2021年青海玛多MW7.4地震GNSS同震形变场及其断层滑动分布

2021年5月22日青海玛多M_W7.4地震作为发生在巴颜喀拉块体内部的一次强震,再次引起了人们对该地区地震活动性的强烈关注.本文基于震后GNSS流动观测和区域连续GNSS站资料,解算了106个站点的同震形变及其中17个站点的高频形变波形.同震形变场显示玛多地震具有典型的左旋走滑特征,GNSS观测到的最大同震位移达到1.2 m.GNSS与InSAR数据相符度较高,GNSS提供了准确的近场形变信息.基于GNSS同震形变场,本文反演了断层滑动分布,并计算了发震断层上产生的库仑应力变化.结果表明,发震断层的滑动破裂存在多个凹凸体,破裂分段特征明显且出露地表,与野外地表破裂考察和余震分布吻合,主体破裂位于断层面0~10 km的浅部区域,最大滑动量达到4.6 m,地震矩1.63×10²⁰N·m,矩震级为M_W7.4;发震断层上静态库仑应力增加区域与余震分布具有一致性,说明余震主要是由静态库仑应力加载而触发的.     

GNSS约束的2022年泸定M6.8地震滑动分布及同震应力变化

2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生M6.8级强震,震中位于鲜水河断裂东南末端,野外地质调查初步结果显示本次地震并未发现明显的地表破裂迹象.本文基于震后科考GNSS流动观测和震中周边连续站观测资料,解算并提取震中90 km范围内31个测站的静态水平向同震位移.结果显示：GNSS同震形变场空间分布呈现明显的左旋走滑特征,观测到的最大水平向同震位移达23 cm,震中距50 km范围内同震位移量普遍大于1 cm.基于GNSS观测资料反演得到的同震滑动分布显示泸定地震地表破裂主要集中在磨西至田湾之间,主破裂深度2～8 km,最大滑动量～1.96 m,地震矩9.25×10¹⁸N·m,对应矩震级M_W6.6.静态库仑应力结果显示本次地震增强了震源破裂区周边活动断层的库仑应力,并触发了大量余震,余震主要发生在库仑应力增强区域.结合震间闭锁分布、历史地震及库仑应力变化,我们认为未来需要密切关注与磨西断裂交接的安宁河、大凉山断裂以及康定—磨西段的地震危险性.     

1966年邢台强震群震前、 同震和震后断层运动特征分析

在1966年3月邢台强震群水准观测基础上, 本文首先对同震位移和数值模拟结果进行了对比, 认为邢台强震群发震断层浅层是牛家桥阳断层和永福庄断层, 深部发震断层是倾向北西的北东向断层; 然后以区域水准观测为约束, 通过反演给出了邢台强震群震前断层无震滑移、 同震断层位错和震后断层余滑空间分布。 结果表明, 震前显著无震滑移主要发生在3月8日6.8级前震的发震断层上, 而3月20日宁晋7.2级和6.7级地震发震断层深部同震位错相对弱的断层段, 震前也存在较为明显的无震滑移; 震后断层余滑主要分布在束鹿凹陷西侧的牛家桥阳断层。 从邢台强震群过程中断层运动时空演化特征可以看出, 强震破裂成核过程中震前断层无震滑移既可能发生于前震发震断层, 也可能发生于主震发震断层, 震后断层位移空间分布与同震位错具有互补性; 而震前断层无震滑移是否为有关震前前兆的真正原因, 是值得进一步深入研究的问题。     

