地面微地震监测速度模型优化方法研究

地层速度模型精度对水力压裂微地震事件的定位结果起着关键的作用,常规的速度建模方法是根据声波测井资料建立初始层状速度模型,根据拾取的射孔信号初至通过反演进行速度模型优化,结果受射孔信号信噪比及初至拾取误差的影响较大,不适用于地面微地震监测.为了提高地面微地震速度模型的精度,提出了将多道射孔信号的叠加能量作为目标函数,基于粒子群优化算法的地面微地震速度模型优化方法,并通过模型数据和实际数据的处理进行了验证,结果表明该方法避免了无法拾取初至或初至拾取不准对速度模型优化结果的影响,有效实现了速度模型的优化,明显提高了地面微地震监测的定位精度.     

维波场延拓复杂表层模型校正方法及应用

如何正确地消除复杂地表对地震波场的影响，提高地下构造成像的质量一直是中国西部复杂地区地震勘探中存在的难题.本文在三维复杂表层速度模型层析反演\[1\]的基础上，研究了关于复杂地表的静校正问题，提出用三维波动方程在炮集上对地震波场进行正、反向延拓，消除复杂地表对波场的影响，实现三维复杂表层模型校正.理论和实际应用证明，该方法已超越常规静校正的含义，属时变校正方法.用本方法处理复杂地表问题，不但能消除表层对不同深度反射波产生的不同时差影响，提高叠加剖面质量，而且能使校正后的地震波场保持波动特征不发生畸变，可为建立正确的深层速度模型和波动方程叠前深度偏移奠定良好的基础.     

微测井约束分步层析静校正技术在古峰庄地区的应用

针对地表剧烈起伏,速度纵、横向变化大的复杂区,层析静校正较以往的折射波静校正方法有明显的优势,但是受初至时间拾取精度、炮检距的选择、近地表模型约束等问题的影响,层析反演的精度还不能满足低幅度构造预测的需求,为此提出微测井约束分步层析的静校正方法,即将浅层速度模型与最终近地表模型分步进行层析反演,并应用微测井信息约束浅层速度模型层析反演,有效地提高了近地表速度模型反演的精度,通过在古峰庄地区的应用较好地解决了复杂地表条件下的静校正问题,低幅度构造预测精度得到提高.     

模型约束三维折射静校正方法研究

本文详细的介绍了模型约束三维折射静校正技术的基本原理和计算步骤,具体给出了三维抽线,目的层质量监控,三维速度内插,三维底界内插等技术的实现方法,并结合了西部某工区的具体实例加以说明.结果表明,这种由微测井、小折射求取近地表深度-时间速度模型,由大炮记录折射初至旅行时求取各点延迟时,两者联合反演低降速层底界的厚度和高程,最终求取低降速层静校正量的方法,可明显提高低降速带的反演精度,较好地解决表层结构复杂地区的静校正问题.     

地震走时和航空电磁联合反演三维速度和电阻率

地震走时数据可以反演近地表的速度,但不能反演出隐蔽层和低速层。航空电磁数据可以反演近地表的高电阻率和低电阻率,但是对垂直方向的分辨率低。联合三维地震走时数据和航空电磁数据反演了近地表的速度和电阻率结构,并采用棋盘模型测试和实际数据应用展示了联合反演出的速度模型优于单独的走时反演出的速度模型。结果表明:该算法可以应用到处理数据量大的勘探地震成像中,能提供优化的速度结构。     

三维复杂地形近地表速度估算及地震层析静校正

在地表一致性模型的基础上提出一种可适用于宽线剖面、弯曲测线、传统的二维和目前广泛使用的三维地震观测.在地形及近地表低降速带地质结构复杂的探区，低降速带厚度及速度估算的精度是静校正处理的关键.本研究根据三维地震观测的初至走时数据，利用最小平方与QR分解相结合的算法，在三维空间重建近地表低降速带速度模型，根据重建速度模型实现了静校正长波长分量与短波长分量的同步计算.分析了复杂的近地表低降速带模型初至波的性质，在观测值的自动拾取以及理论值的计算中充分考虑了可能成为初至波的直达波、折射波和反射波的利用，提高了低降速带速度模型反演的精度.在初至走时观测数据的拾取中，本研究采用分形算法克服了初至波波形差异以及折射波相位反转导致的拾取误差，实现了三维初至拾取的大规模全自动化运算.在射线路径与初至波理论走时的计算中，本研究采用一种计算量与模型复杂程度无关的三维射线追踪方法，该方法以最小走时射线路径保证了与观测数据有同等意义的初至波的射线追踪及理论走时的计算.野外实际资料的处理结果表明了方法的有效性.     

