柬埔寨海洋空间用途管控研究

用途管控是海洋空间规划的核心内容，也是海洋空间规划实施的重要工具。文章构建了以人类活动为基础的《柬埔寨海洋空间规划（2018-2023年）》功能区用途管控清单。首先，综合分析柬埔寨海洋与海岸带发展战略、资源环境条件、开发利用现状、用海需求和未来发展趋势，确定柬埔寨现有及潜在用海活动总清单；其次，根据各海洋功能区主导功能、兼容功能及管理要求确定主导性、兼容性和禁止性用海活动；再次，结合用海活动目的、对资源消耗和环境影响程度设置准入条件，形成各功能区的用途管控清单，以实现对柬埔寨海洋空间用途的有效管控。     

海洋空间规划管控平台建设的总结思考

新时期国家着力构建陆海统筹、区域统筹、城乡统筹的国土空间规划体系,为更好的服务国土空间规划体系与海岸带专项规划的建立实施,满足新形势下海域海岛管理的新要求,深化落实主体功能区制度,本文对已经建立的海洋空间规划管控平台进行了总结。海洋空间规划管控平台主要目标是实现海洋空间"一张图"、海洋主体功能区监测评估、海洋空间综合决策,主要功能包括多规分析与一张图、海洋主体功能区监测评估、海洋空间分区辅助编制与审查、海洋空间符合性判断等。     

国土空间视角下的海洋功能区划融入"多规合一"

为提高我国海洋空间规划和海域使用管理水平,文章以国土空间为视角,分析海洋功能区划融入"多规合一"的必要性、可行性和路径。研究结果表明:"多规合一"是基于对国土空间的统一分区和用途管制,对现有规划体系的有机融合、升级和重构;海洋功能区划是我国法律确定的海洋管理基本制度,在实现用海有度、有序和有规,保护海洋生态环境,促进海洋经济发展以及保障养殖用海空间等方面发挥重要作用;海洋功能区划的实施具有法律依据,其"综合分区+目标管控+用途管制"的核心理念与"多规合一"一致,分区分类方式有利于现有规划体系的衔接,在保护性、前瞻性和陆海统筹等方面的不足亟须在"多规合一"的过程中改进;"多规合一"可参考海洋功能区划实施的经验和教训,制定"一个规划"和"一套标准"。     

国外海洋空间规划概况及我国海洋功能区划的借鉴

文章介绍了比利时、荷兰、德国等国家海洋空间规划工作的概况.并结合我国海洋功能区划的实际进行了初步的对比分析,提出了在海洋功能区管理细则、功能区划分方法体系和功能区划实施管理方面的一些有益借鉴.     

我国海洋功能区划的回顾性评价和新一轮编制建议

为完善我国海洋功能区划制度,提高海洋功能区划的编制和实施水平,促进其在我国海洋空间规划乃至国土空间规划中发挥应有作用,文章对我国现行海洋功能区划的实施情况进行回顾性评价,并对新一轮海洋功能区划的编制提出建议。研究结果表明:我国海洋功能区划法律地位高、管控范围广,现行海洋功能区划实施以来,通过建立定量目标管控体系、协调保障行业用海和保护海洋生态环境,对我国海洋经济和海洋生态环境的可持续发展做出巨大贡献;针对实施过程中存在的问题,新一轮海洋功能区划的编制应扩大海洋保护区的规模和种类、提高前瞻性和动态适应性、加强公众实质性参与以及完善技术体系。     

国土空间规划的海洋分区研究

国土空间分区作为国土空间规划编制和自然资源统一管理的基础，对整个规划体系具有重要的支撑作用。在统一的国土空间规划体系下，用海分区既有其独立性与特殊性，也面临着陆海统筹、生态文明建设、海洋高质量发展等政策提出的 新要求。文章系统梳理了 1983 年以来海洋功能分区体系 4 次演变历程，结合国土空间规划改革对分区体系的内在需求，指出海洋功能分区体系存在未覆盖海域全域，分区层级的尺度、分工、内容和结构与国土空间规划的要求不一致，分区方案未考虑用途管制的需求，以及陆海统筹不足等问题。在剖析现有各类规划政策分区、管制分区和功能分区在国土空间规划体系中的定位和作用的基础上，提出以海洋主体功能区为基础，海洋生态红线为底线，以原海洋功能区划分区为主体，将无居民海岛纳入规划范围，并在生态、农业、城镇空间的大框架下统筹协调海陆分区，形成国土空间规划中的海洋分区体系。全国和省级国土空间规划统筹海陆主体功能，划定主体功能区，并建立海洋产业保障区名录、无居民海岛保护与利用名录和海洋自然保护地名录。市县级国土空间规划划定“功能+管制”的利用分区，共划分出海洋保护区、海洋发展区和海洋保留3个一级分区以及核心保护区、一般控制区、海水增养殖区等 12 个二级分区。     