1976年唐山MS7.8地震同震及现今形变特征

基于1976年唐山M_S7.8地震的同震位移和现今GPS速度结果, 本文分析了该地震的同震破裂参数、 同震应变释放分布及其现今应变积累特征． 对唐山同震位移二维位错解析公式的拟合结果显示, 唐山地震前的断层闭锁深度约为18—23 km, 断层倾角可能介于74°—90°之间, 同震位错量约为3.1—3.4 m． 在同震过程中沿发震断层表现出显著的右旋错动特征, 在发震断层两侧沿NE向表现出左旋应变释放特征． 在本文现有的GPS测站密度和精度情况下, 尚无法识别出现今阶段沿唐山断裂的明显蠕滑特征． 唐山同震应变释放和现今GPS应变率积累结果均显示, 唐山断裂SE侧的剪切形变(速率)量值大于其NW侧, 同震与现今阶段的形变量值相差约1000倍．      

基于GNSS与InSAR约束的九寨沟MS7.0地震滑动模型及其库仑应力研究

2017年8月8日的九寨沟M_S7.0地震发生在岷江断裂、塔藏断裂及虎牙断裂交汇地区,地处青藏高原东北部的川甘交界地区,位于巴颜喀拉地块的东缘,地质构造复杂,对于九寨沟地震震中位置和发震断层的确定,存在不同意见.本文利用GNSS及升降轨InSAR观测,在获取九寨沟地震同震形变场的基础上,基于均匀弹性半无限位错模型,联合反演了发震断层的滑动分布模型,并计算了同震库仑应力变化.InSAR同震形变场显示,视线向最大沉降量和抬升量分别为0.21 m和0.16 m,形变场长轴为NW向,形变主要集中在断层西侧.距震中40 km和65 km的九寨和松潘两县,水平向的GNSS同震位移分别达14.31 mm和8.22 mm.联合GNSS和InSAR同震形变场反演得到的滑动分布主要集中在沿走向5~33 km,倾向2~20 km的范围内,平均滑动量为0.18 m,最大滑动量为0.91 m.发震断层长40 km,宽30 km,走向155°,倾角81°,滑动角-9.56°.同震位移场及滑移分布模型表明此次地震为一次左旋走滑为主的地震事件,地震破裂并未完全到达地表,与虎牙断裂北段的几何产状和运动学性质更为接近,结合精定位余震的分布,我们确定虎牙断裂北段为此次地震的发震断层,震中位于北纬33.25°,东经103.82°,震源深度10.86 km,矩震量为7.754×10¹⁸ Nm,相应的矩震级为M_W6.5,与美国地调局和哈佛大学给出的震源机制解基本一致.同震库仑应力导致了虎牙断裂北段延长线的东北和西南两端应力增强,其中塔藏断裂的罗叉段和马磨段未来强震的危险性值得关注.     

1969年渤海7.4级大震前后的区域地震活动图象

分析与总结了１９６９年渤海Ｍ７．４大震前后地震活动图象特征,包括大震序列的时空分布及前兆地震活动图象特征、大震等距迁移、主要间隔缩短、共轭断层蠕滑、小震成带、诱发前震现象,地震触发响应系数异常十分显著。指出地震相互作用和自组织性为中长期地震预报提供了可能。     

基于形变观测分析2011年日本9.0级地震与断层运动间关系

2011年3月11日日本发生9.0级地震,本文以此次地震的震间、同震和震后形变观测为约束,依据不同时段断层运动空间分布特征分析日本海沟地区强震与断层运动间关系.震间日本海沟地区,断层运动闭锁线深度约为60km,闭锁线以上从深到浅依次为断层运动强闭锁段、无震滑移段和弱闭锁段.由同震位错反演结果,2011年日本9.0级地震同震存在深浅两个滑移极值区,同震较浅的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~50m,深度小于30km)震间为断层弱闭锁段;同震较深的滑移极值区(同震位错量10~20m,深度在40km左右)震间为断层强闭锁段;而在两者之间的过渡带同震位错相对较小,震间断层运动表现为无震滑移.震后初期断层运动主要分布在在闭锁线以上的同震较深滑移极值区,而同震较浅的滑移极值区能量释放比较彻底,断层震后余滑量相对较小.依据本文同震和震间断层运动反演结果,震间强闭锁段积累10m同震位错需要100多年时间,与该区域历史上7级地震活动复发周期相当;震间弱闭锁段积累30~50m同震位错约需要300~600年时间,与相关研究给出的日本海沟9级左右地震复发周期比较一致.在实际孕震能力判定的工作中,由于不同性质的断层段在同震过程中会表现更多的组合形式,断层发震能力判定结果存在更多的不确定性,但利用区域形变观测等资料给出震间断层运动特征的研究工作对于断层强震发震能力的判定具有非常重要的实际意义.     

