西沙群岛西科1井晚中新世-上新世生物礁沉积的磁性地层学初步结果

本文对西沙群岛西科1井钻孔岩心晚中新世-上新世生物礁沉积进行了详细的岩石磁学、磁性扫描与磁性地层学研究.结果显示,西科1井生物礁相沉积中的载磁矿物主要是磁铁矿.我们推测,这些磁铁矿的微小颗粒主要来自海水中含有的陆源物质,在生物生长过程中通过珊瑚体或其它寄生生物对海水的过滤与吸附作用保存在生物礁沉积中.进一步的磁性地层学研究及其与地磁极性年表的对比发现,在上新统莺歌海组、上中新统黄流组内部可获得多个年龄控制点,并对莺歌海组和黄流组的底界位置给出了初步制约.其中,莺歌海组记录了C2An.3n和C3n.4n,黄流组记录了C3An.2n至C5n.2n.虽然这一对比方案存在一定不确定性,但是在现阶段生物地层年代及其它年代学资料相对匮乏的情况下,我们认为本项研究的磁性地层学结果能为西沙群岛晚中新世以来的生物礁沉积提供更多可靠的年龄控制点,并为今后的区域地层对比提供磁性地层年代学依据.     

泥河湾层磁性地层学研究回顾

泥河湾盆地以富含哺乳动物化石和古人类遗址而引起了古人类学家和地贡学家的广泛关注,泥河湾层是该盆地中发育的一套晚新生代河湖相沉积物．磁性地层学研究结果表明泥河湾层的形成始于高斯正极性世,经历了松山反向极性世,结束于布容正极性世．本文回顾了针时泥河湾层的磁性地层学研究工作,选取了小长梁、东谷坨、郝家台、洞沟、红崖、虎头粱及许家窑等七个剖面作详细介绍,并进行了横向时比．     

浙江白垩系的深化研究与新进展

根据岩石地层学,生物地层学和年代地层学资料,将浙江省陆相白垩系划分为３统,５群７组,并将其所含化石划分为建德,永康,衢江三修各,以综合地层学手段研究了白垩系的区域地层对比框架。在多学科综合研究,特别是在对一些岩石地层成因机制进行深层次研究的基础上,对浙江白垩系主要的关键性,疑难性地层问题,提出了一些新的认识：（１）“墉中组”底部砾岩为与火山爆发有成因联系的湖泊重力流沉积,并非底砾岩,因而“天台群”     

中国志留纪综合地层和时间框架

志留纪是显生宙内,除第四纪和新近纪外,历程最短的一个纪,是奥陶纪大灭绝后生物多样性快速复苏、板块聚合、大洋消失或变窄、气候和海平面多变、生物地理区系弱化和植物开始占据陆地的一个重要而特殊的时期.志留系又是第一个建立全球年代地层标准(四统、七阶)的系,但在20世纪80年代中期开展的"后层型"研究后发现,一些阶的底界层型,由于定义不精准和/或层型剖面的先天缺陷、关键标准化石始终未曾发现等,精时对比受到制约.本文剖析中国志留系发育特点,综述近些年来在生物地层、年代地层、事件地层(如沉积相分异,黑色页岩、海相红层和碳酸盐岩与生物礁的时空分异)、化学地层、构造地层(如华南志留纪晚期地层的广布及其构造意义)等方面取得的主要研究进展,指出目前存在的和今后需重点关注的问题.年代地层学研究不宜只集中在一条界线上,需注重界线上下的生物、化学、磁性、环境、年龄等多领域的综合交叉,提高层型的优质度,延伸在区域和全球的对比价值.期盼我国志留系研究在兰多维列统生态地层、盆地分析及综合地层的精时对比,温洛克世至普里道利世年代地层框架的确立和对比,化学和磁性地层研究及关键层段绝对年龄的测定,古地理与大地构造研究的深化,陆地生态系统早期演化等方面取得重要成果,并在个别统、阶的底界层型的再研究中发挥重要作用.     