海洋空间规划及主体功能区划研究进展

海洋空间规划是解决海域各种人类活动之间以及人类活动与海洋生态环境保护之间矛盾的有效工具,是基于生态系统的多用途海域使用管理手段。文章综述了国内外海洋空间规划及主体功能区划的研究进展,对海洋空间规划及主体功能区划的基本理论、原则、内涵和技术路线进行了总结,并对海洋空间规划边界以及基本单元的划分原则和方法进行了总结。通过总结可知,现有海洋空间规划的基本技术路线有两种:一是基于空间叠置分析的技术路线;二是基于指标体系的技术路线。基于生态系统的海洋空间规划要求其边界必须尊重生态系统边界,然而出于实践管理的需要,通常按照行政管理边界来划分。基本单元可依据基本行政单元(市、县、乡)、自然地理特征(地形)和公里网格等进行划分。     

海洋发达国家海洋空间规划体系概述

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,建构海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章对英国、比利时、荷兰、德国、挪威、美国、澳大利亚和智利等世界主要海洋发达国家的海洋空间规划体系发展状况进行概述,结果表明:各国已逐步形成基于各自国情、适应海洋行政管理体制的海洋空间规划体系,其中既存在"国家-区域-地方"的层级控制体系,也存在"战略-结构-使用"的内容控制体系,还存在"国家管辖与地方管辖并行"的独立自由型控制体系。可为我国生态文明建设下的海洋空间规划体系研究实践以及开展区域海洋管理工作提供参考。     

海洋空间规划应用生态系统服务的国内外研究进展

文章系统梳理并比较国内外主要海洋空间规划研究中应用生态系统服务的情况,揭示各类海洋空间规划中应用生态系统服务的异同点,对于海洋空间规划中吸纳生态系统服务知识来促进“多规合一”实践进程,以及实现海洋生态文明具有重要意义。结果表明:不同类型海洋空间规划对生态系统服务的应用各有侧重,国内外相同类型规划中应用生态系统服务的范围和深度也存在差异。总体上,国内外海洋空间规划中将生态系统服务作为技术工具、评价指标和沟通媒介,以构建合理的海洋空间格局、优化管控成效并增强规划协调性。国外研究侧重运用生态系统服务来创新规划制度安排,国内学界则聚焦于为区划管控提供技术支持和决策依据。建议深化海洋空间规划与生态系统服务的多维度整合研究,推进海洋空间规划更好地融入国土空间规划体系、践行海洋生态文明建设战略要求。     

市县级海洋国土空间规划技术体系探索与编制实践——以广西壮族自治区北海市为例

为推动海陆一体国土空间规划体系的形成,本文以自然资源部"两空间内部一红线"海洋空间开发与保护格局总体要求为指导,以基于生态系统管理、陆海统筹为基本原则,从格局目标确定、格局分区探索、陆海统筹对策等几个方面进行了深入研究,形成了较为完善的市县级海洋国土空间规划技术体系,并以广西北海市海洋国土空间规划编制为例进行了应用示范。研究结果表明:该技术体系实现了北海市海洋空间资源的合理配置,形成了生态优先的空间发展格局和综合管控体系,可为市县级海洋国土空间规划的编制提供重要参考。     

生态文明建设下海洋空间规划体系的构建研究

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,构建科学高效的海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章基于对海洋空间规划及其体系的基本认知,结合国家生态文明建设和海洋空间治理需求,提出海洋空间规划体系构建的时代背景、着力点和基本路径。研究表明,海洋空间规划体系是由各类海洋空间规划组成的,具有一定逻辑组织关系的管理制度集合,是海洋空间发展与资源环境管制的基础性机制集合;其构建应满足时代发展要求和海洋空间治理需求,体现国家海洋生态文明意志和海洋空间治理现代化,以总结多样化实践、建立完善协调机制和统一技术体系为基本路径。     