基于起伏地表的层析速度反演方法研究(英文)

叠前深度偏移速度分析是地震数据处理方法研究的重点,是影响地震成像效果的关键技术之一。对于地表起伏、地下构造复杂的双复杂地区,常规的叠前偏移速度分析方法是将起伏面校正到固定基准面上或进行表层建模再进行偏移与速度分析。本文提出的基于起伏地表的层析速度反演方法从起伏地表直接进行速度场的更新,可以提高层析速度反演的精度与效率。首先介绍基于起伏地表的角度域共成像点道集的提取方法,以此为基础阐述了起伏地表层析速度反演方法。起伏地表模型和实际资料试算验证了本文方法的有效性。     

提高浅层地震反射静校正精度的一种方法与数值模拟

浅层地震反射法是一种常用的勘探方法.在浅层地震资料处理中,静校正的精度直接影响速度反演的结果和叠加剖面的质量,在地形平缓时,固定基准面静校正可以满足勘探精度的要求,但在复杂地形条件下,其存在较大误差,即使采用浮动基准面,仍会由于地表一致性假设而残余静校正量,不能消除地形起伏引起的影响,为了提高浅层地震反射静校正的精度必须在常规静校正后进行一次剩余静校正,本文给出起伏地形条件下,滑动基准面(过共中心点的水平面即为该共中心点的滑动基准面)的剩余静校正量,该校正量与炮检距、反射层埋深、地层波速以及炮点和接收点高程有关,适用于单一介质和层状介质情况,本文通过对典型地形起伏的3个水平均匀层状介质理论地质模型的速度谱计算和分析,阐明在复杂地形条件下,应用本文提出的剩余静校正方法可以消除地形起伏的影响,提高静校正精度,在此基础上做动校正可以得到高质量的水平叠加剖面.     

川东北复杂山地三维静校正应用及实例分析

川东北复杂山地由于地表高程变化大、风化层厚度不均匀、低降速带速度横向变化大、高速层底界不稳定等因素,得到的地震资料具有严重的静校正问题,因此,如何解决山地静校正问题是后续地震资料处理的关键之一,本文首先分析高程静校正、折射静校正、层析静校正的基本原理和适用条件,结合实际复杂山地三维地震资料的特点,进行试验对比,提出了进行山地静校正的基本思路,即：首先进行高程静校正,这样可以利用高程静校正更容易拾取初至时间,然后利用折射静校正结合微测井等资料建立近地表速度-深度模型,以此速度-深度模型作为层析静校正的初始模型进行迭代处理,最后得到最终的近地表速度-深度模型和静校正值.根据以上处理流程,我们建立了适合于川东北山地三维复杂地表地震资料的静校处理正方法,并在实际生产过程中取得了良好的效果.     

复杂近地表初至波层析反演静校正技术研究

山前带、黄土塬等复杂近地表地区已成为目前勘探的重点,因其地表起伏剧烈、高差严重等的现象,近地表建模技术严重影响着静校正的准确性.近地表速度建模的方法有很多,包括层析法,折射法,面波法等,旅行时层析法是目前速度建模的一种准确高效的方法,其基于射线理论,利用地震波旅行时信息来反演地下速度.本文利用初至旅行时层析进行近地表建模,并在起伏异常体模型上进行了近地表建模,模型测试说明了本文中方法在山前带等复杂近地表地区进行静校正等的有效性.     

Wavefield continuation datuming using a near surface model

When topography and low velocity zone differences vary greatly, conventional vertical static time shifts will cause wavefield distortion and influence wave equation seismic imaging for seismic data acquired on a complex near surface. In this paper, we propose an approach to datum correction that combines a joint tomography inversion with wavefield continuation to solve the static problem for seismic data on rugged acquisition topography. First, the near surface model is obtained by refracted wave tomography inversion. Second, the wavefield of sources and receivers are continued downward and upward to accomplish datum correction starting from a flat surface and locating the datum above topography. Based on the reciprocal theorem, Huygens＇ and Fresnel principles, the location of sources and receivers, and regarding the recorded data on the surface as a secondary emission, the sources and receivers are upward-continued to the datum above topography respectively. Thus, the datum correction using joint tomography inversion and wavefield continuation with the condition of a complex near surface is accomplished.     

数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析速度建模方法

复杂地表探区,尤其是盆山过渡区的油气勘探是我国也是世界上油气勘探的重点区域,但是此类区域油气地震勘探中满足精确地震成像的速度建模一直是个没有很好解决的问题.本文提出了一种综合性的数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析复杂地表浅中深层速度建模方法,并针对联合层析速度反演解的非唯一性问题,深入地分析了层析反演中正则化的本质意义,指出了建立构造特征正则化方法的具体技术路线,提出了联合层析的实现流程及策略.理论和实际数据试验表明,本文提出的数据域初至走时与成像域反射走时联合层析浅中深层速度建模技术避免了常规建模方法中浅层速度模型与中深层速度模型的融合问题,较好地解决了传统成像域反射层析对近地表模型的不可控更新问题,整体提升了深度域浅中深层速度模型的建模精度,进而提高了复杂地表、复杂构造区的地震成像质量.     

