Phytoplankton size class derived from phytoplankton absorption and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the northern South China Sea

A previously developed model was modified to derive three phytoplankton size classes (micro-, nano-, and pico-phytoplankton) from the overall chlorophyll-a concentration, assuming that each class has a specific absorption coefficient. The modified model performed well using in-situ data from the northern South China Sea, and the results were reliable and accurate. The relative errors of the size-fractioned chlorophyll-a concentration for each size class were: micro-: 21%, nano-: 41%, pico-: 26%, and nano+pico: 23%. The model was then applied on ocean color remote sensing data to examine the distribution and variation of phytoplankton size classes in northern South China Sea on a large scale.     

神经网络法反演海水叶绿素浓度的分析

海洋水色遥感的最终目的之一是监测海洋初级生产力的时空变化,而反映海洋初级生产力的一个重要指标就是浮游植物中的叶绿素浓度[1]。对于海水叶绿素浓度的遥感反演研究工作至今已进行了30多年,方法主要是基于蓝-绿波段比值的经验统计法。近些年,随着水色遥感器的改进及数据处理方法的深入研究,提出了荧光高度法[2]和神经网络法[3-5]。本文基于SeaBAM(SeaWiFSBio-OpticalAlgorithmMini-Workshop)小组搜集的全球范围叶绿素浓度与离水辐射率的同步观测数据,利用神经网络方法反演海水叶绿素浓度,并将其结果与SeaBAM经验算法进行了比较及分析。     

高光谱遥感技术及其水利应用进展

面向新时期水利行业“补短板”和“强监管”的应用需求,遥感的前沿技术高光谱遥感凭借较高的光谱分辨率和图谱合一等优势,在水生态、水环境等水利行业的应用中发挥了重要作用,同时在水灾害、水资源等层面中也存在着一定的应用潜力。本文介绍了高光谱遥感的成像原理,回顾了成像光谱仪的发展,列举了目前国内外典型的高光谱载荷。重点介绍了高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用进展,包括水华及水生植物监测、水华和水草精确区分、叶绿素浓度反演、悬浮物浓度和泥沙含量定量估算等具体工作。指出高光谱遥感在实时大范围洪涝灾害应急监测、陆表水文参数定量反演等工作存在一定的发展潜力。最后对高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用存在的瓶颈问题进行总结分析并提出展望：多平台高光谱水利要素立体监测与集成技术研发;水利典型地物要素标准波谱数据库构建;水利高光谱遥感信息智能挖掘的理论方法研究。为拓宽高光谱遥感在水利应用中的研究提供参考。     

高光谱影像的M-ICA地物识别算法与应用

高光谱遥感能以纳米量级宽度的窄波段及多达数百个的波段,对目标进行连续的光谱成像,但其海量数据及相邻波段高度相关造成的数据冗余却制约着它的应用.因此,对高光谱遥感影像分类须进行有效的处理、寻找最优特征,以增强地物的最大可分性.本文首先针对EO-4 Hyperion高光谱影像波段维数高,相关性强和数据量大等特点,利用独立成...     

曹妃甸近岸海域垂向悬沙含量遥感反演

利用遥感技术监测水体悬浮泥沙含量是海洋水色遥感的一个重要研究方向。本文以曹妃甸近岸海域4个剖面35个站点开展的现场光谱测量、同步采集的不同深度悬浮泥沙含量样品数据为基础,采用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据,建立水体表、中、底层悬沙含量遥感反演模型,并研究悬沙垂向上的空间分布规律。结果表明,曹妃甸近岸海域泥沙含量在垂向上有明显的相关性,以Landsat-5 TM影像反射率比值（R_TM3/R_TM2）为因子,构建优化的悬浮泥沙含量遥感反演模型,各层模型平均相对误差都在30%以内,表层和中层的平均绝对误差在6 mg/L以下,均方根误差小于10 mg/L,底层的精度略低于表层和中层。研究结果为进一步研究海洋环境泥沙运移规律、优化水动力作用下泥沙运移模型提供支持。     

混合光谱分解算法的太湖水体组分浓度反演分析

二类水体组份的遥感定量反演一直是水色遥感的难点和热点问题,原因在于其水体组分(纯水、叶绿素、悬浮物及CDOM)之间复杂的相互作用.本文引入光谱分解算法,通过Hydrolight软件模拟叶绿素、悬浮物和CDOM的标准反射率光谱,解决光谱分解算法中“纯端元”难以获取的问题.在此基础上建立了二类水体组分光谱分解反演模型.模型...     