Exploring marine spatial planning education: Challenges in structuring transdisciplinarity

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has experienced vigorous growth on the international scale in recent years, and several practices has emerged from different countries. The demand for specific training in the preparation and implementation of marine planning has therefore already shown itself to be quite relevant on a global scale. Educational initiatives related to MSP have to respond to the increased complexity of MSP, which integrates environmental and economic perspectives on marine resources and maritime sectors, considering governance framework as well as maritime affairs and legislation.This paper aims at addressing the educational and training needs for the development of both academic education and professional training in MSP. Learning skills, contents and methods of an ‘ideal’ MSP course are depicted from widely accepted operative guides on MSP and from the EU Framework Directive on MSP (2014/89/EU). They are considered for the analysis of the current educational offer around MSP, performed in a sample of countries that have already undergone a process of implementation of MSP by Law. As result, beside the great variety of courses, it emerges that MSP education seems to be often regarded from an environmental perspective – in continuity with Integrated Coastal Management education – while planning theory and experiences in MSP are the least represented contents. Results are discussed in relation to three major challenges: i) how educational offer reflects on transdisciplinarity, ii) the role of theory in MSP courses, and iii) the enforceability of Plans as major concern in MSP.     

ScotMap: Participatory mapping of inshore fishing activity to inform marine spatial planning in Scotland

A detailed understanding of fishing activity in Scottish waters is required to inform marine spatial planning. Larger fishing vessels are fitted with Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) offering spatial information on fishing activity. VMS does not cover smaller vessels (under 15 m), which fish predominantly in inshore waters where the competition for space is often greatest. To improve knowledge of the distribution of fishing activity and value of fisheries in Scotland's inshore waters, Marine Scotland conducted a participatory fisheries mapping project, known as ScotMap. The data were collected during face-to-face interviews with 1090 fishermen of Scottish registered commercial fishing vessels under 15 m in overall length and relate to fishing activity for the period 2007–2011. Interviewees were asked to identify the areas in which they fish, estimate the contribution these areas make to vessel earnings, and to provide associated information. The majority of interviews relate to creel fishing. The data collected were aggregated to provide mapped outputs of the monetary value, relative importance to fishermen and the usage of the seas around Scotland (number of fishing vessels and number of crew). ScotMap outputs provide information on the locations of inshore fishing activities and the economic importance of different sea areas at a much higher spatial resolution than was previously possible. Outputs have informed marine policy development, provide a valuable resource for marine spatial planning in Scotland and illustrate how participatory mapping can generate useful resources on the location and importance of inshore fishing areas.     

我国海洋经济展望与推进对策探讨

本文就我国海洋经济的发展前景和推进对策进行了初步探讨，提出加强宣传教育、健全法规、加强管理、统一规划、海陆一体开发、以市场为导向、重视生态平衡和环境保护、加强基础设施和安全保障建设、实行政策优惠和多渠道融资、坚持对外开放的增进国际合作等对策建议。     

EU marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) and marine spatial planning (MSP): Which is the more dominant and practicable contributor to maritime policy in the UK?

This paper is a comparative analysis of the contribution to UK marine governance of two recent EU initiatives: the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). MSFD imposed a duty on Member States to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in four regional seas, while MSP required Member States to replace their fragmented, sector-based system of maritime decision making with an integrated approach. This paper explains MSFD and MSP, examines their relationship, and compares their practicability, concluding that MSP is both the more dominant and the more practicable instrument, reflecting the UK's preference for sustainable development over conservationism in marine policy. A recent proposal by the European Commission to make MSP and integrated coastal management a Directive reinforces the UK position.     

A roadmap for marine spatial planning: A critical examination of the European Commission's guiding principles based on their application in the Clyde MSP Pilot Project

The European Commission has developed a set of common principles for marine spatial planning in the European Union. A critical examination of these principles in practice is undertaken through an evaluation of the Clyde Marine Spatial Planning Pilot Project. The principles are found to be lacking in specificity and somewhat inconsistent with the ecosystem based approach, which they advocate. Lessons for new marine spatial planning initiatives, relating particularly to stakeholder participation, governance, data requirements, objective setting, and skills and knowledge needs, are derived from the Clyde Pilot.