综合地球物理方法在地震安全性评价中的应用和成果

以唐曹铁路地震安全性评价项目探测断裂为例,采用浅层地震勘探、小折射和钻探等综合地球物理方法,查明宁河—昌黎断裂的展布情况,并结合钻孔资料判定断层的活动时代。研究结果表明,宁河—昌黎断裂呈NEE向展布,由南、中、北3段组成,南北两段以正断为主,中段为走滑性质,为早—中更新世断裂。补充和丰富了该地区的地球物理勘探资料,为该地区的地震安全性评价,国土资源规划等提供基础资料。     

三维地震勘探技术在张湾井田的应用

结合张湾井田已有地质资料,通过现场踏勘和理论分析论证,设计出适应该地区地震地质条件而又切实可行的技术方案,在张湾地区实施精度较高的三维地震勘探工作,以期进一步详查该地段的构造、煤层赋存情况,通过地震勘探方法提供的地质-地球物理成果,帮助解决该勘探区钻孔网度较大的难题,查明该地区较为复杂的地质构造,圈定煤层赋存范围,为张湾井田先期开采地段范围的划定提供地质-地球物理依据。     

核电厂址隐伏断裂探测中的地震勘探方法研究

总结了近年来在多个核电厂址地震安全性评价中陆域覆盖区和海域浅层地震勘探的工作经验,通过对不同的典型工程实例分析,讨论了在不同地质和地球物理条件下,用浅层地震反射法探测隐伏断裂时应注意的关键性技术问题.提出了在不同地质条件下实施隐伏断裂探测时的地震仪器设备选择、方案设计、参数选取、断层识别的基本方法.本文的研究成果可为类似地区开展核电厂址能动断层探查工作提供实用性的技术资料.     

西藏日喀则拉堆-乃东与毕定-甲舍拉断裂的活动性分析研究

综合采用地质地貌调查、探槽开挖及OSL测年等,对离日喀则市最近的拉堆—乃东和毕定—甲舍拉断裂的活动性进行研究,结果表明:拉堆—乃东断裂在距今约3万年前停止了活动,毕定—甲舍拉断裂则至少在5万年前停止了活动,即二者自晚更新世晚期已不再活动——不属于全新世活动断裂,这与部分学者认为拉堆—乃东断裂为全新世活动断裂的结论不同。研究获得的最新断层活动资料可为该地区的地震预测提供科学依据。     

综合地质-地球物理方法在山间盆地断裂探测中的应用——以张家口断裂为例

针对山间盆地断裂复杂困难的特点,以张家口断裂为例,采用电阻率成像法、浅层地震勘探和小折射等综合地质-地球物理方法,结合钻孔资料和地质剖面,查明了张家口断裂的展布情况,同时对山间盆地等复杂地区的地球物理探测方法进行了探讨.研究结果表明张家口断裂呈北西西向展布,主要为逆断层,由西段、中段和东段等三段组成,各段多由北西向和近东西向2组多条次级断层组成;张家口断裂位于覆盖层发育的沟口不连续段上的、可分辨的上断点埋深在60 m以上(事实上更多地段出露地表).     

2020年1月25日西藏丁青5.1级地震总结

2020年1月25日,藏东昌都丁青地区发生5.1级地震,尽管此次地震发生在监测能力较低地区,但震前仍监测到小震调制比高值、低b值等地震活动中短期异常。文中系统总结了地震构造背景、震源物理参数、序列特征以及震前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测等异常,结果发现：震源机制解显示为拉张型破裂,最近断裂为巴青—类乌齐断裂;序列活动特征、序列h值和b值计算结果显示,此次地震为主余型地震序列。目前,藏东地区仍存在一些地震活动和地球物理观测异常,表明该地区存在发生6级以上地震的强震背景,丁青5.1级地震的发生未能缓解该地区强震危险性。     