赣南晚白垩纪红层磁学研究及其地质意义

磁性地层学是界定沉积物地质年代的一种重要方法,该方法的应用建立在沉积物记录了可靠的特征剩磁基础上.红层的磁性地层年代学研究对于我国华南地区晚中生代以来古环境、古气候的演化具有极为重要的意义.但是,目前对于红层古地磁可靠性的解释存在广泛的争议,为更好地理解并尝试解决具体红层剖面的古地磁可靠性问题,迫切需要综合岩石磁学和其他非磁学手段对沉积物中的载磁矿物性质进行系统厘定.本文通过对赣南地区两个典型晚白垩纪红层剖面(信丰XF剖面和留车LC剖面)进行详细的岩石磁学分析,并结合扫描电镜和沉积相特征,判定出磁性矿物以赤铁矿为主,含有少量针铁矿、磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿.其中,赤铁矿是最主要的剩磁载体,且与钛铁矿共存,综合磁学与非磁学结果判定其记录了原生的沉积剩磁.在获得了可靠的古地磁信息基础上,结合前人对该区域生物地层学和年代学研究并与邻区地层比对,初步判断出LC剖面与XF剖面地质年代分别为晚白垩纪早期Cenomian期和晚白垩纪晚期Maastrichtian期.XF剖面依据ESR测年、南雄盆地地层比对和沉积相的判断,地层极性时段初步界定为C30n,即68.196~66.398 Ma,这为进一步探讨该地区的古环境和古气候演化提供了可参考的年龄标尺.     

渤海南部莱州湾Lz908孔沉积物的岩石磁学性质

亚洲大陆边缘海和陆表海在区域的物质和能量交换以及区域气候与环境演化过程中扮演了关键角色.磁性地层学和环境磁学方法是建立年代框架和环境演变序列的有效手段,但是,由于该地区边缘海和陆表海沉积物中磁性矿物来源十分复杂,磁性地层学和环境磁学研究的重要基础是要精细地解译沉积物的岩石磁学性质.为此,本文利用渤海南部莱州湾Lz908孔与钻孔附近的现代沉积物样品进行了详细的岩石磁学对比研究.结果显示,渤海南部沉积物中的磁性矿物主要是较粗颗粒(较大的准单畴至多畴)磁铁矿,还有少量磁赤铁矿,部分沉积物还含有赤铁矿和针铁矿,其中磁铁矿是特征剩磁的主要载体;莱州湾现代河流-海洋沉积物和钻孔样品之间的磁性特征无显著差异,说明莱州湾沉积物堆积之后尚未经历明显的沉积后期改造.     

中国三叠纪综合地层和时间框架

中国三叠系分布广泛,海、陆相地层同时发育,既有典型的南海北陆空间分异,也有下海上陆的时间转变,地层结构十分复杂.中国南方拥有三叠系底界的全球年代地层界线层型(GSSP),而中国大部分地区的三叠系(尤其中三叠统之上及陆相地层)具有显著的地方性,难以进行全球对比.因此,中国的三叠系既有国际研究的热点,也有地层学研究的科学难题.文章通过系统总结和分析中国三叠纪地层学相关资料,从年代地层、生物地层、磁性地层和化学地层等方面,初步建立中国的三叠纪综合地层框架,并以此为基础,对中国三大构造古地理区的岩石地层序列提出一个框架性的地层对比关系.综合分析表明,虽然经典的三叠纪生物和年代地层学研究是以菊石作为基础的,但牙形石在年代地层界线研究中更具有优势.中国仍具有竞争奥伦尼克阶底界和安尼阶底界GSSP的潜力.借助于二叠纪-三叠纪"过渡层"及相关生物-环境事件标志,结合叶肢介、脊椎动物、古植物等生物地层学研究,能够建立海、陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层对比关系.碳同位素已成为三叠纪海相地层的有效对比手段,而氧同位素(其所反映的温度变化)和锶同位素则可能是建立海、陆相地层联系的重要桥梁,但目前尚无陆相地层对照研究.鉴于中国三叠系大部分层段以及陆相地层尚难进行国际对比,当前提出的中国三叠纪海、陆相地层建阶方案,对中国三叠纪地层学及相关研究工作还是必要的,但需要在概念上尽量与国际接轨,并尽快加强研究,完善其定义.     

