声反射成像测井弹性波逆时偏移方法对比研究

声反射成像测井中的声波逆时偏移算法在处理单分量偶极横波反射资料时可获得高精度成像结果,而面对单极声源中的多波多分量弹性波反射资料时,由于其包含PP、PS、SP和SS等多种波型分量,基于声波方程的逆时偏移处理结果中出现单反射界面对应多同相轴的偏移假象.首先在声反射成像测井中实现了纵横波耦合弹性波逆时偏移和基于Helmho...     

利用多波地震与测井数据联合反演预测煤岩的坚固性

基于煤岩的坚固性、变形模量以及纵、横波速度之间的岩石力学规律,提出用多波地震与测井数据的联合反演定量化预测煤岩的坚固性.根据煤田三维三分量地震采集的特点,建立了PP波与PS波平均入射角部分叠加道集的井约束反演流程;利用煤岩的坚固性系数与变形模量之间的换算关系对目标煤层的坚固性系数空间变化规律进行预测,并划分可能发生煤与...     

基于角弹性参数的多波地震储层预测方法

弹性参数作为反映岩石弹性性质的参数,在储层预测中具有重要作用.常规弹性参数的构建主要基于PP波地震信息.PP波与PS波地震振幅因其携带的信息不同,对岩性与流体的敏感性也不同.本文提出联合利用PP波与PS波弹性阻抗以及角度信息构建角弹性参数来预测有利储层.首先,对常规PS波弹性阻抗方程进行重新推导,使得PS波弹性阻抗取值的数量级不随角度变化且能够与PP波弹性阻抗具备形式上的匹配;其次,根据常规弹性参数构建公式,采用PP波弹性阻抗、PS波弹性阻抗替代纵波阻抗、横波阻抗,提出角弹性参数的概念及构建公式,从而将角度信息引入到弹性参数的构建中;最后,在PP波与PS波弹性阻抗反演的基础上构建得到对储层敏感性较强的角弹性参数,利用角弹性参数的取值特征预测有利储层.模型与实际资料测试均表明角弹性参数具备较高的储层敏感性.     

三分量地震勘探中纵横波时间匹配

纵横波匹配是纵、横波联合反演的基础和关键.本文提出了纵横波时间匹配的方法,主要利用纵横波速度比进行时间匹配,针对开发小层单元,对实际纵波资料提出了采用放大比例尺分频层位解释方法,保证拾取的精度误差在1 ms之内,转换波资料解释主要参考纵波层位与井合成地震记录相结合.同时最终利用标志层和井相结合的精细匹配方法使喇嘛甸工区纵波和转换波达到精细匹配,在此基础上进行纵横波联合反演并取得较好的效果.     

多波高斯束叠前深度偏移速度分析(英文)

多分量地震资料叠前深度偏移技术可以对地下复杂地质构造进行更准确的成像,精确成像的前提是获取准确的纵横波偏移速度。本文采用高斯束偏移方法对多波地震数据进行偏移速度分析,首先分别给出纵波和转换波共偏移距域高斯束叠前深度偏移方法原理,在此基础上抽取纵波和转换波偏移距域共成像点道集;然后根据共成像点道集拉平准则,分别对纵波和横波速度进行更新;当两种波成像深度不一致时,对纵波和转换波成像剖面进行深度匹配,完成高精度的纵横波偏移速度分析。模型数据和实际资料试算表明,该方法是一种有效的多波偏移速度分析方法。     

矢量分离纵横波场的弹性波逆时偏移

弹性波逆时偏移是当前多分量地震资料相对准确的偏移算法,它能够形成多波模式的成像剖面,从而减少纵波勘探的多解性.本文首先依据各向同性介质中矢量分离纵横波场的速度-应力方程组,利用高阶交错网格有限差分数值方法求解弹性波方程,进而构建矢量的纵波和横波波场,不同于散度和旋度算子分离纵横波场的传统方法,文中提出的矢量分离纵横波场方法保持了原始波场的振幅和相位特征.文中也提出将震源归一化的内积成像条件应用于分离后的纯纵波和横波矢量场,由此得到的转换波成像避免了传统弹性波成像方法中出现的极性反转.水平层状和复杂构造模型测试表明,文中提出的基于矢量分离纵横波场的弹性波逆时偏移方法成像精度高,转换波成像PS和SP极性无反转,所形成的多种模式纯波剖面能够准确地对复杂地下构造成像.     