Impacts of internal waves on chlorophyll a distribution in the northern portion of the South China Sea

Internal waves can bring nutrients to the upper level of water bodies and facilitate phytoplankton photosynthesis. Internal waves occur frequently in the northern portion of the South China Sea and inflict an important effect on chlorophyll a distribution. In this study, in-situ observation and satellite remote sensing data were used to study the effects of internal waves on chlorophyll a distribution. Based on the in-situ observations, lower chlorophyll a concentrations were present in the middle and bottom level in areas in which internal waves occur frequently, while the surface chlorophyll a distribution increased irregularly, and a small area with relatively higher chlorophyll a concentrations was observed in the area around the Dongsha Island. Satellite remote sensing showed that the chlorophyll a concentration increased in the area near Dongsha Island, where internal waves frequently occurred. The results of the increased chlorophyll a concentration in the surface water near Dongsha Island in the northern portion of the South China Sea indicated that internal waves could uplift phytoplankton and facilitate phytoplankton growth.     

“光谱地壳”计划——探索新一代矿产勘查技术

 本文首先对我国能源和矿产资源日益增长的需求现状,分析了目前地质找矿所面临的诸多难题,及国内外探索新一代矿物勘查技术的研究现状,然后,系统地介绍了"光谱地壳"的基本概念、研究内容和建设意义。文中指出,"光谱地壳"计划的提出,旨在针对地表和地壳表层,实现高光谱技术对地球表面的地质填图和矿物蚀变信息的遥感探测,以及对岩芯的光谱探测,建立地壳高光谱数据库集,满足以高光谱探测技术对地壳表层一定范围内矿物的识别和探矿需求。 "光谱地壳"计划瞄准国家战略需求,强化技术创新与应用模式创新,提高星载、机载高光谱遥感矿产资源探测能力,建立地面光谱测量平台及地下岩芯光谱扫描、编录、分析平台,发展由天基、空基、地基,地下岩芯探测构成的一体化"光谱地壳"遥感立体探测体系。"光谱地壳"计划是我国高光谱遥感技术发展的顶层设计,拟将解决遥感直接找矿和深部找矿的勘查难题,以带动我国整体勘查技术水平的提高和发展。     

Characterization of water constituents spectra absorption in Chagan Lake of Jilin Province, Northeast China

Research on the optical characteristics of water color constituents in Chagan Lake of Jilin Province,Northeast China was carried out in order to investigate the variability of the spectra absorption parameters as inputs to bio-optical models and remote sensing algorithms for converting observed spectral signals into water quality information.Samples of total particulates,non-algal particles and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were first prepared by quantitative filter technique (QFT) and then absorp...     

光学遥感大气订正方法与软件应用分析

本文首先介绍了常见的若干大气订正方法,对于海色遥感,高光谱遥感,机载图像、多角度图像,考虑其特殊性,并介绍了其大气订正的新进展;接着分析了几个当前发行的大气订正软件或者模块;最后,我们提出了大气订正中存在的问题和发展方向。     

Estimation of total suspended matter in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary from Hyperion imagery

Although remote sensing data have been used to estimate total suspended matter (TSM) in coastal waters, it has limitations when applied to estuary waters in low spatial resolution situations. The spatial resolution of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS is usually ～1 km, and therefore is not adequate for small, local-scale areas such as the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary. In contrast, 30 m-resolution EO-1 Hyperion imagery has potential for studying TSM in localized areas. We measured the surface spectral radiance reflectance of the river estuary water in the visible and near infra-red spectral range. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the ratio of remote sensing reflectance at 813 nm (Rrs(813)) to reflectance at 559 nm (Rrs(559)) could be used to estimate TSM concentration, and a linear relationship was established between the ratio and in-situ TSM concentration. We applied the linear relationship to Hyperion imagery to map TSM concentration in the estuary. The Hyperion imagery provided sufficient spatial resolution to detect spatiotemporal changes in TSM concentrations in the estuary small estuary area. This study demonstrated the usefulness of Hyperion imagery for mapping the distribution of TSM in estuary waters.     