基于随机介质建模的生物礁储层评价方法探讨——以南海L盆地生物礁为例

南海L盆地深水区,不仅有新近系生物礁发育的良好环境,更有生物礁油气藏形成的优越条件,是未来深水区勘探的重要领域.在生物礁储层评价、油气预测研究中,由于研究对象多为孔缝洞发育的细微储层结构,常规地震勘探多基于理想均匀介质或层状介质来研究储层结构,这显然容易忽略实际生物礁储层的局部非均质性对地震波响应特征和传播规律影响.本文以L盆地生物礁为例,在层序地层划分及沉积相分析双重约束下利用相对阻抗反演技术有效建立了生物礁储层框架模型,采用孔洞随机介质模拟技术对储层内部孔洞裂缝进行精细雕刻,建立能精细描述生物礁储层内强非均质性及孔缝洞物性特征的随机介质模型.最后通过正演模拟,定量地分析了盆地内生物礁储层的物性特征,从而进一步明确了盆地内寻找优质储层的方向,为勘探目标的寻找与优选提供科学的理论指导.     

甘肃陇中盆地会宁关公滩剖面磁性地层年代学研究

本文对陇中盆地会宁含小哺乳动物化石的关公滩剖面河湖相沉积序列进行了详细的岩石磁学和磁性地层学研究,磁化率各向异性结果表明关公滩剖面沉积物记录了典型的原生沉积组构,沉积物沉积以后几乎没有受到后期的扰动.最大磁化率主轴方向与现今的古水流流向基本一致,表明区域西高东低的地貌至少在中更新世早期已经形成.磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线的矫顽力谱分析、三轴等温剩磁退磁曲线等岩石磁学结果显示：关公滩剖面河湖相沉积物的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿,其中磁铁矿和赤铁矿是主要的剩磁载体,但其特征剩磁载体以赤铁矿为主.系统退磁结果显示,在大部分样品中,磁铁矿和赤铁矿均记录了几乎相同的特征剩磁的方向,整个剖面呈现单一的正极性.另外,关公滩剖面底部河湖相沉积物中产出丰富的小哺乳动物牙齿化石,经初步研究包括复齿鼠兔（Ochotonoides complicidens）、丁氏鼢鼠（Myospalax tingi）、方氏鼢鼠（Myospalax fontanieri）、变异仓鼠（Cricetinus varians）、大林姬鼠（Cricetinus varians）、复齿旱獭（Marmota complicidens）等六个种类,其中丁氏鼢鼠和复齿鼠兔是相对原始的种类,其时代跨越早更新世至中更新世早期,其他都是我国北方中、晚更新世常见的种类,该小哺乳动物化石组合性质表明其时代很可能为中更新世早期.因此,综合磁性地层学和小哺乳动物生物年代学结果,关公滩剖面记录了布容正极性时的沉积,剖面底部堆积及其哺乳动物群的时代应为中更新世早期.     

燕山地区承德盆地下白垩统磁性地层学研究 及其对华北克拉通破坏的制约

华北克拉通破坏的重要标志是岩石圈减薄、地幔性质转变以及伸展构造活动.长期以来这一重大地质事件发生的时代备受关注,目前已有大量地质、地球物理和地球化学研究结果,但对于华北克拉通破坏的准确时代,尚存争议.本文试图从地磁学的角度为华北克拉通破坏时代提供可靠约束.选取位于华北克拉通北缘的燕山造山带中段-承德盆地作为研究对象.磁性地层学研究结果表明研究剖面记录了三个磁极性段:下部正极性段(N2)、中部负极性段(R1)和上部正极性段(N1),与2004年地磁极性年表对比并结合129～128 Ma的火山岩同位素年龄(与B. Schoene 私人通信),认为剖面下部正极性段(N2)对应于M3n,负极性段(R1)对应于M1r,上部正极性段(N1)对应于M1n,由此得出承德盆地袁家庄剖面沉积作用起始年龄约为128 Ma.作为华北克拉通重要断陷盆地之一,承德盆地的沉积年龄可以为华北克拉通破坏时代提供有力约束.岩石磁学研究结果表明,研究剖面火山岩的剩磁载体十分复杂,可能与伴随华北克拉通破坏峰期出现的地壳变形、岩浆活动、地幔上涌、下地壳重熔等深部动力过程密切相关.综合分析结果表明,华北克拉通破坏的峰期为128～125 Ma.     