2011年日本MW9.0地震震后形变机制与震源区总体构造特征

本文利用较为完备的球体位错理论,结合4.5年的震后位移数据,优化了2011年日本M_W9.0地震震源区岩石圈弹性层厚度与地幔黏滞性因子,更新了该强震断层余滑时空演化过程.首先,基于日本列岛215个均匀分布的GPS连续观测站震前2年与震后4.5年的观测数据,提取了2011年日本M_W9.0地震引起的震后位移时空变化;接着,依据断层余滑衰减相对较快的特点,利用黏弹性球体位错理论对震后3~4.5年的GPS观测数据进行反复拟合,确定2011年日本M_W9.0地震震源区地幔黏滞性系数和岩石圈弹性层厚度的最优解分别为6×10¹⁸ Pa·s和30 km;然后,从震后3年内GPS观测数据中剔除地幔黏滞性松弛效应,获取了断层余滑对应的震后位移场;最后,利用基于球体位错理论的反演算法,反演了2011年日本M_W9.0地震断层余滑的时空演化过程.结果表明,2011年日本M_W9.0地震引起的断层余滑在震后半年内变化显著,震后2年主震区域余滑基本停止,断层的两端存在一定的余滑效应,断层余滑的累计矩震级达到8.59;地震后4年,地幔黏滞性松弛效应对震后位移场的贡献在总体上超过断层余滑的贡献.     

汶川地震震前与同震断层滑移的比较分析

本文利用GPS观测的1999-2007年汶川震前3期地表变形数据和2008年汶川同震地表变形数据,结合地震位错理论,通过高斯变换和坐标旋转建立断层模型,运用遗传算法,反演了龙门山断裂带断层震前3期和同震滑动参数。结果表明龙门山断层震前3期平均走滑位移为-5.39mm,倾向位移为2.66mm,与同震断层滑移相比较,发现震前断层的滑移趋势与同震断层滑移一致,均为逆冲兼右旋的挤压运动。比较震前3期逆冲方向的滑移量,发现逆冲滑移有加速的现象。并根据震前和同震的断层滑动量估算了汶川地震复发周期。     

2022年1月8日门源MS6.9地震同震位移场及其发震断层形变破裂特征

利用冷龙岭—托莱山断裂及其附近震前和震后GNSS观测资料,处理获取了2022年门源M_S6.9地震同震位移场,并以此为约束反演获取了地震同震破裂滑动分布图像,基于上述结果探讨了本次地震发震断层形变破裂特征,对比了区域震间与同震变形特征,结果表明：(1)此次地震在距震中约90 km范围内产生了10 mm及以上的同震永久变形,距震中160～200 km的GNSS连续站记录到的同震变形则十分微弱,总体在毫米级以下;(2)同震位移图像呈现典型的左旋走滑型同震变形模式.在距震中约3 km破裂带南侧的测站,其同震位移为近东向,大小445.9±3.3 mm,而在破裂带远场则呈现出典型的与左旋走滑型地震匹配的“四象限”对称分布的挤压或拉张尾端变形特征;(3)同震位移量以冷龙岭断裂—托莱山断裂为界,南北两盘具有明显的非对称性,南盘变形运动大于北盘;(4)托莱山断裂西段同震位移总体表现出随震中距减小而增大的“弹性回跳”现象,但其跨断层近场测站却并不服从上述同震变形特征,指示其并未参与此次地震破裂,考虑到托莱山断裂西段显著的左旋剪切应变能积累背景,其未来强震危险性值得关注.     

