含天然气水合物储层衰减岩石物理研究进展

衰减是储层的重要基础物性,正确认识天然气水合物储层的吸收衰减机制对于准确预测水合物饱和度具有重要意义.天然气水合物以不同形态赋存在粗粒砂岩或细粒黏土质沉积物中,而这两种水合物储层对应的衰减特征存在显著差异.为了阐明其内部的衰减机理,近年来学者们提出了多种岩石物理模型.其中,砂岩水合物层的衰减模型大致有两类,其中一类以三相Biot理论为基础,模型中包含多种描述水合物颗粒与砂岩颗粒间接触作用的衰减机制,如颗粒胶结、摩擦、微裂隙导致的喷射流等.这类模型可以较合理地再现实际声波测井资料中衰减随水合物饱和度增加而增加的情况,但在地震频段无法产生有效的衰减强度.另一类模型的衰减主要以等效颗粒模型所描述的水合物内部孔隙水与自由孔隙水之间的交换作用为主导,其能够解释砂岩水合物在地震频段的衰减现象.黏土质沉积物中的水合物衰减研究则是首先基于等效颗粒模型模拟黏土矿物附着水的衰减机制建立背景沉积物的衰减模型;接着在其基础上通过量化纯水合物的物性和水合物赋存对背景沉积物性质的改变来完成建模.该模型也已成功应用于地震频段的反射地震资料中.以上衰减模型的提出使水合物的衰减研究取得了实质性进展,使研究人员能够定量化...     

裂隙充填型天然气水合物的各向异性分析及饱和度估算——以印度东海岸NGHP01-10D井为例

沿裂隙发育的天然气水合物是印度深水盆地细粒沉积物中水合物的重要产出方式,水合物以结核状或脉状充填在高角度裂隙中.天然气水合物主要沿着构造主应力方向生成,由于裂隙的存在,含水合物的沉积物层呈现各向异性.利用孔隙介质中水合物呈均匀分布的速度模型计算的NGHP01-10D井水合物饱和度高达40%,而压力取芯表明水合物饱和度占孔隙空间的20%左右.为了研究水合物饱和度差异,基于层状介质的各向异性模型计算了裂隙充填型水合物的饱和度.在垂直井孔中,由于波入射角与裂隙倾角有关,考虑裂隙倾角变化,利用纵波和横波速度同时反演水合物饱和度和裂隙倾角.利用层状介质模型计算的水合物占孔隙空间的15%～25%,裂隙的倾角在60°～90°,多为高角度裂隙.在NGHP01-10D井中,纵横波速度联合计算的饱和度与压力取芯结果吻合更好.     

LD10区高温高压气藏电阻拟合声波曲线方法研究

莺歌海盆地经过多年的投入已经从浅层常温常压勘探逐渐向中深层高温高压勘探发展.2015年在莺歌海盆地LD10区中深层钻探W1、W2两口井证实目的层为优质含气砂岩.但是受高温高压影响,严重制约了钻井工程中的测试需求,两口井在目的层段均未测到声波时差测井曲线.这就导致无法通过井震标定来准确的获取时深关系,高温高压情况下目的层含气砂体对应的地震响应是波峰还是波谷存在争议.宏观上对LD10区速度展布规律研究发现,LD10区的电阻率、地层速度及压力均与泥岩欠压实有关系,以此为依据建立了电阻率曲线拟合声波曲线的技术路线.分别利用电阻率曲线拟合W1、W2井目的层段的声波时差曲线进行井震标定,结果显示曲线的拼接段合理且井震匹配程度高.证实受高温高压影响,气层顶面为波峰地震响应,与传统含气砂体低速低密表现为波谷的特征完全不同.成果为LD10区进一步的钻井提供指导,后续的实钻井也不断证实应用电阻率曲线拟合声波曲线方法合理可靠.     