CRS-stack-based seismic imaging considering top-surface topography

In this case study we consider the seismic processing of a challenging land data set from the Arabian Peninsula. It suffers from rough top‐surface topography, a strongly varying weathering layer, and complex near‐surface geology. We aim at establishing a new seismic imaging workflow, well‐suited to these specific problems of land data processing. This workflow is based on the common‐reflection‐surface stack for topography, a generalized high‐density velocity analysis and stacking process. It is applied in a non‐interactive manner and provides an entire set of physically interpretable stacking parameters that include and complement the conventional stacking velocity. The implementation introduced combines two different approaches to topography handling to minimize the computational effort: after initial values of the stacking parameters are determined for a smoothly curved floating datum using conventional elevation statics, the final stack and also the related residual static correction are applied to the original prestack data, considering the true source and receiver elevations without the assumption of nearly vertical rays. Finally, we extrapolate all results to a chosen planar reference level using the stacking parameters. This redatuming procedure removes the influence of the rough measurement surface and provides standardized input for interpretation, tomographic velocity model determination, and post‐stack depth migration. The methodology of the residual static correction employed and the details of its application to this data example are discussed in a separate paper in this issue. In view of the complex near‐surface conditions, the imaging workflow that is conducted, i.e. stack – residual static correction – redatuming – tomographic inversion – prestack and post‐stack depth migration, leads to a significant improvement in resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio and reflector continuity.     

海洋拖缆地震资料初至波走时层析反演

初至波走时层析反演技术作为建立近地表速度模型的重要手段,是解决陆地资料复杂静校正问题的关键技术。而折射波广泛发育的海洋地震资料,对折射波信息的关注与运用并没有得到广泛的重视。本文首次将层析反演方法应用于海洋拖缆地震数据的近海底速度模型的建立。本文方法与陆地资料层析反演的主要区别在于:①在震源信号的最小相位化处理后进行初至时间的拾取,避免了混合相位子波初至拾取不准带来的误差;②以海水深度与海水速度作为反演约束条件,减小了迭代误差。实测二维资料的层析反演结果表明,本文方法可反演出较为精确的海洋地层速度结构。      

Tomographic velocity inversion for ADCIGs in areas with a rugged surface

Pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis is one of the key techniques influencing image quality. As for areas with a rugged surface and complex subsurface, conventional prestack depth migration velocity analysis corrects the rugged surface to a known datum or designed surface velocity model on which to perform migration and update the velocity. We propose a rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion method based on angle-domain common image gathers by which the velocity field can be updated directly from the rugged surface without static correction for pre-stack data and improve inversion precision and efficiency. First, we introduce a method to acquire angle-domain common image gathers (ADCIGs) in rugged surface areas and then perform rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion. Tests with model and field data prove the method to be correct and effective.     

Cross double‐difference inversion for simultaneous velocity model update and microseismic event location

Microseismic monitoring is an approach for mapping hydraulic fracturing. Detecting the accurate locations of microseismic events relies on an accurate velocity model. The one‐dimensional layered velocity model is generally obtained by model calibration from inverting perforation data. However, perforation shots may only illuminate the layers between the perforation shots and the recording receivers with limited raypath coverage in a downhole monitoring problem. Some of the microseismic events may occur outside of the depth range of these layers. To derive an accurate velocity model covering all of the microseismic events and locating events at the same time, we apply the cross double‐difference method for the simultaneous inversion of a velocity model and event locations using both perforation shots and microseismic data. The cross double‐difference method could provide accurate locations in both the relative and absolute sense, utilizing cross traveltime differences between P and S phases over different events. At the downhole monitoring scale, the number of cross traveltime differences is sufficiently large to constrain events locations and velocity model as well. In this study, we assume that the layer thickness is known, and velocities of P‐ and S‐wave are inverted. Different simultaneous inversion methods based on the Geiger's, double‐difference, and cross double‐difference algorithms have been compared with the same input data. Synthetic and field data experiments suggest that combining both perforation shots and microseismic data for the simultaneous cross double‐difference inversion of the velocity model and event locations is available for overcoming the trade‐offs in solutions and producing reliable results.     

复杂山区初至波层析反演静校正

提高静校正精度是取得复杂山区良好地震成像的一个重要条件.而建立在水平折射面假设基础之上折射波静校正方法,无论是假设前提还是实际应用效果,都不适应于地表剧烈起伏,速度纵、横向变化大的复杂区.为此本文提出使用初至波层析反演静校正方法,即利用地震记录中初至旅行时反演出表层速度模型,计算出炮点和检波点的静校正量.通过正演模拟数据和实际资料的验证,很好的解决了复杂地表引起的静校正问题.