Detection of Aseismic Slip on an Inland Fault by Crustal Movement and Groundwater Observations: A Case Study on the Yamasaki Fault, Japan

To understand the detailed process of fault activity, aseismic slip may play a crucial role. Aseismic slip of inland faults in Japan is not well known, except for that related to the Atotsugawa fault. To know whether aseismic slip does not occur, or is merely not detected, is an important question. The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology constructed an observation site near Yasutomi fault, a part of the Yamasaki fault system, and has collected data on the crustal strain field, groundwater pressures, and crustal movement using GPS. In a departure from the long-term trend, a transient change of the crustal strain field lasting a few months was recorded. It indicated the possibility of an aseismic slip event. Furthermore, analyses of data from the extensometers at Yasutomi and Osawa observation vaults of Kyoto University, as well as GPS data from the Geographical Survey Institute (GEONET), revealed unsteady crustal strain changes. All data could be explained by local, left-lateral, aseismic slip of the order of 1 mm in the shallow part of the Yasutomi fault.     

Distribution of postseismic slip on the Calaveras fault,California, following the 1984 M6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake

Repeating earthquakes (REs) are sequences of events that have virtually identical waveforms and are interpreted to represent fault asperities driven to failure by loading from aseismic creep on the surrounding fault surface at depth. To investigate the postseismic deformation after the 1984 M6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake, we identify RE sequences occurring on the central Calaveras fault between 1984 and 2005 using a combination of cross-correlation and spectral coherence techniques. Both the accelerated slip transients due to the earthquake as well as the return to interseismic background creep rates can be imaged from our dataset. A comparison between the regions of the fault that ruptured coseismically and the locations of the REs show that REs preferentially occur in areas adjacent to the coseismic rupture. Using calculated RE-derived subsurface slip distributions at 6 months and 18 months after the mainshock, we predict surface electronic distance meter (EDM) line length changes between stations near the Morgan Hill rupture area. The RE-derived slip model underpredicts a subset of the observed line-length changes. Inclusion of transient aseismic slip below the seismogenic zone is needed to better match the measured surface deformation.     

A viscoelastic relaxation model for post-seismic deformation from the San Francisco earthquake of 1906

We present a realistic model of the San Andreas fault zone. We propose that aseismic ground displacement is a sum of visco-elastic relaxation following large earthquakes, transient fault slip, steady fault slip and a large-scale relative plate motion. We used the model to explain the aseismic ground displacements observed after the San Francisco earthquake of 1906.The data do not resolve the question of which is the dominant mechanism, but viscoelastic relaxation can contribute a significant fraction of the displacement if the elastic plate thickness is 50 km or less. If the relative plate motion is taken to be 5.5 cm/yr, as found from plate rotation pole studies, then the zone of significant shearing in the mantle is probably at least 100 km thick beneath California.     

联合GNSS和InSAR观测位移反演2008年汶川大地震断层位错模型参数

利用现代空间大地测量技术,尤其是卫星合成孔径雷达干涉测量,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的同震和孕震形变,为地震断层形变和破裂机制研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文介绍了利用大地测量观测数据反演地震断层位错模型参数的贝叶斯反演方法。联合运用2008汶川大地震前后GNSS和InSAR技术观测获得的同震位移,反演了地震断层的几何参数和滑动位错分布。研究结果表明,汶川地震的断层滑动主要集中在倾角较陡的浅部,同时包含逆冲和右旋走滑,其中最大逆冲6.1m,最大右旋6.5m。根据断层滑动分布正演计算得到的上盘同震位移明显小于下盘,预示该断层两侧孕震形变可能存在较大的不对称性。     