裂隙充填型天然气水合物储层的各向异性饱和度新估算及其裂隙定量评价

天然气水合物有时会以结核状、层状、脉状或块状等裂隙形态发育在深水盆地的细粒泥质沉积物中,该类型天然气水合物被称为裂隙充填型.与孔隙充填型不同,裂隙充填型天然气水合物储层由于裂隙的出现,在测井速度、电阻率和地震数据上会呈现明显的各向异性特征.本文利用细层层状介质模型和有效介质理论(EMT)新估算出印度克里希纳—戈达瓦里(K-G)盆地NGHP-01-10A和10D孔裂隙充填型水合物储层的各向异性饱和度,纵波(V_p)和垂直极化横波(V_(sv))测井速度估算的平均饱和约为20%,明显优于水平极化横波(V_(sh))估算结果,且与压力取心估算结果更为一致.倾角随深度变化曲线和不同角度估算的水合物饱和度结果都表明10A孔浅部以高倾角裂隙为主,深部出现低倾角裂隙;10D孔以垂直裂隙为主,这说明两口相距10 m的孔中裂隙在空间上延伸长度较小;而10B-08Y岩心的X射线成像定量评价结果显示水平裂隙倾角位于0°～21°,高倾角裂隙倾角位于68°～89°,裂隙尺度为厘米级,最大高度、宽度和纵横比分别为27.66 cm、6.71 cm和170.此外,水合物饱和度估算的影响因素分析表明,地层岩性和方程计算参数对饱和度估算的准确与否至关重要,与简化三相方程相比,有效介质理论计算参数的物理意义明确,参数选择简易,因此计算也更为准确与便捷.     

含孔隙、裂隙地层随钻多极子声波测井理论

储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙与裂隙,对钻井中的测井声波产生重要影响.基于孔、裂隙介质弹性波理论,导出了随钻声波测井的井孔声场表达式.据此考察了地层裂隙密度与含气饱和度的变化时井孔内随钻多极子模式波（斯通利波、弯曲波和螺旋波）的速度、衰减与灵敏度以及地层纵、横波的响应特征.裂隙密度与含气饱和度对模式波的速度频散与衰减都有影响,且两参数的值越大,影响越大.具体来说,速度对裂隙密度更敏感,而衰减对含气饱和度更敏感.具有"艾里相"特征的随钻偶极和四极子波在地层含气时产生强烈衰减,可以作为判断地层含气的一个明显指示.理论模拟与实际测井数据分析结果符合较好.     

三电阻率覆盖法直观识别油、水层

本文论述三电阻率覆盖法,采用测量的地层电阻率与计算的水层电阻率和油层临界电阻率覆盖,提高了直观识别砂-泥岩剖面油、水层的准确性。 油田应用实例指出,三电阻率覆盖法能够有效地直观识别砂岩和泥质砂岩油、水层,计算油层有效含水饱和度,同时还能够有效地直观识别钙质砂岩地层。     

致密砂岩衰减岩石物理图板分析:储层微裂隙预测

致密砂岩储层普遍具有孔隙度低、微裂隙发育的特点,岩石内部常含有强烈的结构非均质性.致密砂岩发育的微裂隙使储层具有良好的连通性,促成高饱和气的天然气成藏.针对川西某探区须家河组高含气饱和度致密砂岩,本文选取致密砂岩岩心样本,进行了不同围压下的超声波实验测量.考虑储层完全饱气情况下的粒间孔隙、微裂隙双重孔隙结构,采用Biot-Rayleigh双重孔隙方程,构建致密砂岩岩石物理模型,进而分析了裂隙含量对纵波频散和衰减的影响.基于地震波衰减,构建了致密砂岩多尺度岩石物理图板.采用谱比法和改进频移法估算致密砂岩样本及储层衰减,对超声和地震频带下的图板进行校正.将校正后的图板应用到研究工区,选取二维测线和三维区块,进行储层孔隙度和裂隙含量的定量预测.对比实际资料进行分析,结果显示,本文预测的孔隙度和裂隙含量与三口测井的孔隙度曲线和实际产气情况基本吻合,基于孔隙-裂隙衰减岩石物理模型有效地预测了优质储层的分布区域.     

含裂隙储层中的天然气水合物分布:来自地震各向异性测量的启示

不同的天然气水合物分布对储层地震性质的影响存在显著差异,深入认识储层中的水合物分布,对基于地震性质定量评价水合物资源具有重要意义.然而,目前对含裂隙储层中水合物分布的认识仍然严重不足.为此,文章设计并开展了针对性岩石物理实验,测量了含硬币状定向裂隙岩石在水合物生成过程中的各向异性速度,并进一步分析了不同水合物饱和度条件下裂隙中的水合物分布,及其对各向异性速度和各向异性参数的影响.实验结果表明:随着水合物饱和度的增加,各向异性速度均呈现出整体增加的趋势;当水合物饱和度大于10%时,各向异性速度的增加幅度变得更大,且各向异性速度间的增加速率也表现出强烈差异,具体表现为,垂直于层理面与裂隙面传播的纵波速度和偏振方向垂直于层理面的横波速度分别比其他纵波和横波速度增加得更快.对各向异性结果的深入解释表明:在水合物饱和度小于10%时,水合物可能倾向于黏结在裂隙表面的矿物颗粒上,而当水合物饱和度大于10%时,以黏结矿物颗粒分布的水合物演化为连接裂隙上下表面的桥接分布.研究结果提出了对含裂隙储层水合物分布及其对各向异性地震性质影响的新认识,为含裂隙水合物储层的定量评价提供了重要依据.     