基于浅层反射地震勘探技术的大庆地区近地表构造特征研究

目前,对于大庆地区的地质构造研究成果仅局限在深部构造上,该地区从未开展过针对近地表隐伏断裂的探查工作.本文采用浅层反射地震勘探方法,查明了克山—大安断裂嫩江组以上地层的详细地层信息以及断裂的展布形态;同时,在主干断裂上覆的背斜构造中,发现了许多次级断裂,这些次级断裂在前人的成果中并未提出过,并且在本区的断裂-褶皱构造体系中,次级断裂的活动特性同样受主干断裂活动的影响;然后通过钻孔验证,证实了浅层反射地震勘探结果的可靠性,并且确定了次级断裂的最新活动时代;最后综合编制了松辽盆地长垣隆起地区浅层地质模型,并讨论了本地区的构造体系受晚白垩纪以来太平洋板块俯冲方向变化的影响而形成的构造特征.本次研究中的方法和成果可为大庆市城市发展规划、重大工程建设选址和大庆油田安全高效生产等提供科学依据,可为其他地区开展近地表断裂探查提供借鉴和参考,为本地区浅层地质构造后续研究提供了基础资料,填补该地区近地表地球物理勘探构造研究的空白.     

徐闻地区综合地球物理勘探方法应用研究

徐闻地区位于北部湾盆地向雷州半岛的延伸部分,具有较好的油气勘探前景.2003年至今,江苏油田在徐闻地区先后开展了重力、大地电磁测深、二维地震和三维地震,以及钻探、VSP和试油测试等油气勘探工作.徐闻地区存在比较特殊的地表与地下地质条件.工区跨越半岛陆上和浅海水域,浅表层多套火成岩覆盖(出露),深层构造破碎、地震反射成像困难.因此,开展了具有针对性的综合地球物理方法(重力、大地电磁测深和地震)研究与勘探实践,克服了单一地球物理方法的局限性,获得了较好的数据资料,减少了多解性并为该地区的油气发现奠定基础.     

南中国海深水区典型火山发育地震反射特征研究

海洋油气勘探尤其是深水勘探面临着三高难题——高成本、高风险、高技术.如何对储层进行准确预测,是地球物理工作者及地球物理技术亟待解决的问题.本文对火山机构喷发机理及其地球物理特征进行分析,结合邻近工区在火山发育特征规律的认识成果,针对南中国海深水区目标区内典型火山发育,运用常规地震时间切片、剖面分析及沿层均方根振幅属性和沿层小时窗三维地震镂空显示等技术,分析了目标火山发育情况、火山岩喷溢情况、地震反射特征及岩相分布,并建立了该类型火山发育特征、岩相分布规律以及空间展布规律及变化特征的认识.本文的研究成果为该地区准确识别火山发育及预测其分布规律提供了参考,尤其是在钻井少的情况下进行地质异体常识别和储层预测,有利于该地区石油天然气勘探工作以及区域地质认识.     

第四纪沉积区断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以银川隐伏活动断层为例

地震勘探方法是隐伏断层探测的一种有效的地球物理探测手段,而地震勘探的探测参数是影响探测效果和断层定位精度的主要因素.本文以银川市活断层探测的浅层地震勘探资料为例,并结合石油地震勘探剖面结果和钻孔地质资料,阐述了在第四纪覆盖层较厚的地区,由深至浅追踪目标断层形态和确定断层上断点空间位置的方法技术.结果表明,采用高分辨率地震勘探和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法.     

Techniques for Surveying Urban Active Faults by Seismic Methods

INTRODUCTIONLarge earthquake and ground surface dislocation produced by the sudden slip of an active faulthidden belowa city can result in serious disaster,bring about huge losses of people’s life and stateproperty,or even make a city destroyed instantly…     

喜马拉雅东构造结上地壳各向异性特征

本文利用雅鲁藏布江下游台阵的16个台站2016年度的近震数据,通过横波窗内的横波分裂测量,在各台站总计得到369个有效的横波分裂参数对,分析得出喜马拉雅东构造结上地壳各向异性特征。空间上,各台站的快波偏振优势方向整体上自西向东由近EW向,转为NE向,然后转向近NS或NNE向,最后转向NW向。大部分靠近或位于活动断裂带上的台站的快波偏振优势方向与断裂的走向一致,主要体现在墨竹工卡断裂上的ZOS台,雅鲁藏布江断裂上的WOL,NYG,ZIB和DOJ台站,墨脱断裂上的BEB和DEX台站,以及迫龙—旁辛断裂上的BAX和DAM台站;而距离雅鲁藏布江断裂西段和东段各有一定距离的LAD和YIG台站,以及位于雅鲁藏布江断裂东段与嘉利断裂交会处的TOM台的快波偏振优势方向与断裂走向存在一定角度,但其与喜马拉雅东构造结主压应力场方向NNE向基本一致。上地壳各向异性整体体现了结构控制和应力控制的特征,但各台站的横波分裂参数并未表现出随时间的规律变化特征,这可能与2016年研究区地震活动强度较弱有关。研究区各台站间存在较大的横波分裂参数差异和自身离散度,反映出东构造结复杂的构造特征和剧烈的变形作用。      