鲜水河断裂带炉霍段的震后滑动与形变

1973年2月在鲜水河断裂带炉霍段发生了M7.6地震破裂.自那以来,先后在炉霍县虾拉沱布设了若干横跨该地震断层(1973年破裂带)的地壳形变观测系统,包括断层近场的短基线、短水准、蠕变仪、人工构筑物等,以及断层近-远场的GPS观测站.利用这些观测系统的长期观测资料,本文分析了鲜水河断裂带炉霍段的震后滑动/变形及其时、空变化特征,并建立起解释这些特征的动力学模式.研究表明:(1)1973年地震后的头5年,地震断层在虾拉沱场地表现为开放性质,近场的断层震后滑动以无震左旋蠕滑为主,速率达到10.27 mm/a,且伴有微量的拉张性蠕动作用;1979年以来,左旋蠕滑速率由5.3 mm/a逐渐减小到2.27 mm/a,减小的过程呈对数函数型,反映此阶段断层面已逐渐重新耦合、正朝闭锁的方向发展,并伴有部分应变积累.(2)1999年以来,地震断层两侧远场的相对左旋位移/变形速率为10 mm/a,远大于同时期断层近场(跨距40~144 m)的左旋蠕滑速率0.66~2.52 mm/a;远-近场位移/形变速率的显著变化发生在地震断层两侧各宽约30 km的范围,显示出这是与大地震应力应变积累-释放相关的断裂带宽度.(3)结合动力学背景与深部构造信息,本文对这里断层的震后位移/变形及其时、空变化的机理进行初步解释,要点是:震后约5年之后,由于逐渐增大的断层滑动/摩擦阻抗,上地壳脆性层中的断层面由震后初期的开放性质逐渐转向重新耦合、并朝闭锁的方向发展,但其两侧地块深部持续的延性相对运动拖拽着浅部脆性层发生相应的弹性位移/变形.(4)可估计再经历15~25年,研究断裂段将完全"闭锁",即进入积累下一次大地震应力应变的震间闭锁阶段.     

Research Development and Perspective on Slow Slip, Tremors, and Slow Earthquakes

Seismological and geodetic observations indicate that slow slip sometimes occurs in active fault zones beneath the seismogenic depth, and large slow slip can result in transient ground motion. Slow earthquakes, on the other hand, emit tremor-like signals within a narrow frequency band, and usually produce no catastrophic consequences. In general, slow slip and slow earthquakes probably correspond to deformation processes associated with releasing elastic energy in fault zones, and understanding their mechanisms may help improve our understanding of fault zone dynamic processes. This article reviews the research progress on slow slip and slow earthquakes over the last decade. Crustal motion and tremor activities associated with slow slip and slow earthquakes have been investigated extensively, mainly involving locating sources of slow slip and slow earthquakes and numerical modeling of their processes. In the meantime, debates have continued about slow slip and slow earthquakes, such as their origins, relationship, and mechanisms.     

COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENT FIELD OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DERIVED FROM STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND APPLICATION IN SLIP INVERSION

