一种改进的低纬度磁场化极方法——变频双向阻尼因子法

本文在考察分析原有的低纬度化极阻尼因子的基础上,提出了对原有阻尼因子的改造方法,即提出变频双向阻尼因子,改造后的阻尼因子不仅考虑了对振幅的压制,并兼顾了对相位谱的改造,同时还增加了频率控制因子.通过模型数据和实际资料检验,表明在低纬度地区,特别是在极低纬度地区,变频双向阻尼方法的化极结果能更有效地突出地质信息.     

磁赤道处化极方法

化向地磁极(化极)是最基本的磁测资料处理方法之一,化极能消除或减少斜磁化影响,提高对磁测资料的认识程度和解释水平,对研究地壳产生的磁异常具有重要意义.但低纬度地区特别是磁赤道处,化极处理很不稳定甚至奇异,一直是位场研究的难点.针对地磁纬度较低特别是磁赤道地区磁异常化极的困难,利用从磁北极处垂直磁化向低纬度地区水平磁化方向转换稳定的特点,提出"狭义化赤"概念,并将其与低纬度磁异常"倒相"解释方法结合,提出专门用于磁赤道处化极的方法.该方法扩展了现有的化极理论,实现了磁赤道处的稳定化极.区别于目前任何方法,专门用于(近)水平磁化条件下的化极计算,具有原理简单,实现方便,收敛速度快等特点.对理论模型和实际资料计算表明这种针对磁赤道地区磁异常的化极处理方法是稳定、可靠的.     

自适应正则化滤波化极方法研究

化极是消除磁力异常斜磁化影响的关键步骤,可以在波数域(频率域)和空间域中实现.相比于空间域,在波数域(频率域)进行化极简单且高效,但在低纬度地区存在不稳定性问题,因此明确低纬度地区的范围,研究稳定、实用、精度高的低纬度地区化极方法具有重要意义.本文通过理论研究得出化极因子振幅的最大值为2时,对应的磁化倾角的值为±45°,当磁化倾角在该范围内时,引起化极不稳定.因此采用正则化思想,提出了自适应正则化滤波化极方法(ARF-RTP),该方法利用化极因子振幅构建正则化滤波函数,并以振幅值等于2作为约束计算化极方法的参数值,从而实现自适应化极处理,提高了化极方法的稳定性及实用性.同时结合迭代算法提高了此方法的精度,有效地解决了低纬度地区化极的不稳定性问题.自适应正则化滤波这一思想不但可以解决化极的不稳定性问题,而且可以解决分量转换或者磁化方向转换的不稳定性问题以及类似数据处理中的不稳定性问题,具有广阔的推广应用前景.     

低纬度磁异常化极方法应用效果对比

低纬度磁异常化极的方法很多,包括在空间域化极和在频率域化极,比较起来,频率域方法计算简单快速,目前化极主要在频率域进行.然而大部分低纬度化极方法只压制了噪声并没有针对化极因子做改动,也就没有真正达到压制南北向条带状拉长的目的.本文针对其中4种在频率域对化极因子做处理的方法(双曲正弦法,压制因子法,直接阻尼法,伪倾角法),设计模型进行对比,并用南海某地区的实测数据进行4种方法的化极效果对比,选出一种最符合南海地区实际情况的化极方法.并对原有的直接阻尼法和伪倾角法做了适当的改进.     

低纬度磁异常化极方法——压制因子法

磁异常化极转换是磁异常解释的重要基础，针对频率域磁异常化极现状，本文对低纬度化极的困难原因进行了深入分析，并提出了针对性的化极措施——压制因子法. 与已有研究比较，该方法具有简单直观、控制参数少因而便于实际操作的特点，模型计算表明了方法的有效性. 在我国南海低磁纬度地区实测磁异常的计算解释中，应用该化极方法，取得了良好的效果.     

Hartley变换化极

本文采用一种新颖的积分变换Hartley变换,系统推导了其频率域化极方法,提出在实数空间利用Hartley变换进行磁异常化极.结合现有的低纬度化极方法,讨论了低纬度Hartley变换化极特性,实现低纬度化极.理论模型计算表明建立的Hartley变换化极方法准确、可靠,实际资料处理表明该化极方法具有实用性.     

