设中海管的最优弯曲曲率及海管截面上的残余应力分布规律,并提出了基于弹塑性理论的海管的残余曲率及残余应力的控制建议。     

Lateral Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines Based on the Model of Nonlinear Pipe–Soil Interaction

With the increasing development and utilization of offshore oil and gas resources, global buckling failures of pipelines subjected to high temperature and high pressure are becoming increasingly important. For unburied or semi-buried submarine pipelines, lateral global buckling represents the main form of global buckling. The pipe–soil interaction determines the deformation and stress distribution of buckling pipelines. In this paper, the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction model is introduced into the analysis of pipeline lateral global buckling, a coupling method of PSI elements and the modified RIKS algorithm is proposed to study the lateral global buckling of a pipeline, and the buckling characteristics of submarine pipeline with a single arch symmetric initial imperfection under different pipe–soil interaction models are studied. Research shows that, compared with the ideal elastic–plastic pipe–soil interaction model, when the DNV-RP-F109 model is adopted to simulate the lateral pipe–soil interactions in the lateral global buckling of a pipeline, the buckling amplitude increases, however, the critical buckling force and the initial buckling temperature difference decreases. In the DNV-RP-F109 pipe–soil interaction model, the maximum soil resistance, the residual soil resistance, and the displacement to reach the maximum soil resistance have significant effects on the analysis results of pipeline global buckling.     

Centrifuge modelling of an on-bottom pipeline under equivalent wave and current loading

Pipelines are the main element in transporting hydrocarbons from their extraction sites to on-shore or floating facilities, with preference now given to pipelines laid directly on the seabed due to their fast and economic installation. However, these pipelines are exposed and must be stable under all environmental conditions, and therefore, their design for on-bottom stability is of critical importance. Although accurate prediction of the pipe–soil interaction behaviour under hydrodynamic loads from waves and currents is of major concern, limited physical testing of pipes subjected to these cyclic loading conditions has occurred. Tests have concentrated on simpler load combinations in order to develop pipe–soil friction factors or the key parameters in plasticity models that described pipe–soil behaviour. In this paper, results from geotechnical centrifuge experiments of a model pipe on calcareous sand soil collected from offshore on the North West Shelf of Australia are presented. A sophisticated load control scheme allowed complex paths characteristic of hydrodynamic loads to be applied during the testing. Furthermore, pipe testing could be extended to relatively large horizontal movements of up to 5 pipe diameter. The results of the centrifuge testing programme provide improved understanding of the pipe–soil interaction under complex hydrodynamic load paths. They have also been used to assess a state-of-the-art plasticity model describing pipe–soil interaction on calcareous sands.     

Experimental and finite element study on lateral global buckling of pipe-in-pipe structure by active control method

Offshore oil and gas exploration are gradually heading toward the deep sea and even the ultra-deep sea. According, the working temperature and pressure intensity of subsea oil and gas pipelines have increased by a considerable degree. This situation is accompanied by the global buckling problem in deep sea pipelines, which has become increasingly common. Meanwhile, ordinary single-layer pipelines cannot last for a long time under harsh deep-sea working conditions. Thus, multilayer pipelines, such as the pipe-in-pipe (PIP) structure and bundled pipelines, have gradually become top choices. However, the global buckling mechanisms of these multilayer pipelines are more complicated than those of single-layer pipelines. The sleeper–snake lay pipeline, which is an active control method for global buckling, was used in this study. The change and development laws of global buckling in a PIP structure at different wavelengths and amplitudes were determined through an experimental study. A dynamic solution method that considers artificial damping was adopted to establish finite element global buckling models of a PIP structure with initial imperfections. The effects of various factors, such as pipeline laying shape, sleeper–pipe function, and seabed–pipe function, on global buckling were analyzed. By the result of finite element method analysis, the initial imperfection, and sleeper–pipeline friction were determined to be the key factors that influenced critical pipeline buckling force. Accordingly, a reference for the design of PIP structures is presented.     

海洋平台隔水套管群桩性状的研究

海洋平台的隔水套管群桩与土共同作用研究是一个很复杂的课题,目前国内外研究资料甚少,因此在平台导管架设计中,一般不考虑隔水套管群桩承受水平力作用,这与实际不相符合。本文结合工程课题,在调查研究和模型试验的基础上,对隔水套管群桩在水平力作用下的工作性状与破坏机理、群桩的水平力及其主要影响因素、单桩与群桩情况下应力应变关系等方面进行较深入的研究;并提出砂土地基隔水套管群桩效应经验公式,弥补了现行计算方法的缺陷和不足。研究成果可供工程设计参考使用。