THE CRUSTAL SHALLOW STRUCTURES AND FAULT ACTIVITY DETECTION IN XINYI SECTION OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE

The Tan-Lu fault zone is the largest active tectonic zone in eastern China, with a complex history of formation and evolution, and it has a very important control effect on the regional structure, magmatic activity, the formation and distribution of mineral resources and modern seismic activity in eastern China. Xinyi City has a very important position as a segmental node in the Shandong and Suwan sections of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Predecessors have conducted research on the spatial distribution, occurrence and activity characteristics of the shallow crustal faults in the Suqian section of the Tan-Lu belt, and have obtained some new scientific understandings and results. However, due to different research objectives or limitations of research methods, previous researches have either focused on the deep crustal structure, or targeted on the Suqian section or other regions. However, the structural style and deep-shallow structural association characteristics of Xinyi section of Tan-Lu belt have not been well illustrated, nor its activity and spatial distribution have been systematically studied. In order to investigate the shallow crustal structure features, the fault activities, the spatial distribution and the relationship between deep and shallow structures of the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault, we used a method combining mid-deep/shallow seismic reflection exploration and first-break wave imaging. Firstly, a mid-deep seismic reflection profile with a length of 33km and a coverage number greater than 30 was completed in the south of Xinyi City. At the same time, using the first arrival wave on the common shot record, the tomographic study of the shallow crust structure was carried out. Secondly, three shallow seismic reflection profiles and one refraction tomography profile with high resolution across faults were presented. The results show that the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone is a fault zone composed of five concealed main faults, with a structural pattern of “two grabens sandwiched by a barrier”. The five main faults reveal more clearly the structural style of “one base between two cuts” of the Tan-Lu fault zone. From west to east, the distribution is as follows: on the west side, there are two high-angle faults, F₄ and F₃, with a slot-shaped fault block falling in the middle, forming the western graben. In the middle, F₃ and F₂, two normal faults with opposite dip directions, are bounded and the middle discontinuity disk rises relatively to form a barrier. On the east side, F₂ and F₁, two conjugate high-angle faults, constitute the eastern graben. The mid-deep and shallow seismic reflection profiles indicate that the main faults of the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone have a consistent upper-lower relationship and obvious Quaternary activities, which play a significant role in controlling the characteristics of graben-barrier structure and thickness of Cenozoic strata. The shape of the reflective interface of the stratum and the characteristics of the shallow part of the fault revealed by shallow seismic reflection profiles are clear. The Mohe-Lingcheng Fault, Xinyi-Xindian Fault, Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault and Shanzuokou-Sihong Fault not only broke the top surface of the bedrock, but also are hidden active faults since Quaternary, especially the Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault which shows strong activity characteristics of Holocene. The results of this paper provide a seismological basis for an in-depth understanding of the deep dynamics process of Xinyi City and its surrounding areas, and for studying the deep-shallow tectonic association and its activity in the the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault.     

浅层地震勘探方法在活动断层中的应用——以邯郸市活动断层探测为例

浅层地震勘探方法在城市活动断层探测中发挥着重要作用,实践表明,浅层地震反射波法可以获取深度十米至几十米的浅层地层反射信号,且大部分反射剖面均可较清楚地揭示出浅部断层位置和断层特征,地震数据处理是准确识别近地表活动断层的重要环节,也是提高资料分辨率和信噪比的有效途径。本文应用邯郸市活动断层浅层地震资料,运用多途径、分步骤的去噪技术和方法,压制干扰,极大地提高了资料的分辨率和信噪比,并对活动断层的典型剖面进行重点研究和验证。     

APPLICATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE AND ELEVATION VARIATION COEFFICIENT IN IDENTIFYING THE MOTUO ACTIVE FAULT ZONE