基于概率成像技术的低纬度磁异常化极方法

化极转换是磁异常解释的重要基础,为了克服在地磁纬度较低的地区尤其是磁赤道附近化极不稳定的问题,出现了多种化极方法．本文基于概率成像技术提出了一种等效物性的反演方法,实现对地下等效场源的反演成像,取得了对低纬度磁异常稳定化极的效果．化极反演中逐次对剩余异常进行反演成像,实现由概率模型到物性模型的复杂映射,避免了类似反演中需要大型方程组求解等问题,并将概率模型的构制、物性参数的反演和反演评价有机地集成到一起,加速了反演成像的进程,使反演成像速度与目前概率成像的计算速度达到可相比拟的程度．对理论模型和实际资料的计算表明,该方法对低纬度磁异常化极处理是稳定有效的,而且可以较好地压制噪声干扰,能够在噪声干扰条件下进行反演化极．     

低纬度磁异常的初始模型约束全卷积神经网络化极方法

磁异常化极是磁测数据处理的重要基础工作,低纬度磁异常化极运算不稳定.深度学习是一种有效解决不稳定问题的数据驱动方法.然而,现有基于深度学习的位场数据处理仅以位场响应作为输入,缺乏场景外样本数据的通用性,往往导致深度学习网络预测结果的泛化性能不足.因此,为了克服这一问题以及进一步提高低纬度磁异常化极的精度.受“知识&数据”联合驱动深度学习网络结构的启发,本文提出一种基于初始模型约束的低纬度磁异常化极全卷积神经网络结构.该网络结构的输入包含两部分,一部分为低纬度磁异常,另外一部分为初始模型,网络输出为垂直磁化方向磁异常.训练与测试的磁异常数据采用基于网格点格架函数的空间域快速正演生成,以及对低纬度磁异常采用稳定的频率转换来获取初始模型,另外本文对数据集中10%的随机样本加入了5%的高斯噪声,以此增强全卷积神经网络结构的鲁棒性.理论模型试验验证了本文所提方法的有效性、精确性以及鲁棒性.最后,将本文方法应用于实际磁测数据,取得了良好的效果.     

低纬度地区ΔT异常的解释方法——“反号互余法”

非洲大部分区域,位于磁赤道带附近,属于低纬度地区,以水平磁化为主,磁性体产生的ΔT异常与处于中高纬度地区的中国大陆广大地区的ΔT异常特征差别较大,长期以来,人们主要通过化极的方法来对磁异常进行处理和解释,但往往因为精度较低和实用性较差等问题,很难真正使用.本文通过对各种形状磁性体磁场基本公式的分析与研究,分析了不同磁化条件下ΔT、Za、Ha异常特征的相互关系,提出了低纬度地区ΔT异常的解释方法——"反号互余法".该方法具有简单直观、易于实际操作的特点,不仅可以解决低纬度地区ΔT异常解释问题,而且对全球磁异常的认识也有重要作用.     

低纬度磁异常化极的伪倾角方法改进

基于改造化极因子的低磁纬度频率域化极方法具有计算速度快、控制参数少、操作简单、化极稳定等优点.本文分析压制因子法和伪倾角法的化极因子特征及其控制参数的影响,在此基础上改进伪倾角法的化极因子,即在磁偏角垂直方向及附近采用伪倾角法化极因子,而在其他方向采用常规频率域化极因子.改进后的伪倾角法既能有效压制磁偏角垂直方向及附近化极因子的放大作用,使得化极稳定,又能减少其他方向有效信号的化极特征的损失,提高化极精度.理论模型数据试验表明本文改进方法有效.利用本文改进方法对南海海域磁总场异常数据进行了变磁倾角化极,得到南海海域化极磁异常,这为研究南海大地构造特征和岩浆活动提供重要的参考资料.     

An improved capacity spectrum method for ATC‐40

In order to account for the non‐linear behavior of structures via non‐linear static procedure, the capacity spectrum method has been adopted by ATC‐40 for evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings. For elastic‐perfectly‐plastic SDOF systems, the accuracy of the capacity spectrum method depends only on the acceleration response spectrum chosen to form the demand spectrum and the adopted model for calculating the equivalent viscous damping ratios. According to this method, the pseudo‐acceleration response spectrum (PS_a) is used to create the demand diagram. It is found that the ATC‐40 procedure, using its Type A hysteretic model, may be inaccurate especially for systems with damping ratios greater than 10% and periods longer than 0.15sec. In order to improve the accuracy of the capacity spectrum method, this study proposes to use the real absolute acceleration response spectrum (S0._a) instead of the PS_a to establish the demand diagram. The step‐by‐step procedure of the improved method and examples are implemented in this paper to illustrate the calculations of earthquake‐induced deformations. In addition, three selected models of equivalent viscous damping are also compared in this paper to assess the accuracy of the model used in the ATC‐40 procedure. Results show that the WJE damping model may be used by the capacity spectrum method to reasonably predict the inelastic displacements when the ductility demand (μ) of the structures is less than 4, whereas the damping model proposed by Kowalsky can be implemented when μ>4.0. Alternatively, the damping model proposed by Kowalsky may be used to calculate the equivalent viscous damping for the entire range of ductility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