PS波合成记录制作方法分析及应用

多波多分量地震资料解释工作要开展好,确定PS波地震剖面上的地质层位是致关重要的内容之一.实际多波勘探工区中VSP资料常常不充足,甚至缺乏,此时借助PS波合成记录进行PS波层位标定是标定PS波层位的有效方法.为了在实际多波资料解释工作中确定好PS波地震剖面上的地质层位,对中心角度法、角道集叠加法、偏移距道集叠加法、递推法、波动方程正演及伪转换横波反射系数法6种PS波合成记录方法的原理进行了分析.依据研究区的实际地质情况建立了理论模型,对比了6种方法合成PS波记录的效果,表明各种方法合成的PS波记录的波组波系特征相似,只有少许同相轴有能量、波形差异.在实际PS波资料层位标定工作中对6种方法进行了应用研究,表明波动方程正演法、偏移距道集叠加法计算慢,不便于在层位标定工作中使用.递推法、伪转换横波反射系数法速度最快,但振幅近似精度略差.中心角度法、角道集叠加法计算速度和精度都较适应在PS波剖面层位标定工作中使用,并对研究区实际PS波资料进行了较好的标定.同时也提出了在PS波层位标定工作中发展PS波合成记录方法的一些建议,以期PS波井震资料能匹配得更好.     

二维各向异性多波高斯束叠前深度偏移

基于多分量地震资料的深度偏移能够更加充分的利用地震记录上的多波信息,而且地下介质中广泛的存在各向异性,本文提出了一种有效的适用于二维各向异性介质的多波高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.首先基于各向异性射线追踪理论,导出了适用于二维各向异性介质的射线追踪方程组,实现了二维各向异性介质中P波和S波的射线追踪.其次将各向异性射线追踪理论引入到高斯束偏移方法中,分别给出适用于二维各向异性介质的PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法.本文成像方法充分考虑各向异性因素对地震波场的影响,能够对存在各向异性介质的地下构造准确偏移归位.通过对不同各向异性介质的数值模型进行PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像测试分析表明,本文方法是一种准确有效的适应于各向异性介质条件的多波叠前深度偏移成像算法.     

三分量数字检波器在ZY油田应用效果分析

在水平分量的炮集记录中,数字三分量检波器直达波的椭圆率明显呈现出线性偏振的形态,并具有较高的分辨率,而模拟三分量检波器直达波的线性偏振不清晰,抗干扰能力差.在频谱分析和能量曲线分析的对比中,数字检波器的性能也高于模拟检波器.在PP波弱波阻抗界面的沙河组沙三12段,PS波表现出强反射界面,而且构造幅度比PP波剖面明显.在PS波剖面上,剖面深处两边的构造联系清晰可见,而在PP波剖面上很难解释剖面两边构造之间的关系,表明PS波资料对深层界面的成像能力有时不比PP波能力差,多分量资料在构造勘探上具有互补性.在沙四层底钻遇气层的马62井和马11井的测线CDP位置上,PP波和PS波的振幅比剖面上表现出低振幅比异常区,与钻井结果吻合.用多分量衰减系数或衰减比剖面,能够识别砂岩含气/水产生所产生的高频衰减异常.多分量地震属性及其比值剖面是储层含气异常指示的有效参数.     

基于Russell近似的纵横波联合反演方法研究

PP波和PS波联合反演方法作为有效的地震技术,比单纯纵波反演精度要高,能够提高地震储层识别的精度.以Russell近似理论为基础,推导了新的转换波AVO近似公式,双层模型界面的反射特征数值模拟显示,新公式具有较高的近似精度,且具备直接反演流体因子f、剪切模量μ和密度ρ等参数的优势,有效避免间接反演带来的误差.结合纵横波联合反演理论,提出了基于贝叶斯理论的新型联合反演算法.在实际应用中,对纵波和转换波角道集进行同相轴匹配处理,综合利用纵波和转换波资料携带的信息,实现基于Russell近似的多波联合反演.模型数据和实际资料测试结果表明,反演结果与真实值或测井结果匹配度较高,证实该方法真实有效.     

Multiwave velocity analysis based on Gaussian beam prestack depth migration

Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offset-domain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis.     

叠前纵波和转换波地震资料Q值提取及反Q滤波(英文)

纵波和转换波联合的多波地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气勘探的有效技术,提高转换波的分辨率是其关键问题之一。影响转换波分辨率的主要原因是地层对地震波的吸收,有效地计算地层Q值、消除地层吸收对转换波传播的影响,是提高转换波分辨率的关键。本文提出了从叠前转换波道集中估算横波Q值的方法,并利用沿射线路径的波场延拓,将一种稳定有效的反Q滤波方法应用到叠前共炮点纵波和转换波道集的衰减补偿中。模型资料结果表明,本文提出的估算转换横波Q值的方法精度较高;模型资料和实际资料的吸收补偿结果表明,此稳定全反Q滤波能有效地提高叠前纵波和转换波资料的分辨率。     

Elastic reverse-time migration based on amplitude-preserving P- and S-wave separation

Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector Pand S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.     