The development of high-rate GNSS seismology and seismic observation methods has provided technical support for acquiring the near-field real-time displacement time series during earthquake. But in practice, the limited number of GNSS continuous stations hardly meets the requirement of near-field quasi-real-time coseismic displacement observation, while the macroseismographs could be an important complement. Compared with high-rate GNSS, macroseismograph has better sensitivity, higher resolution(100~200Hz)and larger dynamic range, and the most importantly, lower cost. However, baseline drift exists in strong-motion data, which limits its widespread use. This paper aims to prove the feasibility and reliability of strong motion data in acquiring seismic displacement sequences, as a supplement to high-rate GNSS. In this study, we have analyzed the strong-motion data of Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake in Longmenshan fault zone, based on the automatic scheme for empirical baseline correction proposed by Wang et al., which fits the uncorrected displacement by polynomial to obtain the fitting parameters, and then the baseline correction is completed in the velocity sequence. Through correction processing and quadratic integration, the static coseismic displacement field and displacement time series are obtained. Comparison of the displacement time series from the strong motions with the result of high-rate GPS shows a good coincidence. We have worked out the coseismic displacement field in the large area of Wenchuan earthquake using GPS data and strong motion data. The coseismic displacement fields calculated from GPS and strong motions are consistent with each other in terms of magnitude, direction and distribution patterns. High-precision coseismic deformation can provide better data constraint for fault slip inversion. To verify the influence of strong-motion data on slip distribution in Wenchuan earthquake, we used strong motion, GPS and InSAR data to estimate the stress drop, moment magnitude and coseismic slip model, and our results agreed with those of the previous studies. In addition, the inversion results of different data are different and complementary to some extent. The use of strong-motion data supplements the slip of the fault in the 180km segment and the 270~300km segment, thus making the inversion results of fault slip more comprehensive. From this result, we can draw the following conclusions:1)Based on the robust baseline correction method, the use of strong motion data, as an important complement to high-rate GNSS, can obtain reliable surface displacement after the earthquake. 2)The strong motion data provide an effective method to study the coseismic displacement sequence, the surface rupture process and quick seismogenic parameters acquisition. 3)The combination of multiple data can significantly improve the data coverage and give play to the advantages of different data. Therefore, it is suggested to combine multiple data(GPS, strong motion, InSAR, etc.)for joint inversion to improve the stability of fault slip model.     

Mechanism on Moho offset induced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults

Recent high-resolution deep seismic reflection profile across the Kunlun fault in northeastern Tibet shows clearly that the Moho is cut off by a complex thrust fault system. Moho offset is a general phenomenon, but little is known about the dynamic mechanism. In this study, contact models with Maxwell materials are used to simulate the mechanical process of Moho offset induced by the aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. Based on the seismic reflection data, we project a single fault model and a complex fault system model with two faults intersecting. The deformations of the Moho, the aseismic slips, and contact stresses on faults in different models are discussed in detail. Results show that the Moho offset might be produced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults, and the magnitude is influenced by the friction coefficient of faults and the viscosity of the lower crust. The maximum slip occurs near the Moho on the single fault or at the crossing point of two intersecting faults system. Stress concentrates mainly on the Moho, the deep end of faults, or the crossing point. This study will throw light on understanding the mechanism of Moho offset and aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. The results of complex fault system with two faults intersecting are also useful to understand the shallow intersecting faults that may cause earthquakes.     

中小地震三维形变场重构方法研究与同震滑动分布反演——以2016年5月22日定日MW5.3地震为例

地震三维形变场对于研究地震发震机制等具有重要意义。 已有的InSAR三维形变场重构研究中, 只有中强地震的实例。 由于形变量级小、 InSAR方位向形变的误差较大, 中小地震的三维形变场重构易受噪声等影响。 本文以2016年5月22日西藏定日M_W5.3地震为例, 开展中小地震三维形变场重构的尝试。 首先基于InSAR技术获取了Sentinel-1升轨和降轨观测模式下的同震形变场, 再结合同震形变场的特点、 区域构造特征等, 添加限定方程(走滑运动为0), 重构了同震三维形变场。 结果显示, 震中附近以下降为主, 幅度达7 cm, 南北方向形变较小(约2 mm), 此区域还伴有2 cm的西向水平运动; 形变中心区域东西两侧部分区域均出现少许东向运动(1.5 cm)。 由同震形变场特征判断此次地震以正断破裂为主。 本文提出了基于连续性分层采样选取样本点方法, 以适应本地震形变场的实际情况。 对所得的LOS向位移场和重构的三维形变场进行降采样, 反演得到了断层面上的滑动分布, 两种数据得到的结果相似, 最优发震断层的走向约181°, 倾角约45°, 断层错动平均滑动角约-87.1°, 平均滑动量约为3.6 cm, 最大滑动量位于深度6.5 km处, 相当于一次M_W5.4的地震。