Characterization of magnetic particles and magnetostratigraphic dating of shallow-water carbonates in the Ryukyu Islands, northwestern Pacific

Abstract   Characterization of magnetic particles, and magnetostratigraphic dating, of Holocene and Pleistocene shallow-water carbonates (the Ryukyu Group) in the Ryukyu Islands was carried out to infer the age of reef formation. Magnetic particles from these strata are dominated by fine-grained, single-domain magnetite/maghemite (40–140 nm in length). The magnetite crystals exhibit the size and morphologies characteristic of the magnetite formed by magnetotactic bacteria. No large multidomain grains were seen in transmission electron microscopy observations. The widespread presence of single-domain magnetite in the Ryukyu Islands suggests that bacterial magnetites carry depositional remanent magnetization, which is stable enough for magnetostratigraphic dating and thereby for elucidating the evolution of shallow-water carbonates. The polarity-reversal sequence seen in a core taken from the Ryukyu Group correlates with the timescale of the Matuyama chron, including the Jaramillo subchron, Kamikatsura or Santa Rosa Excursions, through the Brunhes chron. These magnetostratigraphic results imply that the time of reef initiation in the Ryukyu Islands of the northwestern Pacific was earlier than in the Great Barrier Reef of the southwestern Pacific, where it started after the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary.     

雅砻江下游河谷下部松散沉积物的时代与变形的初步研究

本文根据沉积环境分析和~(14)C测龄结果,确定沿雅砻江下游河床分布的一套未成岩的河湖相地层的时代为晚更新世晚期—全新世早期,而不是长期以来归之于早更新世的昔格达组,建议称其为桐子林组;并通过该地层变形成因的分析,提出李明久-桐子林断裂带在全新世中期活动显著的认识     

Magnetostratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene fossiliferous cave sediments in the Bubing Basin,southern China

Our understanding of the chronological sequence of Pleistocene land mammal faunas (including hominids) preserved in caves and fissures in the karstic terrain of subtropical southern China has been greatly impeded by the discontinuous nature of the strata yielding the fossils. A contributory issue is the lack of suitable elements for numerical dating, especially for the Early Pleistocene cave sediments. Here we present new magnetostratigraphic dating results for five cave sedimentary sequences in the Bubing Basin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which contain the typical Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna and Ailuropoda–Stegodon fauna of southern China. The five karstic caves are situated at elevations ranging from 252 m to 191 m above sea level. The integrated dating results reveal that the five cave sedimentary sequences span an age range from the late Gauss normal Chron to the early Brunhes normal Chron. The faunas are assigned to >2.6 Ma (Mohui–houshan Cave), 1.95–1.78 Ma (Mohui Cave), 0.99–0.78 Ma (Baolai Cave) and ∼0.7 Ma (Upper Wuyun and Ganxian Caves). Furthermore, by combining our new magnetostratigraphy work with previously published magnetostratigraphic, U–series and electron spin resonance dating results, a chronological sequence of the Plio–Pleistocene mammalian faunas from cave sites in southern China has been established. The chronological sequence contributes to an improved understanding of the evolutionary processes of Plio–Pleistocene land mammals, as well as of early humans in subtropical southern China.     

钱塘江河口周边钻孔磁性地层学研究及意义

长江三角洲地区的沉积历史和特征,是揭示我国东部沿海区域新生代以来构造演化与地理格局形成过程的重要窗口.本文基于磁性地层学方法,结合AMS14 C和光释光测年数据以及该地区硬质黏土标志层,对分布于钱塘江河口两侧的五个钻孔建立年代地层框架.结果表明,除河口北部一个钻孔底部年龄至高斯正极性期外,其余钻孔显示南部地区约200ka BP以来才开始沉积,最南端晚至约60ka BP.与该地区已有钻孔磁性地层学资料进行对比,认为长江三角洲部分区域沉积年龄超过百万年和"北厚南薄、东厚西薄"的特征,主要是受早期区域构造背景的影响,而长江三角洲大范围的沉积发生自约200ka BP以来,受构造缓慢沉降和海平面变化控制的细颗粒(黏土-粉砂粒级)从晚更新世才开始沉积,约60ka BP以后扩大至整个三角洲区域.     