A real-time photo-realistic rendering algorithm of ocean color based on bio-optical model

A real-time photo-realistic rendering algorithm of ocean color is introduced in the paper, which considers the impact of ocean bio-optical model. The ocean bio-optical model mainly involves the phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic material (CDOM), inorganic suspended particle, etc., which have different contributions to absorption and scattering of light. We decompose the emergent light of the ocean surface into the reflected light from the sun and the sky, and the subsurface scattering light. We establish an ocean surface transmission model based on ocean bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and the Fresnel law, and this model’s outputs would be the incident light parameters of subsurface scattering. Using ocean subsurface scattering algorithm combined with bio-optical model, we compute the scattering light emergent radiation in different directions. Then, we blend the reflection of sunlight and sky light to implement the real-time ocean color rendering in graphics processing unit (GPU). Finally, we use two kinds of radiance reflectance calculated by Hydrolight radiative transfer model and our algorithm to validate the physical reality of our method, and the results show that our algorithm can achieve real-time highly realistic ocean color scenes.     

太湖浮游藻类的后向散射分离及其叶绿素a浓度反演

浮游藻类的后向散射是水体光谱构成的重要组成部分,作为水体辐射传输模型中的重要参数,高精度的藻类后向散射系数对水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度至关重要。本文以简化的辐射传输模型-生物光学模型为基础,尝试性分离了太湖浮游藻类的后向散射系数。通过藻类后向散射规律分析,建立了浮游藻类吸收、后向散射特征的叶绿素a反演模型,改善了叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度。分析表明：藻类颗粒物的后向散射系数与吸收系数之间存在反比关系,且在560 nm、700 nm附近存在明显的散射峰,与叶绿素a浓度之间相关性显著;低密度藻类水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以非色素颗粒为主导,适合采用经典的指数模型模拟后向散射系数,而藻类密度较高的富营养化水体,水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以藻类颗粒为主导,传统的指数模型已不适用;采用分离藻类后向散射系数的方法,使得叶绿素a浓度的反演值与真实值相关系数从0.66提高到0.98,相对误差从55%降低到38%,均方根误差(RMSE)也由60.95 μg/L降低至13.98 μg/L。其真实性检验表明,与经典指数模型方法相比,利用藻类颗粒后向散射分离方法反演叶绿素a浓度,能够显著改善反演精度。     

基于卫星高光谱遥感影像的浅海水深反演方法

遥感水深反演具有非接触测量和省时省力等优点,能够为航海、岛礁工程与珊瑚礁生态调查等活动提供重要参考。随着高光谱遥感卫星数量的增长,基于高光谱遥感影像的水深反演具有良好的发展与应用潜力。HOPE（Hyperspectral Optimization Process Exemplar）算法是比较常用的高光谱水深反演算法。鉴于HOPE算法在低遥感反射率海域会出现水深被高估的问题,本文基于Hyperion高光谱遥感影像提出一种改进的水深反演算法。该算法针对危险或难以到达海域往往具有水体光学性质较为均一的特点,利用深水区遥感反射率的观测值来估计整个研究区域内的水体光学性质参数并将其固定,以便减少未知参数数量,解决水深被高估的问题,最终达到提高水深反演整体精度的目的。塞班岛和中业岛的实验结果表明,改进算法能够有效克服常规HOPE算法在低遥感反射率水域高估水深的问题。改进算法能够将平均遥感反射率小于0.0075sr^-1（塞班岛）和0.001 sr^-1（中业岛）范围内的水域的水深反演平均绝对误差从常规HOPE算法的2.94 m和6.44 m分别降低至2.56 m和4.99 m,从而能够相应地将整体的均方根误差从3.18 m和5.39 m分别降低至2.30 m和3.32 m,而将整体的平均相对误差从32.4%和27.1%分别降低至30.6%和23.9%。因此,改进算法在提高卫星高光谱遥感影像水深反演效果方面具有可行性和有效性。     

高光谱遥感的物质组分和物质成分反演的应用分析

高光谱遥感的最大特点是可以提取和重建像元光谱,从而依据光谱特征直接识别地物类型、地物组成,乃至地物的成分,反演地物的物理、化学参量。本文阐述了高光谱的光谱识别方法所能探测的岩石、土壤、植被和人工建筑物的物质组分或成分;另外,与多光谱相比较的角度,讨论了高光谱图像地物特征识别和物质成分反演等技术方法的应用。     