致密砂岩储层流体参数核磁共振实验研究

利用核磁共振技术对致密砂岩储层岩心流体参数进行研究,简述致密砂岩储层流体参数核磁共振测量原理及计算岩心流体参数方法。实验确定了岩心流体动用参数T2截止值方法,进行了可动流体致密砂岩储层分类评价研究。油田矿场核磁共振测量岩心含油饱和度、可动流体饱和度,并对可动流体饱和度、含油饱和度识别油水层方法进行研究。表明:实验测定红河区块岩心T2截止值为4.06ms,利用致密砂岩储层岩心可动流体等级划分标准,对致密砂岩储层岩心单井及不同层位、多井之间进行储层比较分类评价。油田矿场核磁共振技术测量计算的含油饱和度结果与常规方法测量的含油饱和度结果对比,表明油田矿场核磁测量含油饱和度是可行且可靠的。岩心含油饱和度与可动流体饱和度比值大小可识别油水层。      

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分解的测井异常

南海北部神狐海域GMGS-1钻探揭示SH3井天然气水合物位于稳定带上部,厚度约为10 m.氯离子异常计算的水合物饱和度最高达26%,高水合物饱和度层出现高电阻率和低纵波速度.为分析该低纵波速度异常,本文基于简化的三相介质理论计算了饱和水纵波速度,在深度195 m附近,测量的纵波速度小于饱和水纵波速度.利用阿尔奇公式,基于原位温度、盐度、密度孔隙度和测量的电阻率,利用交会分析确定了该井的阿尔奇常数为a=1.1和m=2.3.基于该参数,利用阿尔奇方程计算的水合物饱和度占孔隙空间5%~20%,局部地层水合物饱和度达26.8%,在垂向上分布不均匀.由于钻探可能导致水合物发生分解而产生游离气,原位游离气和水合物分解产生的气体都能造成低纵波速度异常.由于地震资料采集在测井之前完成,利用不同速度制作合成地震记录并与地震资料进行对比,能够确定水合物稳定带上部的低速异常形成原因.     

海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析

随着水合物含量的增加,往往会引起纵、横波速度的增加,同时也会引起衰减的变化.针对含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析,有助于水合物含量的估计.本文以有效介质理论模型(EMT)为基础,研究了海洋未固结含水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度的非线性变化趋势.同时采用BISQ模型替代有效介质模型中的Gassmann方程,具体分析了全频带范围内海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征.采用该模型,速度与衰减均随着水合物含量的增加而增加,且岩石孔隙度与泥质含量对衰减系数的影响较小.针对大洋钻探计划(ODP)164航次的实际数据,运用该模型方程计算采用声波测井数据(20kHz)与VSP数据(100Hz),分别获取了水合物稳定带的饱和度数据,平均在5%~7%之间,由于速度频散的影响,VSP估算结果要弱低于声波测井估算数据,均与实测保压取芯的甲烷含量数据、他人研究成果以及神经网络趋势预测结果均有着较好的一致性.对南海神狐海域三口钻位开展了水合物含量预测,与保压取芯结果有着较好的吻合关系.同时基于层剥离法提取该区域某地震测线BSR层的等效Q值,采用本文方法估算了该区域的等效天然气水合物含量15%~30%.数值模拟与实际应用结果表明:含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征均随着水合物含量的变化而变化,联合利用这一些变化特征,有助于天然气水合物含量的估计.     

Geomorphological-geological-geophysical signatures of high-flux fluid flows in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin and effects on gas hydrate accumulation

Marine hydrate reservoirs can be divided into focused high-flux and distributed low-flux gas hydrate systems according to free gas migration control mechanisms. In focused high-flux hydrate reservoirs, fluids easily break through the pressure of overlying sediments and reach the shallows, creating a series of geomorphological-geological-geophysical anomalies at and near the seafloor. Based on detailed interpretation of pre-drilling data in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), many anomalies related to the high-flux fluid flow are found, including seafloor mounds with intrusive characteristics, bright spot reflections above the bottom-stimulating reflector (BSR), phase reversals in the superficial layer, and an efficient fluid migration and accumulation system composed of fractures and uplifts. The second hydrate drilling expedition was carried out in the eastern PRMB in 2013 to study these anomalies. The acquired data show that high-flux fluid flow occurred in these sites. Gas hydrate pingoes, bright spot reflection above the BSR, and an efficient fluid migration and accumulation system can be used as identification signatures for high-flux fluid migration. The modes of high flux fluid flow are different in deep and shallow sediments during upward migration of fluid. Gas dissolved within migrating water dominates deep fluid migration and upward migration of a separate gas phase dominates the shallow process. This difference in migration models leads to formation of upper and lower concentrated hydrate reservoirs in the drilling area. The discovery of signatures of high-flux fluid flow and their migration modes will help with site selection and reduce risk in gas hydrate drilling.     