Paleoenvironments of the evolving Pliocene to early Pleistocene foreland basin in northwestern Taiwan: An example from the Dahan River section

The overriding of the Luzon volcanic arc atop the underlying Chinese rifted‐continental margin has caused the formation of the Taiwan mountain belts and a peripheral foreland basin west of the orogen since the late Miocene. In this study, lithofacies analysis and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic investigations of the Dahan River section in northwestern (NW) Taiwan were performed. Our results offer insights into the temporal evolution of the sedimentary environments and the competing effects of the sedimentation and basin tectonics of the NW Taiwan foreland basin from the Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Nannofossil biostratigraphic studies showed that the upper Kueichulin Formation and the overlying Chinshui Shale can be assigned to the NN15 biozone of the Pliocene age, and the Cholan Formation pertains to NN16–NN18 of the early Pleistocene. The NN15–NN16 boundary coincides roughly with the boundary of the Chinshui Shale and Cholan Formation. We recognized three major sedimentary environments in the studied foreland succession comprising the upper Kueichulin Formation, Chinshui Shale, Cholan Formation and Yangmei Formation, in ascending order. During the deposition of the upper Kueichulin Formation in the early Pliocene, the dominant environment was a wave‐ and tide‐influenced open marine setting. During the late Pliocene, the environment deepened to an outer‐offshore setting when the sediments of Chinshui Shale were accumulated. In the Pleistocene, the environment then shallowed to wave‐dominated estuaries during the deposition of the lower Cholan Formation, and the basin was rapidly filled, generating a meandering and sandy braided river environment during the deposition of the upper Cholan to the Yangmei Formation. In summary, the evolution of sedimentary environments in the studied succession shows a deepening then a shallowing and coarsening upward trend during the period from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene, spanning the age from approximately 4 to 1 Ma.     

Constraints on the age of the Tuchengzi Formation by LA-ICP-MS dating in northern Hebei-western Liaoning,China

Accurately determining the age of the Tuchengzi Formation has direct influence on confirming the boundary between the Jurassic and the Cretaceous systems in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, and on related geological problems in China. However, the Tuchengzi Formation mainly consists of sedimentary rocks, with a poor fossil record and especially lack of index fossils. The Tuchengzi Formation is also lack of the type of volcanic rocks that can provide an isotopic age. Therefore, the age of the Tuchengzi Formation has been uncertain. Based on our systematic dating of the tuff interbedded in the Tuchengzi Formation of Chengde and Jinlingsi-Yangshan basins in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, combined with the dating results of previous researchers, here we suggest that the age range of the Tuchengzi Formation in northern Hebei-western Liaoning is from 147 Ma to 136 Ma. It implied that the Tuchengzi Formation was mainly formed in the Early Cretaceous. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90714010)     

ESR chronology of alluvial deposits in the Arlanzón valley (Atapuerca,Spain): Contemporaneity with Atapuerca Gran Dolina site

The Sierra de Atapuerca (Northern Spain) is characterized by a well-developed karst system where several major archaeological sites have been discovered, attesting an almost continuous hominin occupation of the area during the whole Pleistocene period. Previous geomorphological studies showed a connection between genesis of the karst system and the evolution of the nearby Arlanzón river Valley. However, numerical dating results were missing to refine the chronostratigraphical framework of the Arlanzón valley's fluvial incision. To address this, we applied the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating method to sedimentary optically bleached quartz grains from several fluvial terraces. Nine samples were collected from five of the 14 identified terraces. The ESR age results are stratigraphically coherent and in general agreement with both previous geomorphological observations and available palaeomagnetic data. Consequently, an ESR chronology of the geological evolution of the Arlanzón valley is proposed, which can be then correlated to the sedimentary sequence of the palaeoanthropological site of Atapuerca Gran Dolina. Our results provide important information about the chronology of hominid occupation in this area during Early and Middle Pleistocene.     

镇江地区主要NW向断裂的第四纪活动性

五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关。文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究。五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5~9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地上,该断裂断错的最新地层为中更新统底部,位错量为2m,判断五峰山-西来桥断裂的最新活动时代为中更新世早期。丹徒-建山断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向SW,倾角约为50°~55°,断距约为2~7m,以正断活动为主;访仙镇场地上,中更新统之上的地层没有被断错的迹象,中更新统底部可能被断层影响,判断丹徒-建山断裂的最新活动时代为早更新世—中更新世早期。