SEPARATION OF P- AND S-WAVES*

In combined P- and SV-observations with vertical and in-line horizontal geophones, recognition and separation of the individual P- and S-arrivals may form a considerable problem. Due to the geophone receiving characteristics, P- and S-waves are observed on both horizontal and vertical geophones. A new method of separating P- and S-waves is presented that inverts the geophone records for the receiving characteristics, thereby separating the two wavetypes. The filter coefficients are determined from the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity and from the geometry of the geophone groups. The P/S-separation filter was tested on synthetic data with good results. Even PS- and SP-converted reflections, which are completely coinciding for horizontal reflectors, could be well separated. The filter appears to be stable and to have low sensitivity to noise in the data or to errors in the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity. The filter is superior to other separation methods, which were applied to the same dataset for comparison. This method can also be applied to VSP data.     

Imaging of offset VSP data acquired in complex areas with modified reverse-time migration

A modified reverse-time migration algorithm for offset vertical seismic profiling data is proposed. This algorithm performs depth imaging of target areas in the borehole vicinity without taking into account the overburden. Originally recorded seismograms are used; reliable results can be obtained using only the velocity profile obtained along the well. The downgoing wavefield emitted from a surface source is approximated in the target area using the transmitted P-wave, recorded by the receivers deployed in the well. This is achieved through a reverse-time extrapolation of the direct transmitted P-wave into the target area after its separation in offset vertical seismic profiling seismograms generated using a finite-difference scheme for the solution of the scalar wave equation.
The proposed approach produces 'kinematically' reliable images from reflected PP- and PS-waves and, furthermore, can be applied as a salt proximity tool for salt body flank imaging based on the transmitted PS-waves. Our experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the modified reverse-time migration provides reliable depth images based on offset vertical seismic profiling data even if only the velocity profile obtained along the borehole is used.     

Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for anisotropy of PP- and PS-wave in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous media

A single set of vertically aligned cracks embedded in a purely isotropic background may be considered as a long-wavelength effective transversely isotropy (HTI) medium with a horizontal symmetry axis. The crack-induced HTI anisotropy can be characterized by the weakly anisotropic parameters introduced by Thomsen. The seismic scattering theory can be utilized for the inversion for the anisotropic parameters in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous HTI media. Based on the seismic scattering theory, we first derived the linearized PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients in terms of P- and S-wave impedances, density as well as three anisotropic parameters in HTI media. Then, we proposed a novel Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of PP- and PS-wave for six elastic and anisotropic parameters directly. Tests on synthetic azimuthal seismic data contaminated by random errors demonstrated that this method appears more accurate, anti-noise and stable owing to the usage of the constrained PS-wave compared with the standards inversion scheme taking only the PP-wave into account.     

P and S reflection and P refraction: An integration for characterising shallow subsurface

Characterization of shallow structures was performed by using different approaches analysing both P- and S-wave seismic data with different resolution. The refraction tomography provided P and S velocity models of the first 80 m, while the reflection seismic processing gives a reasonable stacking velocity field until 300 m depth for both P- and S-wave data. So, we estimated the V_p/V_s ratio and an empirical relationship between the two velocities. We characterised the shallow layers using tomographic velocity models and the deeper layers using seismic images with different resolution. The seismic images were obtained by conventional CMP reflection seismic processing and by a novel multi-refractor imaging technique.     

A method of directly extracting multiwave angle-domain common-image gathers

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) can provide an effective way for migration velocity analysis and amplitude versus angle analysis in oil–gas seismic exploration. On the basis of multi-component Gaussian beam prestack depth migration (GB-PSDM), an alternative method of directly extracting multiwave ADCIGs is presented in this paper. We first introduce multi-component GB-PSDM, where a wavefield separation is proceeded to obtain the separated PP- and PS-wave seismic records before migration imaging for multiwave seismic data. Then, the principle of extracting PP- and PS-ADCIGs using GB-PSDM is presented. The propagation angle can be obtained using the real-value travel time of Gaussian beam in the course of GB-PSDM, which can be used to calculate the incidence and reflection angles. Two kinds of ADCIGs can be extracted for the PS-wave, one of which is P-wave incidence ADCIGs and the other one is S-wave reflection ADCIGs. In this paper, we use the incident angle to plot the ADCIGs for both PP- and PS-waves. Finally, tests of synthetic examples show that the method introduced here is accurate and effective.     

Numerical modeling of PP- and PS-wave azimuthal anisotropy in HTI media

This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP- and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities.     

多属性融合技术在苏14井区的应用

In this study area the geological conditions are complicated and the effective sandstone is very heterogeneous. The sandstones are thin and lateral and vertical variations are large. We introduce multi-attribute fusion technology based on pre-stack seismic data, pre-stack P- and S-wave inversion results, and post-stack attributes. This method not only can keep the fluid information contained in pre-stack seismic data but also make use of the high SNR characteristics of post-stack data. First, we use a one-step recursive method to get the optimal attribute combination from a number of attributes. Second, we use a probabilistic neural network method to train the nonlinear relationship between log curves and seismic attributes and then use the trained samples to find the natural gamma ray distribution in the Su-14 well block and improve the resolution of seismic data. Finally, we predict the effective reservoir distribution in the Su-14 well block.