Azimuthal anisotropy analysis of walkaround vertical seismic profiling vertical seismic profiling: a case study from Saudi Arabia

Understanding fracture orientations is important for optimal field development of fractured reservoirs because fractures can act as conduits for fluid flow. This is especially true for unconventional reservoirs (e.g., tight gas sands and shale gas). Using walkaround Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology presents a unique opportunity to identify seismic azimuthal anisotropy for use in mapping potential fracture zones and their orientation around a borehole. Saudi Aramco recently completed the acquisition, processing and analysis of a walkaround VSP survey through an unconventional tight gas sand reservoir to help characterize fractures. In this paper, we present the results of the seismic azimuthal anisotropy analysis using seismic traveltime, shear‐wave splitting and amplitude attenuation. The azimuthal anisotropy results are compared to the fracture orientations derived from dipole sonic and image logs. The image log interpretation suggests that an orthorhombic fracture system is present. VSP data show that the P‐wave traveltime anisotropy direction is NE to SW. This is consistent with the cemented fractures from the image log interpretation. The seismic amplitude attenuation anisotropy direction is NW to SE. This is consistent with one of the two orientations obtained using transverse to radial amplitude ratio analysis, with the dipole sonic and with open fracture directions interpreted from image log data.     

Ultrasonic attenuation of pure tetrahydrofuran hydrate

Improved estimates of the amount of subsurface gas hydrates are needed for natural resource, geohazard, and climate impact assessments. To evaluate gas hydrate saturation from seismic methods, the properties of pure gas hydrates need to be known. Whereas the properties of sediments, specifically sands, and hydrate‐bearing sediments are well studied, the properties of pure hydrates are largely unknown. Hence, we present laboratory ultrasonic P‐wave velocity and attenuation measurements on pure tetrahydrofuran hydrates as they form with reducing temperatures from 25°C to 1°C under atmospheric pressure conditions. Tetrahydrofuran hydrates, with structure II symmetry, are considered as proxies for the structure I methane hydrates because both have similar effects on elastic properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments. We find that although velocity increased, the waveform frequency content and amplitude decreased after the hydrate formation reaction was complete, indicating an increase in P‐wave attenuation after hydrate formation. When the tetrahydrofuran hydrate was cooled below the freezing point of water, velocity and quality factor increased. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance results indicate the presence of water in the “pure hydrate” samples above the water freezing point, but none below. The presence of liquid water between hydrate grains most likely causes heightened attenuation in tetrahydrofuran hydrates above the freezing point of water. In naturally occurring hydrates, a similarly high attenuation might relate to the presence of water.     

流体分布对松散介质中P波速度和衰减的影响

为了深入研究流体对岩石中弹性波速度和衰减的影响,必须考虑到流体的分布和粘性。引入气体包裹体模型来研究粘性流体的分布对松散介质中P波速度和衰减的影响,用气泡平均半径来描述流体分布的不均匀性,计算了不同气泡半径和频率下P波速度和衰减随饱和度变化的曲线,并与有效流体模型作了比较,由于流体喷流的存在会使Gassmann方程在高频下不适用,用干燥和饱和流体的P波、S波速度修正了理论曲线。测量了玻璃微珠中不同水饱和度下高频P波的速度和衰减,并尝试用峰值频率来计算衰减。此方法求出的Q和频谱比法求出的Q在干燥或饱和水时基本相同,随饱和度的变化规律也基本一致,但衰减峰的大小有差异。根据实测值得似事经修正的波速和衰减理论曲线从而估算出气泡平均半径,认为P波速度和衰减不仅与饱和度有关而且也与介质内部气体－液体压力平衡有关。     

Geochemistry and genesis of authigenic pyrite from gas hydrate accumulation system in the Qilian Mountain permafrost,Qinghai, northwest China