黑臭水体水面阴影提取的自适应阈值算法研究

黑臭水体水面阴影对水面光谱信息产生干扰,严重地影响了利用高空间分辨率遥感数据进行水质状况监测的精度,因此,在数据预处理中必须进行阴影剔除。本研究基于无人机高光谱遥感数据,通过分析各种波段组合下黑臭水体水面的阴影像元和水体像元的光谱特征空间,选择以492、666和792 nm处的反射率建立黑臭水体的河面阴影指数（RSSI）,并利用最大类间方差法（OTSU）自动确定划分本影、半影以及水体的阈值。利用南京金川河和龙江河的无人机高光谱遥感影像对算法进行测试,结果表明：RSSI阴影指数能突出显示阴影与水体的差异;OTSU自适应确定的阈值能较好地区分本影、半影和水体,阴影的总体识别精度达到85%以上。该算法能够有效地识别黑臭水体水面阴影,为后续开展水体的定性、定量遥感监测提供数据预处理的技术支持。     

Isolation and characterization of melanin pigment from yesso scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>

Melanin is one of the essential compounds in the pigments of molluscan shells. However, the effects of melanin on color variations in molluscs are largely unknown. Our previous study suggests that Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis might contain melanin pigment in the dark brown shell. We therefore isolated melanin from the pigmented shells using hydrochloric acid method, and characterized the types of melanin pigments by spectrophotometry. The purified melanin, which was verified by spectrophotometry scanning and HPLC analysis, showed the typical characteristics of melanin absorption spectra and HPLC chromatograms. The contents of pheomelanin and eumelanin in pigmented shells, which were determined by the linear standard curve of melanin at 405 nm and 350 nm absorbance, were 48.23 ± 1.350 and 157.65 ± 5.905 mg, respectively. The present results indicate that the brown-pigmented shells of scallops comprise approximately 76.6% of eumelanin and 23.4% of pheomelanin, which supports the presence of eumelanin-rich pigment in scallop shells. Therefore, the combination of hydrochloric acid extraction and spectrophotometric quantification is a rapid and efficient method to isolate and quantify melanin in shells. This will facilitate the melanin studies related to shell color polymorphism and the selective breeding of bivalves with different shell colors.     

Isolation and Characterization of Melanin Pigment from Yesso Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

Melanin is one of the essential compounds in the pigments of molluscan shells.However,the effects of melanin on color variations in molluscs are largely unknown.Our previous study suggests that Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis might contain melanin pigment in the dark brown shell.We therefore isolated melanin from the pigmented shells using hydrochloric acid method,and characterized the types of melanin pigments by spectrophotometry.The purified melanin,which was verified by spectrophotometry scanning and HPLC analysis,showed the typical characteristics of melanin absorption spectra and HPLC chromatograms.The contents of pheomelanin and eumelanin in pigmented shells,which were determined by the linear standard curve of melanin at 405 nm and 350 nm absorbance,were 48.23 ? 1.350 and 157.65 ? 5.905 mg,respectively.The present results indicate that the brown-pigmented shells of scallops comprise approximately 76.6% of eumelanin and 23.4% of pheomelanin,which supports the presence of eumelanin-rich pigment in scallop shells.Therefore,the combination of hydrochloric acid extraction and spectrophotometric quantification is a rapid and efficient method to isolate and quantify melanin in shells.This will facilitate the melanin studies related to shell color polymorphism and the selective breeding of bivalves with different shell colors.     

湖泊水体叶绿素a含量估算的波段宽度变化影响分析——以太湖为例

为研究不同波段宽度遥感数据对监测水体叶绿素a含量的影响,以太湖水体实测高光谱遥感反射率数据为基础,分析计算不同波段宽度下遥感反射率的归一化值与叶绿素a浓度之间的相关系数。随着波段宽度在75.93nm范围内不断递增,最大相关系数逐渐减小,最大正相关波段向长波方向移动,最大负相关波段向短波方向移动。而波段宽度在31.6nm范围内变化时,最大正相关波段和最大负相关波段都会保持相对稳定。通过对不同波段处相关系数平均值和标准差的对比分析认为,718.77^~34.58nm为叶绿素a遥感监测的最佳波段范围。这将对遥感传感器的波段设置,以及实际水体叶绿素a遥感监测时的波段选择,具有重要的参考价值。     

高光谱遥感在煤矿区的应用探讨

高光谱遥感在煤矿区具有广泛的应用潜力，在总结高光谱遥感技术发展及其应用现状的基础上，结合煤矿区资源环境特点，对数据获取、先验知识与光谱模型研建、定量模型建立、信息处理方法、精度评价等问题进行了分析，为应用高光谱遥感在煤矿区资源集约利用、生态环境保护、区域持续发展等方面的系统应用提供了技术和方法支持。