国家安全地球物理学的若干研究方向

世界多极化和经济全球化是一种必然趋势,和平与发展虽然是主流,但我国国家安全形势不容乐观,同样面临严峻的挑战.与国家安全相关的地球物理学研究领域很广,主要涉及空间物理学、大气物理学、军事海洋学、空间遥感物理与监测和固体地球物理学.在这些领域中存在众多需要解决的问题,本文列举了一系列亟需研究的重要问题.在此基础上,笔者归纳出国家安全地球物理学的若干研究方向是：（1）具有明显或潜在国家安全应用价值的地球物理理论、方法技术研究;（2）国家安全地球物理装备（仪器）设施研究;（3）国家安全地球物理学中的数据处理理论、方法和技术研究;（4）重大国家安全地球物理学问题研究.由于国家安全地球物理学的研究任务多种多样、且各有侧重,如海、陆、空和二炮,都有各自的研究重点,不能一概而论.以二炮部队所涉及的军事地球物理学研究而论,研究方向应包括：（1）军事情报侦测保障中的地球物理问题研究（包括侦测与反侦测）;（2）作战运用与保障（测地、气象、空间天气、遥感）中的地球物理问题研究;（3）与战略导弹部队作战相关的地球物理武器和地球物理战研究;（4）国防工程中的地球物理应用研究.     

地球物理学及地球动力学研究与计算数学

地球物理学是20世纪,特别是在其中叶以后迅速发展起来的一门边缘科学.它以物理学、数学和信息科学为依托,并与地质学、地球化学密切结合;以研究和探索地球内部介质的属性、结构变异和深部物质与能量的交换、深层过程和动力学响应.这在促进社会与经济的发展和科学与技术的进步中占有重要地位,因为大量资源的需求和自然灾害的防范在人类生活和生存空间以及可持续发展中乃核心所在.在研究和探索这一系列的地球科学问题的进程中,首先必须通过地表进行高精度的地球物理探测、观测和高分辨率的数据采集,进而利用不同的数学方法反演计算地球内部介质的精细结构和其物理—力学过程与动力学响应.基于此,本文主要讨论了：1）地球物理学和地球动力学的发展趋势及特点;2）地球物理学的发展对计算数学的需求;3）地球动力学和数值模拟与计算地球物理学.最后对这些问题和基本导向进行了讨论.     

当代地球物理学研究的核心科学问题和发展导向

地球物理学在20世纪的百年中取得了辉煌的成就,也提出了一系列有待研究和探索的科学问题.基于国家战略需求和自主创新的方针,基于国家在金属矿产资源、油气能源、地震与火山灾害和军事与国防的需求和防范,则必须深化研究和认识地球本体.为此,地球内部物质与能量的交换、深层过程和动力学响应已成为21世纪地球科学研究和发展的核心,地球物理学必须造福于人类.     

中国地球物理学研究面临的机遇、发展空间和时代的挑战

在21世纪的今天,中国正处于快速工业化、经济腾飞和科学技术突飞猛进的进程中,地球物理学面临巨大的机遇,展现出多维的发展空间,同时也面临着严峻的挑战.为此,国家战略需求和自主创新已成为中华民族能否独立于世界民族之林的最强音！在这前提下,地球物理学家就必须超越已有的框架,穿过地平线,全方位的研究、探索、揭示、发现地球内部的奥秘.必须清晰地认识到新世纪里地球物理学的发展导向,即地球物理学的前沿领域和深化研究与现代科学技术进步的制约;地球物理学必须牢牢地把握住向高层次的综合研究脉络方能有所发现与突破;地球物理学所面临的机遇、多元发展空间和挑战;地球内部圈层结构与大陆动力学研究的主体内涵和导向.     

简讯

北京地球物理学会于1992年3月25日在中国科学院地球物理研究所召开了每年一度的年会--第4届学术年会。来自首都地球物理学界有关部门各单位的会员代表和学会理事约70人出席了会议。 这次会议的主题是地球物理学的发展与面向问题,会上共宣读17篇学术报告。探讨发展方向的报告有:中国地球物理学发展之若干问题;岩石层研究与地球物理学发展;地球物理学优先资助课题及今后设想;地球物理在医学、农业等方面应用的想法。多数报告介绍了地球物理工作面向国民经济建设所     

中国2000城市地球物理研究战略研讨会简况

介绍了在我国首次召开的城市地球物理战略研讨会，城市地球物理学是地球科学研究领域中的新兴学科，随着世界经济建设水平的不断提高，城市化速度加快，人类的生产活动与自然灾害对城市造成的隐患和危害也越来越大。城市化问题使得传统地球物理学的研究方法、研究对象和研究内容面临着机遇和挑战。     

回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理

回顾了20世纪固体地球物理学的发展历程和对地球科学发展的贡献，阐述了地球物理学在社会发展中的先导作用和地位，并以中国反射地震方法取得巨大成功的实例，说明国民经济建设的巨大需求，是地球物理学发的重要动力。最后，给出了21世纪地球物理学的发展方向和研究重点，强调地球物理学科要与时俱进，改革创新。     

试论军事地球物理学

从地球物理学的历史与现状出发,探讨了建立一门新学科——“军事地球物理学”的目的与意义,进而讨论了军事地球物理学的学科内涵与外延、研究对象与方法、研究任务与发展方向,并重点介绍了地球物理战与地球物理武器,最后就学科的建立与发展提出了几点设想与建议。     

辞海条目选

[固体地球物理学]亦弥“大地物理学”.地球物理学的一门分科.指研究地球起源和演化、内部构造和组成、物理性质以及所发生的各种物理过程的科学.主要分支有地震学、地磁学、重力学、地热学、应用地球物理学(主要研究地球物理勘探方法)和大地构造物理学等学科.[大地物理学]即“固体地球物理学”.[大地构造物理学]固体地球物理学的一个分支,是地球物理学与地质学的边缘学科.主要任务是研究地质构造运动的物理过程、能源以及大陆、山脉、海洋等的形成问题.     

高精度地球物理学是创新未来的必然发展轨迹

地球物理学在整个地球科学研究与探索中占有重要地位,突破该领域以描述、推断为主体的框架,并逐步向量化或半量化前进确为必然.地球物理学逐步向高精度升华乃深化理解各有关科学问题的时代需求.基于物理学概念,从定义出发促使多学科交叉和不断创新,是地球物理学能否抢占地球科学制高点的核心所在.为此,真正意义上的高精度观测、高分辨率的数据采集和精细结构的刻画构成了高精度地球物理学的基石,是深化理解地球科学中有关壳幔形成、演化问题的深层次的内核.本文通过较系统地分析和研究提出,(1)地球科学研究进程中的定性描述和依据于浅表层过程与现象的推断有待突破;(2)夯实与把握基础科学理论是高精度地球物理学捕获真谛的“钥匙”;(3)高精度地球物理学是深化认识地球本体和逼近彼岸的基石.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.