共转换点道集S变换谱相似性的多波地震数据横波波场提取技术

横波速度动校正后的共转换点(CCP)道集内,同时刻的各道横波信号S变换(ST)谱与其叠加道ST谱具有相似关系.因此,可基于这种相似关系设计自适应滤波器来提取多波地震数据中的横波波场.首先对共中心点(CMP)道集应用纵波速度动校正并在各道减去叠加道来去除数据中的纵波波场;然后在CCP道集应用横波速度动校正,将地震道振幅水平调整至叠加道振幅水平并做S变换,以叠加道ST谱为参考对地震道ST谱进行自适应滤波,去除数据中的残余纵波和噪声;最后,将滤波结果的振幅水平恢复至滤波前振幅水平.理论和实际数据试算表明,本文方法可有效提取多波地震数据中的横波波场,为多波多分量横波数据处理提供新思路.     

相关多点地震动合成HOP方法的分析与改进

解释了相关多点地震动合成的HOP方法具有局部场地收敛性,分析了其生成各点地震动幅值相差较大的原因。除第一点外,HOP方法生成的各点地震动自功率谱围绕真实值波动,导致某些频率的能量过大而某些频率变小。由于结构频谱的离散性,如果恰好与能量大的频率吻合,则会激发结构强烈的振动响应,反之结构的响应值偏小,这与实际不符;进行非线性响应计算时或因为某些频率能量过大而使结构进入非线性阶段,则响应的期望值也是错误的。通过对实际地震波传播机制的模拟,提出了改进的HOP的方法。算例表明,此方法具有局部场地收敛性,各点自功率谱吻合给定的目标值,进而保证了各点幅值的一致性,可以用于结构抗震非线性响应分析。     

Direct interpretation of self-potential anomalies produced by a vertical dipole

In the present paper a new method is proposed for the quantitative interpretation of self-potential anomalies which are produced by a vertical dipole. First the mathematical expression of the wavenumber spectrum of the self-potential anomaly is deduced. It is pointed out that at relatively high wavenumbers the behavior of the amplitude spectrum is controlled by the closer to the surface pole at depth h. On the other hand, the “width” of the amplitude spectrum depends on the depth h and the dipole length L.Making a proper mathematical transformation of the amplitude spectrum, and applying the least squares method, it is possible to calculate the depth to the upper pole. The dipole length may then be calculated, by solving numerically a characteristic algebraic equation, as long as the “width” of the amplitude spectrum has been previously defined.The proposed method is applied on a well known self-potential profile from Greece. The calculated parameters of the polarized body are in good agreement with real data. Experimentation with synthetic models in which random noise was introduced, showed that this method gives reliable results if the noise amplitude is not more than 20% of the signal amplitude. It is clearly more efficient than the methods which are based on the model of the point pole or the dipole with a small length. It can also give good results if the horizontal extensions of the polarized body are not more than a few tenths of the depth of the upper pole. If the polarized body is tilted, the depth of the upper pole can be calculated with satisfactory accuracy.The direct interpretation method which is proposed in the present paper, may be useful in mineral exploration, and particularly if the target of interest is the detection of massive sulfide mineralization.     

典型强震动加速度仪一致性检验

针对两种典型强震动加速度仪,ETNA与MR2002,利用汶川地震强余震流动观测进行了两仪器的一致性检验.通过架设在同一仪器墩上的2种强震动加速度仪在5次余震事件中所获取加速度记录的波形、峰值、傅里叶振幅谱及反应谱的对比分析可知,ETNA仪器记录的峰值加速度与MR2002仪器记录的峰值加速度间的最大相对误差达23.6％,且南北向峰值加速度差异大于东西向和竖向,竖向明显小于两水平向;反应谱及傅里叶谱变化趋势基本相同,只是幅值存在些微差异,且竖向谱值相差最小,明显小于两水平向,反应谱最大相对误差近5％,相对于低频反应谱,高频反应谱差异较大;此外,亦存在两仪器记录时程曲线反向、记录时间长度不等、触发点不同等差异.经分析认为,这些差异主要是由于两种不同仪器性能上的微差异、仪器参数设置不同、以及触发滤波算法不同等因素引起的.     