The eastern Himalaya syntaxis is located at the southeastern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the area where the Eurasian plate collides and converges with the Indian plate. The Namjabawa is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Himalayas, and the Yarlung Zangbo River gorge is around the Namjabawa Peak. The NE-striking Aniqiao Fault with right-lateral strike-slip is the eastern boundary fault of the Namjabawa syntaxis. Motuo Fault is in the east of and parallel to the Aniqiao Fault, distributing along the valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The section of Yarlung Zangbo River valley at the eastern side of the Namjabawa area is located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas and belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. Dense vegetation, large terrain elevation difference, strong endogenetic and exogenic forces, and abundant valley deposition bring enormous difficulty to the research on active faults in this area. Since 1990s, surface morphology can be quantitatively expressed by digital elevation models as the rapid development of remote sensing technology. Geomorphic types and their characteristics can be quantified by geomorphological parameters which are extracted from DEM data, describing geomorphologic evolution and tectonic activity. But to date, researches based on quantitative geomorphic parameters are mainly focus on the differential uplift of regional blocks. In the study and mapping of active faults, surface traces of active faults are acquired by visual interpretation of remote sensing images. It has not been reported to identify the location of active faults via the change of quantitative geomorphic parameters. The distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient is suitable to reflect the regional erosion cutting and topographic relief, and the places with higher topographic elevation variation coefficient are more strongly eroded. In this paper, we attempt to identify the active faults and explore their distribution in the Yarlung Zangbo Gorge in the east of the Namjabawa Peak based on the application of two quantitative geomorphic parameters, namely, the topographic slope and the elevation variation coefficient. Using the DEM data of 30m resolution, two quantitative geomorphic parameters of topographic slope and elevation variation coefficient in Namjabawa and its surrounding areas were obtained on the ArcGIS software platform. On the topographic slope distribution map, the slope of the eastern and western banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is steep with a slope angle of more than 30°. Under the background of steep terrain, there are gentle slope belts of 5°~25° distributing intermittently and NE-striking. On the distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient, the elevation variation coefficient of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is greater than 0.9. On the background of the high topographic fluctuation area, it develops gently topographic undulating belts with elevation variation coefficient of 0.2~0.9. The belts are intermittently distributed and northeastern trending. Through the field geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation, it is found that the abnormal strips of the above-mentioned geomorphological parameters are the locations where the active faults pass. The above results show that the quantitative analysis of the topographic slope and the coefficient of variation of elevation can help us find active faults in areas with large terrain slope, serious vegetation coverage and high denudation intensity.     

过汶川地震主断裂科学钻WFSD-1反射地震采集方法研究

横穿龙门山地震反射剖面系列探测是WFSD工程中的一项重要研究内容.通过WFSD-1先导孔区二维反射地震的观测方法研究和试验,实现了预期目标:(1)在震后恶劣的天气、陡峭地形和地表严重破裂、破碎、滑塌等困难条件下,获得了WFSD工程首条分辨率较高的二维反射地震剖面;(2)从地学研究目的出发,结合龙门山地区的复杂地震地质条...     

THE FINE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF NORTH CHINA BLOCK REVEALED BY DEEP SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILE

The study area is located at the junction of the northern margin of the Qinling orogenic belt and the southern margin of the North China Block. In order to study the fine crustal structure and the deep-shallow structural features of faults in this area, we conducted deep seismic reflection profiling with the seismic profile of 100km long, directing NE-SW in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, and got clear lithospheric structure images along the profile. As regards the data acquisition, we applied the geometry of 25m group interval, 1000 recording channels and more than 60 folds. Seismic wave exploding applies the 30kg shots of dynamite source with the borehole depth of 25m. The shot interval is 200m. In data processing, we focused on improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Data processing methods mainly include first break removal, tomographic static correction, abnormal amplitude elimination, amplitude compensation, pre-stack denoising, surface consistent deconvolution, velocity analysis, several iterations of the residual static correction, dip moveout, post-stack time migration and post-stack denoising, etc. The profile with high signal-to-noise ratio was obtained. The reflection wave group characteristics is obvious in the crust, which reflects abundant information about geological structure. Along the profile, the crust is characterized by double-layer reflection structure, and the Moho surface is composed of a series of laminated arc-shaped strong reflections. The thickness of the upper crust is about 14.8~20.7km, and the total thickness of the crust is about 32.0~35.1km. The upper crust is dominated by the inclined, densely stratified or arc-shaped reflections. The lower crust is dominated by arc-shaped and inclined reflection, and there is a reflective transparent zone under the Moho surface. The reflection sequences with different directions and shapes in the upper crust constitute the nappe structure in southwest segment and the structural model of two concaves with one uplift in NE segment, which correspond to the north Qinling nappe, Zhumadian-Huaibin depression, Pingyu-Xiping uplift and a secondary depression, respectively. There are abundant arc-shaped reflection sequences in the lower crust, which may represent multi-stage magmatic activities. The deep seismic reflection profile shows that faults in the upper crust are well developed. According to the characteristics of reflected wave field in the profile, four groups of fault structure which contain ten faults with different scales are interpreted. Among them, faults F_P1, F_P2 and F_P3 constitute the thrust fault system in the northern margin of Qinling Mountains, and F_P5 and F_P7 are boundary faults of Zhumadian-Huaibin depression. These faults are all developed within the upper crust. In addition, the Fault F_PM is a large fault that cuts through the lower crust and Moho surface. The deep seismic reflection profile reveals the crustal structure and deep-shallow structural features of faults at the junction of the northern margin of the Qinling orogenic belt and the southern margin of the North China block, which provides seismological evidence for the analysis of structural differences, the deep earth's interior processes and deep-shallow structural relationships between the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt and the southern margin of the North China block. The lower crust of the study area is divided into two parts by deep faults that dislocate the Moho surface. These two parts have distinct reflective structures, suggesting that the area has experienced intense complex tectonic movements. The faults in the upper crust control the formation of basin-mountain structure and stratigraphic deposition of this area. And deep faults in the crust that disrupt Moho surface create conditions for the upwelling and energy exchange of deep materials. All of these have regulated the composition of material and the distribution of energy in the crust. The deep faults cutting through the lower crust and Moho surface and the south-dipping arc-shaped and inclined strong reflection sequences developed in the lower crust should indicate the large-scale subduction of the southern margin of the North China block towards the south-trending Qinling orogenic belt.     

NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

深地震反射剖面揭示的渭河盆地西安坳陷的地壳精细结构

2005年,跨西安坳陷完成一条NW方向,69 km长的深地震反射剖面,首次获得该区域的地壳精细结构、主要断裂展布和深、浅构造关系图像.地震反射CMP叠加时间剖面显示,以反射事件C为界,地壳被分成上下两部分.上地壳由多组近水平反射带组成,具有分段连续性好、局部存在反射带明显错断或形态突变等特征,清晰地刻画出西安坳陷新生代沉积分层、坳陷底界、渭河断裂带、临潼-长安断裂带和秦岭山前断裂带的几何形态和关系.反射事件C是结晶地壳内宽度约0.5 s的反射带,最深处位于桩号30 km,底界约6.5 s,向西北缓慢抬升至5.5 s,向南东迅速抬升至5.5 s.下地壳有两个明显的反射事件RA、RB: RB是位于桩号40~47 km之间的局部反射团, 而RA为宽度约2 s、向坳陷倾斜的反射带.以桩号38 km为界,反射Moho形态截然不同,而且出现了显著的错断:大桩号方向,反射Moho为位于双程走时11~14 s水平的反射分段连续的过渡带,宽度约3 s;小桩号方向,反射Moho为一宽度约2 s、并向大桩号倾斜的反射分段连续的过渡带,其形态和反射事件RA相同.根据地震波速度资料,求得这几个反射带顶界的深度分别为:10.5~13.5 km(反射带C)、20.3~21.5 km(反射带RB)、16.8~34.3 km(反射带RA)和32~36.7 km(反射带Moho)左右.作者认为形态一致的反射事件RA和反射Moho很可能是古秦岭洋向华北地台俯冲的遗迹.此外,西安坳陷内错断新生界深达反射事件C的渭河和临潼-长安断裂带和莫霍错断的存在,表明该地区地壳现今活动性很强,是未来强震发生值得注意的地区.     

汶川地震断裂带东北端浅部结构的人工地震探测

结合汶川地震断裂带动态监测,利用快速响应探测系统,开展了断层带浅部结构人工地震探测.针对地震断裂带动态监测条件下的复杂波场和低信噪比的情况,在f-k波场分离的基础上,分别利用了折射波共中心点成像、面波速度反演、反射波叠加成像方法,进行了浅层断层和构造成像处理,并对处理结果进行了综合解释,给出了断裂带浅部断层分布和速度特征.为汶川地震龙门山断裂带东北端动态监测提供了基础结构信息,所发展的断裂带快速响应探测技术对于地震应急动态监测具有重要意义.