A type of authigenic pyrites that fully fill or semi-fill the rock fractures of drillholes with gas hydrate anomalies are found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost; this type of pyrite is known as “fracture-filling” pyrite. The occurrence of “fracture-filling” pyrite has a certain similarity with that of the hydrate found in this region, and the pyrite is generally concentrated in the lower part of the hydrate layer or the hydrate anomaly layer. The morphology, trace elements, rare earth elements, and sulfur isotope analyses of samples from drillhole DK-6 indicate that the “fracture-filling” pyrites are dominated by cubic ones mainly aligned in a step-like fashion along the surfaces of rock fractures and are associated with a circular structure, lower Co/Ni and Sr/Ba, lower ΣREE, higher LREE, significant Eu negative anomalies, and Δ³⁴S_CDT positive bias. In terms of the pyrites’ unique crystal morphology and geochemical characteristics and their relationship with the hydrate layers or abnormal layers, they are closely related with the accumulation system of the gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. As climate change is an important factor in affecting the stability of the gas hydrate, formation of fracture-filling pyrites is most likely closely related to the secondary change of the metastable gas hydrate under the regional climate warming. The distribution intensity of these pyrites indicates that when the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is narrowing, the hydrate decomposition at the bottom of the GHSZ is stronger than that at the top of the GHSZ, whereas the hydrate decomposition within the GHSZ is relatively weak. Thus, the zone between the shallowest and the deepest distribution of the fracture-filling pyrite recorded the largest possible original GHSZ.     

Distribution of gas hydrate in fractured reservoirs: Insights from anisotropic seismic measurements

Seismic properties of hydrate-bearing reservoirs that are affected significantly by the hydrate distribution are key for quantitative assessment of the reservoir. The knowledge of hydrate distribution in fractured reservoirs remains poorly understood. To obtain such knowledge, we measured and analyzed five anisotropic velocities needed to fully characterize the seismic anisotropy in an artificial sandstone with aligned fractures during hydrate formation associated with varying distribution. We showed that while the formation of hydrate improved the velocities, the improvement was more significant for hydrate saturation above 10%. We also showed that the increasing trends varied among the anisotropic velocities when hydrate saturation was above 10%. Specifically, the compressional wave velocity travelling vertical to the bedding plane and the shear wave velocity with polarization perpendicular to the bedding plane increased more rapidly than the other compressional and shear wave velocities, respectively. Interpretation of the anisotropic seismic results suggested that the hydrate tends to bind to the grains in the fractures at low hydrate saturation, and becomes to bridge the fracture surfaces when the hydrate saturation exceeds 10%. The results have provided new insights into the hydrate distribution and its resulting anisotropic seismic properties in fractured reservoirs. This will pave the way for the successful assessment of hydrate in fractured reservoirs.     

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model --Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model-dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and freewater), in consid-eration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.     

油水两相渗流多孔介质弹性波传播动力学模型研究

弹性波在储层渗流场中的传播与衰减规律是研究波场强化采油动力学机理的重要基础.基于等效流体理论和饱和静态流体弹性波传播Biot理论,建立油水两非混相流体渗流条件下储层多孔介质中弹性波传播的动力学模型,通过算例求解与分析,发现含油水两相渗流储层多孔介质中同时存在着3种纵波P1、P2、P3和1种横波S;受频率和含水饱和度的影响,各波波速和品质因子呈现出不同变化规律,4种体波波速与频率、饱和度正相关,P1、P2波品质因子与饱和度正相关,P3和S波品质因子与饱和度负相关;最后,通过与传统静态弹性波模型结果对比,进一步分析了宏观渗流场对弹性波传播特征的影响规律,为揭示低频人工地震波辅助强化采油技术的动力学机理和工艺参数优化提供了重要理论依据.     

Modulus defect,velocity dispersion and attenuation in partially-saturated reservoirs of Jurassic sandstone,Indus Basin,Pakistan

Partially saturated reservoirs are one of the major sources of seismic wave attenuation, modulus defect and velocity dispersion in real seismic data. The main attenuation and dispersion phenomenon is wave induced fluid flow due to the heterogeneity in pore fluids or porous rock. The identification of pore fluid type, saturation and distribution pattern within the pore space is of great significance as several seismic and petrophysical properties of porous rocks are largely affected by fluid type, saturation and fluid distribution pattern. Based on Gassmann-Wood and Gassmann- Hill rock physics models modulus defect, velocity dispersion and attenuation in Jurassic siliclastic partially-saturated rocks are studied. For this purpose two saturation patterns - uniform and patchy - are considered within the pore spaces in two frequency regimes i.e., lower frequency and higher frequency. The results reveal that at low enough frequency where saturation of liquid and gas is uniform, the seismic velocity and bulk modulus are lower than at higher frequency where saturation of fluid mixture is in the form of patches. The velocity dispersion and attenuation is also modeled at different levels of gas saturation. It is found that the maximum attenuation and velocity dispersion is at low gas saturation. Therefore, the dispersion and attenuation can provide a potential way to predict gas saturation and can be used as a property to differentiate low from high gas saturation.