利用EMD和子波振幅谱与相位谱关系的时变子波提取方法

本文首先分析了地震波在黏弹介质的传播规律,基于黏弹介质地震波动方程总结了时变子波振幅谱和相位谱的关系,从而得出结论,准确估计子波相位谱初值和不同时刻的子波振幅谱是实现时变子波准确提取的必要条件.在此基础上,针对传统方法限制子波振幅谱形态且受限于分段平稳假设的问题,提出了一种利用EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)和子波振幅谱与相位谱关系的时变子波提取方法,根据子波对数振幅谱光滑连续而反射系数对数振幅谱振荡剧烈的特点,采用EMD方法将不同时刻地震记录的对数振幅谱分解为一组具有不同振荡尺度的模态分量,通过滤除振荡剧烈分量、重构光滑连续分量提取时变子波振幅谱;再应用子波振幅谱和相位谱的关系提取时变子波相位谱,将分别提取的振幅谱和相位谱逐点进行合成,最终实现时变子波的准确提取.本文方法不需要求取Q值,适用于变Q值的情况,具有良好的抗噪性能.数值仿真和叠后实际资料处理结果表明,相比传统的分段提取方法,利用本文方法提取的时变子波准确度更高,研究成果对提高地震资料分辨率具有重要意义.     

Prony Filtering of Seismic Data

Prony filtering is a method of seismic data processing which can be used to solve various geological and production tasks, involving an analysis of target horizons characteristics and a prediction of possible productive zones. This method is based on decomposing the observed seismic signals by exponentially damped cosines at short-time intervals. As a result, a discrete Prony spectrum including values of four parameters (amplitude, damping factor, frequency, phase) can be created. This decomposition occurs at many short-time intervals moving along an observed trace. The combined Prony spectrum of the trace can be used to create images of the trace through a selection of some values of the parameters. These images created for all traces of a seismic section provide an opportunity for locating zones of frequency-dependent anomalous scattering and absorption of seismic energy. Subsequently, the zones can be correlated with target seismic horizons. Analysis and interpretation of these zones may promote understanding of the target horizons features and help to connect these features with the presence of possible reservoirs.     

Estimation of peak relative velocity and peak absolute acceleration of linear SDOF systems

In the seismic analysis and design of structures, the true velocity and absolute acceleration are usually approximated by their corresponding pseudo-values. This approach is simple and works well for structures with small damping (say, less than 15%). When the damping of a structure is enhanced for the purpose of response reduction, it may result in large analysis and design errors. Based on theory of random vibration and the established mechanism of seismic response spectra analysis, a method is developed (1) to predict the relative velocity spectra with any damping ratio level directly from the 5% standard pseudo-acceleration spectrum; and (2) to estimate the peak absolute acceleration. The accuracy of both is validated by using two selected ensembles of ground motion records.     

Damping‐adjusted combination rule for the response spectrum analysis of base‐isolated buildings

The classical response spectrum method continues to be the most popular approach for designing base‐isolated buildings, therefore avoiding computationally expensive nonlinear time‐history analyses. In this framework, a new method for the seismic analysis and design of building structures with base isolation system (BIS) is formulated and numerically validated, which enables one to overcome the main shortcomings of existing techniques based on the response spectrum method. The main advantages are the following: first, reduced computational effort with respect to an exact complex‐valued modal analysis, which is obtained through a transformation of coordinates in two stages, both involving real‐valued eigenproblems; second, effective representation of the damping, which is pursued by consistently defining different viscous damping ratios for the modes of vibration of the coupled BIS‐superstructure dynamic system; and third, ease of use, because a convenient reinterpretation of the combination coefficients leads to a novel damping‐adjusted combination rule, in which just a single response spectrum is required for the reference value of the viscous damping ratio. The proposed approach is specifically intended for design situations where (i) the dynamic behaviour of seismic isolators can be linearised and (ii) effects of nonproportional damping, as measured by modal coupling indexes, are negligible in the BIS‐superstructure assembly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.